AdamSmith亚当斯密课件

AdamSmith亚当斯密AScottishmoralphilosopherandapioneerofpoliticaleconomyBorn:in1723Died:in1790Graduatedfrom:theUniversityofGlasgowandBalliolCollege,OxfordNationality:ScottishRegion:westernphilosophySchool:classicaleconomicsMaininterests:political,philosophy,ethics,economicsNotableideas:classicaleconomicsModernfreemarketDivisionoflaborTheinvisiblehandInfluencedby:Aristotle,Hutcheson(哈奇深)，Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）

andsoonInfluenced:Ricardo(李嘉图)，Mill(密尔),Marx,

EngelsandsoonThetheoryofmoralsentiments--(道德情操论)1759TheWealthofNations--（国富论）1776EssaysonPhilosophicalSubjects--（哲学论文集）1795HistoryofAstronomy--（天文历史学）1795MasterpiecesSmithwasborninKirkcaldy,fife,ScotlandbutthedateofSmith'sbirthisunknown.Hisfather,alsonamedAdamSmith,diedtwomonthsafterSmithwasborn.ThelifeofSmithWhenhewasfourteenSmithenteredtheUniversityofGlasgowandstudiedmoralphilosophyunderFrancisHutcheson.Here,Smithdevelopedhispassionforliberty,reason,andfreespeech.theUniversityofGlasgow

In1740SmithattendedBalliolCollege,Oxford.SmithconsideredtheteachingatGlasgowfarsuperiortothatatOxford,.HeleftOxfordUniversityin1746,beforehisscholarshipended.BalliolCollege,Oxford牛津大学贝利奥尔学院In1748,SmithbegandeliveringpubliclecturesinUniversityofEdinburgh,Attherehislecturesmetwithsuccess.UniversityofEdinburghIn1759,SmithpublishedTheTheoryofMoralSentiments,embodyingsomeofhisGlasgowlectures.

TheWealthofNations

waspublishedin1776andwasaninstantsuccess,sellingoutitsfirsteditioninonlysixmonths.In1783,smithbecameoneofthefoundingmembersoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh,andfrom1787to1789heoccupiedthehonorarypositionofLordRectoroftheUniversityofGlasgow.On17July1790,HediedinEdinburghafterapainfulillness.Onhisdeathbed,Smithexpresseddisappointmentthathehadnotachievedmore.Smithleftbehindmanynotesandsomeunpublishedmaterial,butgaveinstructionstodestroyanythingthatwasnotfitforpublication.HementionedanearlyunpublishedHistoryofAstronomy

asprobablysuitable,anditdulyappearedin1795,alongwithothermaterialsuchasEssaysonPhilosophicalSubjectsTheoryofMoralSentiments(道德情操论）Dividedmoralphilosophyintofourparts:1)EthicsandVirtue（伦理道德）;2)PrivaterightsandNaturalliberty;3)Familialrights(calledEconomics);4)StateandIndividualrights(called Politics).

Morespecifically,Smithdividedmoralsystemsinto:Categoriesofthenatureofmorality.TheseincludedPropriety（礼貌）,Prudence（谨慎）,andBenevolence（仁慈）.Categoriesofthemotiveofmorality.TheseincludedSelf-love,Reason,andSentiment.

Synopsis（大纲）:Sympathyarosefromaninnatedesiretoidentifywiththeemotionsofothers.Itcouldleadpeopletostrivetomaintaingoodrelationswiththeirfellowhumanbeingsandprovidethebasisbothforspecificbenevolentactsandforthegeneralsocialorder.Thuswasformedwithinthebreastthepsychologicalbasisforthedesiretoobeynaturallaws.

OftheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflabourhascausedagreaterincreaseinproductionthananyotherfactor.Thisdiversificationisgreatestfornationswithmoreindustryandimprovement,andisresponsiblefor"universalopulence"（共同富裕）inthosecountries.Agricultureislessamenablethanindustrytodivisionoflabour;hence,richnationsarenotsofaraheadofpoornationsinagricultureasinindustry.

OfthePrinciplewhichgivesOccasiontotheDivisionofLabour:Divisionoflaborarisesnotfrominnatewisdom,butfromhumans'propensity(习性）tobarter（物物交换）.Theapparentdifferenceinnaturaltalentsbetweenpeopleisaresultofspecialization,notacause.

ThattheDivisionofLabourisLimitedbytheExtentoftheMarket:Limitedopportunityforexchangediscouragesdivisionoflabor.Because"water-carriage"extendsthemarket,divisionoflabor,withitsimprovements,comesearliesttocitiesnearwaterways.CivilizationbeganaroundthehighlynavigableMediterraneanSea（地中海）...

