人教版中考二轮复习课件专题1第1节词义辨析和名词的数

第1节词义辨析和名词的数1.语法填空。根据下面短文内容和提示,在短文的空格处填上一个语法最恰当的词,使短文完整、通顺。Chopsticksareanancienttoolofeatingfood,andeventhoughtheyweredeveloped5,000yearsagoinC

①

,thetraditionisstillalivetoday.Therearemany

②

forusingchopsticks,butprobablytheyaredevelopedbecauseusingtwosticksofwoodallowsonetogetcloseenoughtogetthefoodoutofap

③

withoutburningthemselves.

Althoughforksand

④

andothertoolshavebeenintroducedtoChinaovertheyears,chopstickshaveremainedthemainwaytoeatfood.Chopsticksaremostlymadefrom

⑤

andbamboo.Foreignersliketobuysilkandchopsticksas

⑥

.

TheChinesepeopleusuallyeatfoodfromab

⑦

orsmallplate.Theyusechopstickstoeatnoodlesandrice,butKoreans(韩国人)eattheirr

⑧

withaspoon.

①

China

②

reasons

③

pot

④

knives

⑤

wood

⑥

gifts/presents

⑦

bowl

⑧

rice

2.知识回顾。上面短文中,加黑及填写的单词是

名词

,它表示人或物的名称或抽象概念,可以在句中充当主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、同位语和状语。

名词可分为

专有

名词(如空格①)和

普通

名词。普通名词分为

可数

名词(如空格②、③、④、⑥、⑦)和

不可数

名词。(如空格⑤和⑧)。

类别意义举例专有名词表示人名、地名、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Jack,July,China,Korean,theNile普通名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词fork,knife,foreigner集体名词表示一群人或事物的词people,police,family物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或者材料的词silk,wood,bamboo,rice抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、情感等抽象概念的词health,interest,love考点1

词义辨析主要考查学生在具体语境中,对同类名词和不同类名词的词义辨析。解题关键在于读懂语境,理解词义。1.同类名词考查(

B

)Wehavewider

inourvillage,sowecangooutmoreeasilynow.

A.houses

B.roadsC.schools D.hospitals2.不同类名词考查(

C

)(1)(2022·重庆B卷)It’srainingheavily.Pleasetakethe

.

A.stone

B.flowerC.umbrella D.postcard(

D

)(2)(2020·重庆B卷)Idon’tknowhowtomakeaspeechinpublic.Canyougivemesome

?

A.water B.moneyC.food D.advice考点2

名词的数(一)可数名词可数名词分为单数和复数。单数通常由a,an,the,one等修饰。复数表示两个及以上概念,通常由few,some,many,alotof等词或短语修饰。注意:对可数名词数量提问应用

how

many

1.可数名词复数的规则变化(1)一般情况下,词尾直接加

-s

cat—

cats

orange—

oranges

(2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词,加

-es

bus—

buses

watch—

watches

box—

boxes

dish—

dishes

(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的词,

变y为i再加

-es

dictionary—

dictionaries

story—

stories

diary—

diaries

(4)以元音字母加y结尾的词,加

-s

boy—

boys

key—

keys

day—

days

(5)以f或fe结尾的词,

变为f或fe为v

,再加

-es

leaf—

leaves

thief—

thieves

wife—

wives

knife—

knives

life—

lives

self—

selves

shelf—

shelves

巧记:树叶(leaf)半数(half)自己(self)黄,妻子(wife)拿刀(knife)去割粮;架(shelf)后窜出一匹狼(wolf),就像小偷(thief)逃命(life)忙。(6)以o结尾的词,一般情况下,有生命的加

-es

,无生命的加

-s

piano—

pianos

radio—

radios

potato—

potatoes

tomato—

tomatoes

hero—

heroes

(巧记:英雄爱吃番茄和土豆)

2.可数名词复数的不规则变化(1)常见不规则名词man—

men

woman—

women

child—

children

foot—

feet

tooth—

teeth

mouse—

mice

(2)单复数同形sheep—

sheep

deer—

deer

fish—

fish

(注意:fishes表示各种各样的鱼)

(3)某国人①词尾+sAmerican—

Americans

German—

Germans

②单复数同形Chinese—

Chinese

Japanese—

Japanese

③变-man/-woman为-men/-womenEnglishman—

Englishmen

Frenchman—

Frenchmen

(巧记:中日不变,英法变,其余都加s)3.特殊形式的复数(1)一些集体名词,如people,police虽为单数形式,却表示复数概念,因此也应看作复数。(2)一些集体名词,如family,class,team等,看作单数时,表示整体意义,谓语动词需用单数形式。看作复数时,表示成员,谓语动词用复数形式。(3)一些名词,如trousers,pants(长裤),shorts(短裤),glasses(眼镜),clothes(衣服)等通常以复数形式出现。(二)不可数名词1.不可数名词没有复数形式,不能用a/an修饰,也不能用数来计量。但是可以用little,some,much,alotof等词或短语修饰。2.不可数名词的计量:数词/冠词+量词+of+不可数名词,如acupofmilk;twobagsofrice。注意:对不可数名词数量提问应用

how

much

部分名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但意义有所不同。如:名词可数不可数名词可数不可数chicken小鸡鸡肉fruit水果(种类)水果(总称)paper报纸,文件纸time次数时间fish鱼鱼肉glass玻璃杯玻璃experience经历经验life生命生活orange橙子橙汁work作品工作room房间空间light电灯光Ⅰ.单项选择。(

D

)1.—Whatisthe

ofyourgreatbasketballskills?

—Practicemakesperfect!A.result B.influenceC.duty D.secret(

C

)2.—Iruneveryday.—Wow!That’sagood

.Ithelpsyoustayhealthy.

A.march B.taskC.habit D.dream(

B

)3.—Sandrahasproblemswithhersight.—Sheshoulddoeye

and

everyday.

A.exercises;exercisesB.exercises;exerciseC.exercise;exercisesD.exercise;exercise(

B

)4.Iwenttotheaquariumwithmyfriendsyesterday.Isawmanykindsof

andIboughtsomecute

backhome.

A.fish;fish B.fishes;fishC.fish;fishes D.fishes;fishes(

C

)5.Mymomboughtsome

andtwo

forlunchyesterday.

A.tomatoes;kilosofmeats B.tomatos;kilosofmeatC.tomatoes;kilosofmeat D.tomatos;kilosofmeats(

A

)6.Mr.Smithalwayshas

totell.

A.somepiecesofnewsB.somepieceofnewsC.anewsD.pieceofnews(

A

)7.—I’mgoingtothesupermarket.Whatdoyouwantmetobuy?—Afew

andalittle

.

A.bananas;milk B.milk;bananasC.banana;milk D.coffees;milk(

C

)8.You’dbettereatmore

andless

andyou’llbehealthier.

A.vegetable;meat B.meat;vegetablesC.vegetables;meat D.meats;vegetable(

B

)9.Myparentsalwaysaskmetoreadmorebooks.Theysaythat

canmakeabetterlife.

A.dream B.knowledgeC.service D.promise(

D

)10.Duringthevacation,Ididn’tgoanywhere.Ijusthadagood

byreadingbooksandlisteningtomusicathome.A.way B.ideaC.trip D.rest