北京大学考博英语

北京大学考博英语-5

（总分：83.50,做题时间：90分钟）

一、PartIListeningComprehension（总题数：0,分数：0.00）

二、PartIIVocabulary（总题数：20,分数：14.50）

1.Thelocalauthoritythecompanyaninterest-freeloantostartupthenewfactory.

A.grantedB.allocatedC.financedD.sponsored

（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］A项grant意为“同意，准予“；B项allocate意为“分配”；C项finance意为“资

助“；D项sponsor意为"举办”。

2.Theoftheoccasionwasspoiledwhenshefelldownthesteps.

A.privacyB.dignityC.moralityD.secrecy

（分数：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：（dignity尊严）。句意为；从台阶上摔下来的时候，她的尊严受到损害。A.privacy隐私；

C.morality道德;D.secrecy秘密。

3.Jackadmittedthatheoughtnottohavemadehismotherangry,?

A.oughtn，theB.wasn*theC.didn，theD.hadn，the

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

4.Asordinarypeople,scientistsarebynomeansmorehonestorthanotherpeople,

butasscientists,theyattachspecialvaluetohonestywhiletheyareintheirworking

sphere.

A.ethicalB.ethnicC.aestheticD.esthetic

（分数：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：［解析］A项“ethical道德的”符合题意。如：Thelawyerallegedthatthedoctor,s

behaviourhadnotbeenethical.（律师声称那位医生的行为不符合职业道德规范。）其他三项“B项

ethnic种族的；C项aesthetic审美的，美学的；D项esthetic感觉的”都不正确。本题空格处是说比

其他人更诚实或更有道德。因此A项为正确答案。

5.Thepossibilitiesofanautumnelectioncannotbe.

A.struckoutB.leftoutC.ruledoutD.countedout

（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：考动宾搭配。所选动词词组应该能和possibilities搭配。strikeout是“精力充沛地开始”；

leaveout是"忽略,遗漏，不考虑"；ruleout是"不考虑;排除出去"，如：Theoptionof

startingoverhasbeenruledout.重新开始这种选择已被排除考虑。countout是“不包括”，如：

Ifit'sgoingtobeacrowdyparty,countmeout.（如果那是一个吵闹的聚会，别把我算在内。）一

般用ruleout来搭配possibilities。句子大意为：秋季选举的可能性不会被排除在外。

6.Thereportwasunusualinthatitisinsinuatedcorruptiononthepartoftheminister.

A.deniedB.suggestedC.reprisalD.lossofprofit

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

7.Despitehisasatrouble-maker,hewaspromotedtodepartmentmanger.

A.repetitionB.repressionC.reputationD.representation

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

8.Hehadaandrushedoutofthekitchenjustbeforeanexplosionwreckedit.

A.probityB.progenitorC.premonitionD.preponderance

（分数:0.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：probity正直；progenitor祖先，起源；preponderance重量，力量，重要性或影响力方面的优

势；符合本句的是premonition”对未来的不祥预感，预兆”。

9.Anenlargedprostatemaythebladderandpinchofftheurethra,causingpainand

difficultywithurination.

A.collaborateB.compressC.botherD.boil

（分数：LOO）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：collaborate合作，通敌；compress压缩；bother打扰；boil煮沸。

10.Mostnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina

[A]scarcity[B]minority[C]minimum[D]shortage

（分数：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：inaminority为固定习语，意为“占少数"。scarcity缺乏，不足，与shortage同义。minimum

最低限度。句意：大多数护士都是妇女，但在医务界高层中妇女只占少数。

11.Twotruckswerereportedtohavehead-onyesterday.

A.bumpedB.crashedC.collidedD.struck

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：[解析]C项“collided车、船相撞”符合题意，如Inrunningroundthecorner,hecollided

withanotherman.（在跑过拐角时，他撞上另一个人。）其他三项"A项bumped碰撞，撞见；B项

crashed（飞机）坠毁，撞坏；D项struck撞，后接against”都不正确。本题意为“据报道，昨天两辆卡

车迎头相撞”。因此C项为正确答案。

12.TheterroristsmighthaveplantedabombonaplaneinAthens,settowhenit

arrivedinNewYork.

[A]gooff[B]getoff[C]comeoff[D]carryoff

（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：gooff爆炸；getoff动身，飞行；comeoff脱离，分离；carryoff带去，抢去。从句意看显然

应选Agooffo句意；恐怖分子可能在雅典往飞机上放置了一枚炸弹，定在飞机到达纽约时爆炸。

13.Ourproposalfailedtomeettheestablishedbythecommittee,sotheygaveusno

money.

