神经科学与行为专家讲座

Myers’PSYCHOLOGY

Chapter2

NeuroscienceandBehavior神经科学与行为专家讲座第1页NeuralCommunicationBiologicalPsychologybranchofpsychologyconcernedwiththelinksbetweenbiologyandbehaviorsomebiologicalpsychologistscallthemselvesbehavioralneuroscientists,neuropsychologists,behaviorgeneticists,physiologicalpsychologists,orbiopsychologistsNeuronanervecellthebasicbuildingblockofthenervoussystem神经科学与行为专家讲座第2页NeuralCommunicationDendritethebushy,branchingextensionsofaneuronthatreceivemessagesandconductimpulsestowardthecellbodyAxontheextensionofaneuron,endinginbranchingterminalfibers,throughwhichmessagesaresenttootherneuronsortomusclesorglandsMyelin[MY-uh-lin]Sheath

alayeroffattycellssegmentallyencasingthefibersofmanyneuronsenablesvastlygreatertransmissionspeedofneutralimpulses神经科学与行为专家讲座第3页NeuralCommunication神经科学与行为专家讲座第4页NeuralCommunicationActionPotential

aneuralimpulse;abriefelectricalchargethattravelsdownanaxongeneratedbythemovementofpositivelychargedatomsinandoutofchannelsintheaxon’smembraneThreshold

thelevelofstimulationrequiredtotriggeraneuralimpulse神经科学与行为专家讲座第5页NeuralCommunicationCellbodyendofaxonDirectionofneuralimpulse:towardaxonterminals神经科学与行为专家讲座第6页NeuralCommunicationSynapse[SIN-aps]junctionbetweentheaxontipofthesendingneuronandthedendriteorcellbodyofthereceivingneurontinygapatthisjunctioniscalledthesynapticgaporcleftNeurotransmitterschemicalmessengersthattraversethesynapticgapsbetweenneuronswhenreleasedbythesendingneuron,neuro-transmitterstravelacrossthesynapseandbindtoreceptorsitesonthereceivingneuron,therebyinfluencingwhetheritwillgenerateaneuralimpulse神经科学与行为专家讲座第7页NeuralCommunication神经科学与行为专家讲座第8页NeuralCommunicationSerotoninPathwaysDopaminePathways神经科学与行为专家讲座第9页NeuralCommunication神经科学与行为专家讲座第10页NeuralCommunicationAcetylcholine[ah-seat-el-KO-leen]

aneurotransmitterthat,amongitsfunctions,triggersmusclecontractionEndorphins[en-DOR-fins]

“morphinewithin”natural,opiatelikeneurotransmitterslinkedtopaincontrolandtopleasure神经科学与行为专家讲座第11页NeuralCommunicationNeurotransmittermoleculeReceivingcellmembraneReceptorsiteonreceivingneuronAgonistmimicsneurotransmitterAntagonistblocksneurotransmitter神经科学与行为专家讲座第12页TheNervousSystemNervousSystem

thebody’sspeedy,electrochemicalcommunicationsystemconsistsofallthenervecellsoftheperipheralandcentralnervoussystemsCentralNervousSystem(CNS)

thebrainandspinalcordPeripheralNervousSystem(PNS)

thesensoryandmotorneuronsthatconnectthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)totherestofthebody神经科学与行为专家讲座第13页TheNervousSystemCentral(brainandspinalcord)NervoussystemAutonomic(controlsself-regulatedactionofinternalorgansandglands)Skeletal(controlsvoluntarymovementsofskeletalmuscles)Sympathetic(arousing)Parasympathetic(calming)Peripheral神经科学与行为专家讲座第14页TheNervousSystemNervesneural“cables”containingmanyaxonspartoftheperipheralnervoussystemconnectthecentralnervoussystemwithmuscles,glands,andsenseorgansSensoryNeurons

neuronsthatcarryincominginformationfromthesensereceptorstothecentralnervoussystem神经科学与行为专家讲座第15页TheNervousSystemInterneuronsCNSneuronsthatinternallycommunicateandintervenebetweenthesensoryinputsandmotoroutputsMotorNeuronscarryoutgoinginformationfromtheCNStomusclesandglandsSomaticNervousSystemthedivisionoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolsthebody’sskeletalmuscles神经科学与行为专家讲座第16页TheNervousSystemAutonomicNervousSystem

thepartoftheperipheralnervoussystemthatcontrolstheglandsandthemusclesoftheinternalorgans(suchastheheart)SympatheticNervousSystem

divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatarousesthebody,mobilizingitsenergyinstressfulsituationsParasympatheticNervousSystem

divisionoftheautonomicnervoussystemthatcalmsthebody,conservingitsenergy神经科学与行为专家讲座第17页TheNervousSystem神经科学与行为专家讲座第18页TheNervousSystem神经科学与行为专家讲座第19页TheNervousSystemReflexasimple,automatic,inbornresponsetoasensorystimulusSkinreceptorsMuscleSensoryneuron(incominginformation)Motorneuron(outgoinginformation)BrainInterneuronSpinalcord神经科学与行为专家讲座第20页TheNervousSystemNeuralNetworksinterconnectedneuralcellswithexperience,networkscanlearn,asfeedbackstrengthensorinhibitsconnectionsthatproducecertainresultscomputersimulationsofneuralnetworksshowanalogouslearningInputsOutputsNeuronsinthebrainconnectwithoneanothertoformnetworksThebrainlearnsbymodifyingcertainconnectionsinresponsetofeedback神经科学与行为专家讲座第21页TheBrainLesiontissuedestructionabrainlesionisanaturallyorexperimentallycauseddestructionofbraintissue神经科学与行为专家讲座第22页Electroencephalogram(EEG)anamplifiedrecordingofthewavesofelectricalactivitythatsweepacrossthebrain’ssurfacethesewavesaremeasuredbyelectrodesplacedonthescalp神经科学与行为专家讲座第23页TheBrainCT(computedtomography)Scanaseriesofx-rayphotographstakenfromdifferentanglesandcombinedbycomputerintoacompositerepresentationofaslicethroughthebody;alsocalledCATscanPET(positronemissiontomography)Scan

