英美国家概况名词解释等

ThecivilrightsmovementItisoneofthemostimportantofallsocialmovementsinthe1960sinAmerica.RosaParks’spontaneousactionin1955wasbelievedtothetruebeginningofthecivilrightsmovement.Theblackstudents’sit-inatadepartmentlunchcounterinNorthCarolinatouchedoffthenationwidecivilrightsmovement.Duringthefirsthalfofthedecade,civilrightsorganizationsliketheSNCC,CORE,andSCLCstruggledforracialintergrationbyprovidingleaderships,networkandthepeople.Inthelatterhalfofthedecade,someblackorganizationschangedtheirnonviolenttactics,andemphasizedonmoreradicalmeanstoenddiscriminationandraisedtheself-imageoftheblacks.ThecivilrightsmovementproducedsuchgreatleadersasMartinLutherKing.Jr,andMalcolmX,whoinspiredagenerationofbothblacksandwhitestodevotetheirlivestofightingforracialequalityinthUS.2.Afederalsystem【联邦制】Itisoneinwhichpowerissharedbetweenacentralauthorityanditsconstiuentparts,withsomerightsreservedtoeach.3.KingArthurItissaidthathewastheKingofEnglandinthe5thcenturyandunitedtheBritishanddrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicasword,Excalibur.Hisrealexistenceisindoubt.Heisthecentralfigureofmanylegends.4.TheAnglo-SaxonsTheyweretwogroupsofGermanicpeopleswhosettleddowninEnglandfromthe5thcentury.TheywereregardedastheancestorsoftheEnglishandthefoundersofEngland.5.Riverdance[大河舞]ItisaverypopularformofdancingbasedonIreland’sintricate[错综复杂的]folkdanceswhicharerearrangedandmodernizedandadaptedontocurrentstageperformance.DancingistraditionallypartofIrishculture.ItisusuallyaccompaniedbytheIrishpipeandfiddle.Themusicusuallysoundsfastandfurious.Mostoftheactionisfromthewaistdown,withthearmsheldrigidlyatthesides.6.TheHouseofCommonsItistherealcenterofBritishpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresentatives(membersofparliament)makeanddebatepolicy.TheseMPsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthepeoplewhovoteforthem.7.TheCommonwealth【英联邦】Intheauthor’sopinion,theCommowealthisavoluntaryassociationofstateswhichismadeupmostlyofformerBritishcolonies.Thereare50membersoftheCommonwealth:manyofthesearedevelopingcountrieslikeIndiaandCyprus;othersaredevelopednationslikeAustralia,CanadaandNewZealand.TheCommonwealthwassetupasaformforcontinuedcooperationandasasortofsupportnetwork.8.MaoritangaItistheMaoriwordfor“Maoriculture.”ItreferstoalltheelementsoftherichculturalheritageoftheindigenouspeopleinNewZealand,includingtheirlanguage,customsandtraditions,9.The“Washminster”formpolityItisadoptedbytheAustraliangovernment.ItisamixtureoftheUSWashingtonsystemofgovernmentandtheBritishWestminstersystem.ThismeansthatthepoliticalstructureofthegovernmentisbaseonaFederationofStateswithathree-tiersystemofgovernment.However,thechiefexecutiveisaPrimeMinister,insteadofaPresidentasintheUSsystem.10.YellowstoneItistheoldestandoneofthelargestnationalparksintheUS.ItisnamedaftertheYellowstoneRiverthatflowsthroughthearea.Itisknownforitsgeysersandagainitcameunderthreatfromoutside,thistimefromGermanicpeoples:theAngles,andtheSaxon.Inthe5thcenturyADitissaidthatagreatleader-KingArthurappeared,unitedtheBritish,andwithhismagicalsword,Excalibur,drovetheSaxonsback.whateverArthur’ssuccess,legendornot,itdidnotlast,fortheAnglo-SaxonsdidsucceedininvadingBritain,andeitherabsorbedtheCelticpeople,orpushedthemtothewesternandnorthernedgesofBritain.Fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikings,threatenedBritain’sshores.TheirsettlementsinEnglandgrewuntillargeareasofnorthernandeasternEnglandwereundertheircontrol.1066,theNormans,fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendantsofVikings.UnderWilliamofNormandytheycrosstheEnglishChannelandintheBattleofHastings,defeatedanEnglisharmyunderKingHarold.Thismarksthelasttime.thatanarmyfromoutsidetheBritishIslessucceededininvading3.YourunderstandingofthecharacteristicsofAmericanreligionanditssocialfunctionsFirstofall,Americanwithdifferentreligionslivetogetherunderthesamelaw.TheBillofRightsintheUSConstitutioninsiststhatthereshouldbenostatereligion.Thatmeansthatthegovernmenthasnorighttointerfereinpeople’sreligiousaffairs.ThefreedomofreligionandtheseparationofstateandchurchguarantedintheConstitutionisbelievedtobethebasicprinciplesagainstreligiouspersecution.Secondly,thereligiousbeliefsofAmericanscontinuetobestrongwithsocialprogress.EverySundaymorning,alloverAmericapeoplepourintothechurches.HalfofAmericanProtestantsareactivechurchmembers,andtherearefewwhohabituallystayaway.NotonlytheCatholicchurches,buttheProtestantonestoo,areflourishing,andnewever-growingsuburbs.Throughallthesocialandeconomicchangesreligionhasremainedaconstantfactor.Thirdly,intheunitedstateseverychurchisacompleteluyindepen