OftheOriginandUseofMoney:Withdivisionoflabor,theproduceofone'sownlaborcanfillonlyasmallpartofone'sneeds.Differentcommodities（商品）haveservedasacommonmediumofexchange,butallnationshavefinallysettledonmetals,whicharedurableanddivisible,forthispurpose.Beforecoinage（货币制度）,peoplehadtoweighandassaywitheachexchange,orrisk"thegrossestfraudsandimpositions.（最严重的欺诈行为和惩罚）"OftheRealandNominalPriceofCommodities,oroftheirPriceinLabour,andtheirPriceinMoney:

AdamSmithdefinesthevalueofcommodities:bythelabourembeddedbythelabouragoodcommandsOftheNaturalandMarketPriceofCommodities:"Whenthequantityofanycommoditywhichisbroughttomarketfallsshortoftheeffectualdemand,allthosewhoarewillingtopay...cannotbesuppliedwiththequantitywhichtheywant...Someofthemwillbewillingtogivemore.Acompetitionwillbeginamongthem,andthemarketpricewillrise...Whenthequantitybroughttomarketexceedstheeffectualdemand,itcannotbeallsoldtothosewhoarewillingtopaythewholevalueoftherent,wagesandprofit,whichmustbepaidinordertobringitthither...Themarketpricewillsink...”(SupplyandDemand).OftheWagesofLabour:Inthissection,Smithdescribeshowthewagesoflabouraredictatedprimarilybythecompetitionamonglabourersandmasters.Whenlabourersbidagainstoneanotherforlimitedopportunitiesforemployment,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyfall,whereaswhenemployerscompeteagainstoneanotherforlimitedsuppliesoflabour,thewagesoflabourcollectivelyrise.However,thisprocessofcompetitionisoftencircumventedbycombinationsamonglabourersandamongmasters.Whenlabourerscombineandnolongerbidagainstoneanother,theirwagesrise,whereaswhenmasterscombine,wagesfall.BookII:OftheNature,Accumulation（积累）,andEmploymentofStockBookIII:OfthedifferentProgressofOpulenceindifferentNationsBookIV:OfSystemsofpoliticalEconomyBookV:OftheRevenueoftheSovereignorCommonwealthThemainconceptofabsoluteadvantageisgenerallyattributedtotheWealthofNationsinwhichhecounteredmercantilist（重商主义者）ideas.Smitharguedthatitwasimpossibleforallnationstobecomerichsimultaneously（同时地）byfollowingmercantilismbecausetheexportofonenationisanothernation’simportandinsteadstatedthatallnationswouldgainsimultaneouslyiftheypracticedfreetradeandspecializedinaccordancewiththeirabsoluteadvantage.Smithalsostatedthatthewealthofnationsdependsuponthegoodsandservicesavailabletotheircitizens,ratherthantheirgoldreserves.Whiletherearepossiblegainsfromtradewithabsoluteadvantage,thegainsmaynotbemutuallybeneficial.Comparativeadvantagefocusesontherangeofpossiblemutuallybeneficialexchanges.Acountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranotherinproducingagood,ifitcanproducethatgoodusingfewerresourcesthananothercountry.

ForexampleifoneunitoflaborinIndiacanproduce80unitsofwoolor20unitsofwine;whileinSpainoneunitoflabormakes50unitsofwoolor75unitsofwine,thenIndiahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwoolandSpainhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine.IndiacangetmorewinewithitslaborbyspecializinginwoolandtradingthewoolforSpanishwine,whileSpaincanbenefitbytradingwineforwool.(AdamSmith,WealthofNations,BookIV,Ch.2.)Assumingthattheemployeesofbothpartiesarepaidequally,PartyBhasanabsoluteadvantageoverPartyAinproducingwidgets（小器具）perhour.ThisisbecausePartyBcanproducetwiceasmanywidgetsasPartyAcanwiththesamenumberofemployees.Anothersimpleexample

PoliticaleconomicsinAdamSmithhasgrownintoawhole,itisincludedinthescopeofacertainextent,hasbeenformedbyAdamSmithforthefirsttimethebasicproblemofpoliticaleconomicshasmadeasystematicstudy,establishedacompletetheorysystem,increasetheBritishbourgeoisclassicalpoliticaleconomicstoanewlevel.在亚当·斯密那里，政治经济学已发展为某种整体，它所包括的范围在一定程度上已经形成。亚当·斯密第一次对政治经济学的基本问题做出了系统的研究，创立了一个完整的理论体系，把英国资产阶级古典政治经济学提高到一个新的水平Amongmanyfactorscontributingtoourmodernwayoflife,thewealthofnations，theinfluenceofthisbookcanbecomparablewithanymodernclassics——famouscriticpepeReina在促成我们现代生活方式的许多因素之中，《国富论》这本书所发生的影响，可媲美任何一本现代的典籍。——著名批评家雷纳西洋公学译书院新译亚当·斯密《国富论》。欧洲200年前理财政策多与中国相似，自此书出，英国首先采用，遂立今日富强之基。今日中国患贫久矣，和议既立，必以整理财政为先，译成是书以备参考。——1900年12月27日中国《新闻报》尽管之前已有其他学者论述了一些经济学思想和原理，但亚当·斯密仍被世人尊称为“经济学之父”。这一称誉并非源于他富有创意的观念或经济学分析的技巧，而是源于他将资本主义确立为使每个人的生活得到改善的一种经济制度，斯密是第一位将收益视作来源于更充分的竞争和提倡能够刺激更多竞争的政策的经济学家，他认为政府应减少对经济的干预并应拟订政策来抑制垄断的出现。However,Smithforfreetradeisnotunanimousapprovalexceptexpoundsoneconomicgrowth,Smithalsoattemptstoillustrateshowtheincomefromtheproductionofproductsa