avisualdisplayofbrainactivitythatdetectswherearadioactiveformofglucosegoeswhilethebrainperformsagiventaskMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)atechniquethatusesmagneticfieldsandradiowavestoproducecomputer-generatedimagesthatdistinguishamongdifferenttypesofsofttissue;allowsustoseestructureswithinthebrain神经科学与行为专家讲座第24页PETScan神经科学与行为专家讲座第25页MRIScan神经科学与行为专家讲座第26页TheBrainBrainstem

theoldestpartandcentralcoreofthebrain,beginningwherethespinalcordswellsasitenterstheskullresponsibleforautomaticsurvivalfunctionsMedulla[muh-DUL-uh]

baseofthebrainstemcontrolsheartbeatandbreathing神经科学与行为专家讲座第27页TheBrain神经科学与行为专家讲座第28页TheBrainReticularFormationanervenetworkinthebrainstemthatplaysanimportantroleincontrollingarousalThalamus[THAL-uh-muss]

thebrain’ssensoryswitchboard,locatedontopofthebrainstemitdirectsmessagestothesensoryreceivingareasinthecortexandtransmitsrepliestothecerebellumandmedulla神经科学与行为专家讲座第29页TheBrainCerebellum[sehr-uh-BELL-um]

the“littlebrain”attachedtotherearofthebrainstemithelpscoordinatevoluntarymovementandbalance神经科学与行为专家讲座第30页TheBrainLimbicSystemadoughnut-shapedsystemofneuralstructuresattheborderofthebrainstemandcerebralhemispheresassociatedwithemotionssuchasfearandaggressionanddrivessuchasthoseforfoodandsexincludesthehippocampus,amygdala,andhypothalamus.Amygdala[ah-MIG-dah-la]

twoalmond-shapedneuralclustersthatarecomponentsofthelimbicsystemandarelinkedtoemotion神经科学与行为专家讲座第31页TheBrainHypothalamusneuralstructurelyingbelow(hypo)thethalamus;directsseveralmaintenanceactivitieseatingdrinkingbodytemperaturehelpsgoverntheendocrinesystemviathepituitaryglandislinkedtoemotion神经科学与行为专家讲座第32页TheLimbicSystem神经科学与行为专家讲座第33页TheLimbicSystemElectrodeimplantedinrewardcenter神经科学与行为专家讲座第34页TheCerebralCortexCerebralCortex

theintricatefabricofinterconnectedneuralcellsthatcoversthecerebralhemispheresthebody’sultimatecontrolandinformationprocessingcenterGlialCells

cellsinthenervoussystemthatsupport,nourish,andprotectneurons神经科学与行为专家讲座第35页TheCerebralCortexFrontalLobes

involvedinspeakingandmusclemovementsandinmakingplansandjudgmentsParietalLobes

includethesensorycortexOccipitalLobes

includethevisualareas,whichreceivevisualinformationfromtheoppositevisualfieldTemporalLobes

includetheauditoryareas神经科学与行为专家讲座第36页TheCerebralCortex神经科学与行为专家讲座第37页TheCerebralCortexMotorCortexareaattherearofthefrontallobesthatcontrolsvoluntarymovementsSensoryCortexareaatthefrontoftheparietallobesthatregistersandprocessesbodysensations神经科学与行为专家讲座第38页TheCerebralCortex神经科学与行为专家讲座第39页TheCerebralCortexFunctionalMRIscanshowsthevisualcortexactivatedasthesubjectlooksatfaces神经科学与行为专家讲座第40页VisualandAuditoryCortex神经科学与行为专家讲座第41页AssociationAreasMoreintelligentanimalshaveincreased“uncommitted”orassociationareasofthecortex神经科学与行为专家讲座第42页TheCerebralCortexAphasiaimpairmentoflanguage,usuallycausedbylefthemispheredamageeithertoBroca’sarea(impairingspeaking)ortoWernicke’sarea(impairingunderstanding)Broca’sArea

anareaoftheleftfrontallobethatdirectsthemusclemovementsinvolvedinspeechWernicke’sArea

anareaofthelefttemporallobeinvolvedinlanguagecomprehensionandexpression神经科学与行为专家讲座第43页SpecializationandIntegration神经科学与行为专家讲座第44页SpecializationandIntegrationBrainactivitywhenhearing,seeing,andspeakingwords神经科学与行为专家讲座第45页BrainReorganizationPlasticitythebrain’scapacityformodification,asevidentinbrainreorganizationfollowingdamage(especiallyinchildren)andinexperimentsontheeffectsofexperienceonbraindevelopment神经科学与行为专家讲座第46页OurDividedBrainCorpusCallosumlargebandofneuralfibersconnectsthetwobrainhemispherescarriesmessagesbetweenthehemispheresCorpuscallosum神经科学与行为专家讲座第47页OurDividedBrainTheinformationhighwayfromtheeyetothebrain神经科学与行为专家讲座第48页SplitBrainaconditioninwhichthetwohemispheresofthebrainareisolatedbycuttingtheconnectingfibers(mainlythoseofthecorpuscallosum)betweenthem神经科学与行为专家讲座第49页SplitBrain“Lookatthedot.”Twowordsseparatedbyadotaremomentarilyprojected.“Whatworddidyousee?”or“Pointwithyo