Unit2UnderstandingeachotherGrammarandUsage课件高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性

Unit2

GrammarandusageAExploringtherulesBelowisapersonalaccountbyaChinesestudentwhostudiedintheUKandtheUSA.Readitandfillinthefollowingtable.CommunicationstylesIntheUK:①____________________③________________________________IntheUSA:②___________________④________________________________directindirectBritishpeopleareespeciallypolitewhencommunicating.Americanpeopletendtogetstraighttothepointwhencommunicating.Findthesentenceswithrelativeclauses.SomepeoplesaythattheUKandtheUSAaretwocountriesthatareseparatedbya

commonlanguage.However,afterstudyingineachofthem,Ifounditismorethan

that.Apartfromthedifferencesinlanguagesuchaspronunciationandvocabulary,

thereisasignificantgap

intermsofcommunicationstyles.IspentonetermintheUK,wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.Britishpeopleareknowntobepolite.Sopolite,infact,thattheywillsometimessaythecompleteoppositeofwhattheyreallymean:acommonopinion

is“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.NosoonerhadIbegunto

understandhowBritishpeoplecommunicatethanitwastimetoheadbackhome.

Butitsurelyleftanimpressiononme.Later,Ihadthe

opportunitytostudyasan

exchangestudentintheUSAforoneyear.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,who

haveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,IfoundthatIoftenfailedtogetstraighttothe

point.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike

“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,

please?”wouldbemetwiththereply“WhywouldImind?”Ihadtolearnawhole

newwayofcommunicating.Bytheendoftheexchangeyear,Ihadasomewhatbetterunderstandingofhowtocommunicateinbothcountries,butIstillhavealottomaster.Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!√√√√√√FillinthetableRestrictiverelativeclauseNon-restrictiverelativeclause...twocountriesthatareseparatedbyacommonlanguage.Thereweretimeswhenquestionslike“Wouldyoumindpassingmethejam,...IspentonetermintheUK,

wherethegreatestchallengewastheindirectmannerofspeaking.acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.acommonopinionis“It’snotbad”,whichusuallytranslatesas“It’sawful”.Now,whenspeakingtoAmericans,whohaveapreferenceforthedirectstyle,...Asmyexperiencesclearlyshow,learningalanguageisjustthebeginning!Workingouttherules

Arestrictiverelativeclauseisusedtomodifyanoun,pronounornoun

phraseandgives(1)

_________________(necessary/additional)information

aboutit.Fortheclause,thereisnocommabeforeit.Anon-restrictiverelativeclausegives(2)

_________________(necessary/additional)informationaboutanoun,pronounornounphraseinthesentence,orthemainclause.Wecannotuse(3)

_________________(that/

which)tointroduceit.necessaryadditionalthat定语从句复习

定语从句有两种，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。1限制性定语从句对先行项进行限定或修饰，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

主句和从句不用逗号隔开。(1)关系代词在从句中通常用作主语、宾语、表语或定语，关系副词在从句中通常

用作状语。如：Mikeisoneofthosewholovenature.Canyouthinkofasituationwherethiswordcanbeused?(2)当先行项是way

且在从句中表示“以……的方式”时，常由inwhich或that

引导定语从句，引导词也可以省略。如：

Iliketheway(inwhich/that)yousmile.

(3)由关系代词

whose引导的定语从句，其先行项可以指人，也可以指物,whose

在从句中充当定语。如：Ihaveagoodfriendwhosemotherisanurse.I’dliketoliveinaroomwhosewindowfacessouth.(4)关系副词

when、where、why有时可以用“介词+关系代词”替换。如：Theyfixedadatewhen/onwhichtheywouldmeetagain.Iwillvisitthemuseumwhere/inwhichnewrobotsareexhibited.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy/forwhichyouwerelateforschoolyesterday?2

非限制性定语从句对先行项进行补充说明，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

主句和从句用逗号隔开。(1)非限制性定语从句通常由which、who等关系代词或when、where等

关系副词引导，一般不用that引导。如：Thisismyfavouritesong,whichIfirstheardtenyearsago.Let’sputoffourappointmentuntilnextMonday,whenwewillbeavailable.(2)which引导非限制性定语从句，对整个主句或部分内容进行补充说明。

which可充当抽象名词的限定词。如：Jennysaidshecouldfinishtheprojectwithintwoweeks,whichIdoubtverymuch.BettyspentoneyearinBeijing,duringwhichtimeshepickedupsomeChinese.(3)非限制性定语从句有时也可以由as引导，意为“正如”。由as引导的定语从

句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。如：Asanybodycansee,Nanjingisabeautifulcity.BApplyingtherulesB1Fillintheblankswithproperrelativepronouns,relativeadverbsor“preposition+relativepronoun”structures.1.IntheUK,________punctualityisveryimportant,youshouldtrynottoarrivelate.2.InThailand,thefoot,________isconsideredanuncleanpartofthebody,shouldnotbepointed.3.InEurope,therearemanydifferenttypesofgreetings,________cheekkissingisjustoneexample,anditisimportanttoknowwhichonetouse.4.Whenwetravel,weshouldpayattentiontosituations________theremightbeunwrittenrules,suchasgiftgiving.5.Mysister,______worksinJapan,findsitoddthatshehastodoexerciseatthestartofherworkingday.whereofwhichwherewhowhichB2Thepassagebelowisabouttaboos.Completeitwiththecorrectrelativeclausesintheboxbelow.TherearetwoclausesyoudoNOTneedtouse.Writethelettersintheblanks.Atabooissocialbehaviourthatisnotallowed.Therearemanydifferenttaboosaroundtheworld,(1)

__________________________.Theyoftenvaryfromsocietytosociety.a

fewofwhichareuniversalb

thatwasnottoleratedbeforec

whoseesomeonebreakingatabood

whichmayseemunimportanttouse

whobreaktaboosf

whichmeans“toseparate”g

thatmakeuppartofacountry'sculturalidentitya

fewofwhichareuniversalTaboosareusuallyrelatedtocertainitemsorpeople.Those(2)

__________________arelikelytofeelupsetorembarrassed

eveniftheyhavenointentionofhurtingothers,andthesituationwillalsobeawkwardforthepeoplearoundthem.ewhobreaktaboosWhenyoumeetpeoplefromdifferentcultures,itisimportanttounderstandwhatyoucannotdo.Ifyouarenotawareofthedifferences,(3)

_______________________________,somestrangethingsmighthappen.Forexample,inChina,givinganumbrellaasagifttoyourfriendoramarriedcouple,exceptwhenitisactuallyraining,shouldbeavoided.Thisisbecausethewordthatcorrespondsto“umbrella”inChinesesoundslikeanotherChineseword(4)

___________________________.dwhichmayseemunimportanttousf

whichmeans“toseparate”Beforeyoutraveltoanewcountry,itisagoodideatofindoutaboutthelocaltaboos.Ifyouknowwhattoavoidandhowtobehave,youwillspareyourselfembarrassment.Mindthattabooschangewiththetimes.Somebehaviour(5)

_________________________mightbeacceptednow.bthatwasnottoleratedbeforea

fewofwhichareuniversalb

thatwasnottoleratedbeforec

whoseesomeonebreakingatabood

whichmayseemunimportanttouse

whobreaktaboosf

whichmeans“toseparate”g

thatmakeuppartofacountry'sculturalidentity实战高考1.Moreover,fullyconsidereachoption.Itcanbeeasytoletaparticularschoolbecomeafront-runnerearlyoninyourdecision-makingprocess…,butbesuretocarefullyevaluateeveryschool______hasacceptedyou,sinceyouhadparticularreasonsforapplyingtoeachschool.（2021年八省联考语言运用第二节）that解析：空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，从句修饰先行词school；当先行词前有all,every,any等不定代词修饰时，关系代词用that。用适当的关系词填空。2.BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtool____________givesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.

（2021年1月浙江卷语言运用第二节）that/which解析：空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，而先行词tool为物，故此处要填关系代词that或which。实战高考3.Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,________thecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.

（2021年全国甲卷阅读理解C篇）where解析：整句的谓语是is，ataneasternbendintheThames是后置定语，修饰主语Southbank;空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主语Southbank，并在从句中作地点状语，故填where。实战高考4.WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife….Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlers____followedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.[2021·新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解C篇]who解析：空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词theexplorersandthesettlers，并在定语从句中作主语，故填who。实战高考1.Thenaughtyboytoldtheheadmastereverything ______wasconnectedwiththetheft.2.ThroughmystayinMontreal,ImetlotsofChinesepeople________arestrugglingtosucceedandthenleadabetterlifeinCanada.3.Ididn'tbuythecellphone,_______pricewastoohighforme.4.Moreimportantly,thereareteachersonlineto______youcanturnforhelpwhenyouhaveproblems.5.ThecollectionoperationsfinishedonDec2,takingabout19hours,_______wasmuchquickerthanexpected.I.用适当的关系词填空。thatthat/whowhosewhomwhich6.We'rejusttryingtoreachapoint______bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.7.IntheU.S.,thefourthThursdayinNovember

iscalledThanksgivingDay,______Americansgivethanksfortheblessingstheyhaveenjoyedduringtheyear.8.Onereason_______thecourseissopopular

isthatitprovidespeoplewithmoreknowledge.9.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof

_______satasmallboy.wherewhenwhywhichⅡ.用定语从句合并句子。1.Doyourememberthevillage?Weworkedinthevillageforfiveyears.2.Noonebelievedthereason.Tonywaslateforschoolthismorningforthisreason.3.Sundayisaday.Veryfewpeoplegotoworkonthisday.Doyourememberthevillagewhere/inwhichweworkedforfiveyears?Noonebelievedthereasonwhy/forwhichTomwaslateforschoolthismorning.Sundayisadaywhen/onwhichveryfewpeoplegotowork.4.Doyouknowthelady?OurEnglishteacheristakingaphotoofher.5.Canadaisacountry.EnglishandFrencharespokenasofficiallanguagesinthiscountry.6.Mr.Lin'ssonisinNewYorkatthemoment.Hisworktakeshimallovertheworld.DoyouknowtheladyofwhomourEnglishteacheristakingaphoto?Canadaisacountrywhere/inwhichEnglishandFrencharespokenasofficiallanguages.Mr.Lin'sson,whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld,isinNewYorkatthemoment.7.Sueandherfriendbicycletowork.Ithelpsthemkeepfit.8.WewillhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday.Theweathermaybebetteronthatday.9.TheyreachedBeijingyesterday.Ameetingwillbeheldthere.TheyreachedBeijingyesterday,whereameetingwillbeheld.Sueandherfriendbicycletowork,whichhelpsthemkeepfit.WewillhaveapicnicintheparkthisSunday,when