A.measurementB.warrantC.partitionD.criterion

（分数：0.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：（criterion判断标准）。句意为：我们的提议不符合委员会制定的标准，因此他们不向我们提供资

金。A.measurement衡量，测量；B.warrant证明，保证；C.partition分开，分割。

14.Ashiftfromnativebronzetoironartifactstookplaceundertheinfluenceofcultural

borrowings.

A.transitionB.transmissionC.transactionD.transference

（分数：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：shift变化，转移；transition转变，跃迁，过渡；transmission播送，发射；transaction交

易，处理；transference移动，转送。

15.Theeconomyinthisregionhasbeenstagnantforalongtimeandnosignsofrecovery

havetillnow.

A.shownupB.keptupC.pickedupD.madefor

（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：（showup露出，显出）。句意为：长期以来，该地区的经济十分萧条，经济复苏的迹象尚未显露出

来。B.keepup维持；C.pickup无师自通地学会（语言）；D.makefor有利于。

16.Mostofthemhadvisitedtheinvalidoftenduringthepastfewmonths,marvelingathis

spiritandhisunfailinggoodtemper.

A.variantB.gallantC.pertinentD.solitary

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

17.Ournewteacherismuchyoungerthanhis.

[A]successor[B]predecessor[C]colleague[D]workmate

（分数：0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：predecessor前任，前辈；successor（to）接替人，继任者；colleague同事，同僚；workmateZC

友。句意：我们的新老师比他的前任年轻很多。

18.Theproblemisthatthelossofconfidenceamongthesoldierscanbehighlycontagious.

A.spreadingB.contemptibleC.contented，D.depressing

（分数：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

19.However,attimesthisbalanceinnatureis,resultinginanumberofpossibly

unforeseeneffects.

A.troubledB.disturbedC.confusedD.puzzled

（分数:0.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：[解析]A项troubled意为“麻烦，困扰，打扰”；B项disturbed意为“打扰，打乱，打破”；C

项confused意为“困惑，迷惑不解”；D项puzzled意为“迷惑，窘困”。根据句子主语部分this

balanceinnature（大自然的这种平衡）提示，应选B项。

20.Itwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamounts

ofcash;virtuallyallfinancialwillbeconductedbycomputer.

[A]transactions[B]transmissions[C]transitions[D]transformations

（分数：0.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

角军析：transaction交易；transmission传送，传递；transition过渡，转变；transformation改变；

具体变化。句意：因为人们不用携带大额现金，在街上走就更安全；而实际上所有的金融交易都由电脑完

成。

三、PartIIIReadingComprehension（总题数：6,分数：34.00）

Auctionsarepublicsalesofgoods,conductedbyanofficiallyapprovedauctioneer.Heasks

thecrowdassembledintheauctionroomtomakeoffers,or〃bids〃，forthevariousitemson

sale.Heencouragesbuyerstobidhigherfigures,andfinallynamesthehighestbidderas

thebuyerofthegoods.Thisiscalled"knockingdown〃thegoods,forthebiddingendswhen

theauctioneerbangsasmallhammeronatableatwhichhestands.Thisisoftensetona

raisedplatformcalledarostrum.

TheancientRomansprobablyinventedsalesbyauction,andtheEnglishwordcomesfromthe

Latinauctio,meaning〃increase”.TheRomansusuallysoldinthiswaythespoilstakenin

war;thesesaleswerecalledsubbasra,meaning"underthespear”,aspearbeingstuckin

thegroundasasignalforacrowdtogather.InEnglandintheeighteenthandnineteenth

centuriesgoodswereoftensold〃bythecandle”,ashortcandlewaslitbytheauctioneer,

andbidscouldbemadewhileitstayedalight.

Practicallyallgoodswhosequalitiesvaryaresoldbyauction.Amongthesearecoffee,

hides,skins,wool,tea,cocoa,furs,spices,fruitandvegetablesandwines.Auctionsales

arealsousualforlandandproperty,antiquefurniture,pictures,rarebooks,oldchinaand

similarworksofart.TheauctionroomsatChristie,sandSotheby5sinLondonandNewYork

areworld-famous.

Anauctionisusuallyadvertisedbeforehandwithfullparticularsofthearticlestobesold

andwhereandwhentheycanbeviewedbyprospectivebuyers.Iftheadvertisementcannot

givefulldetails,cataloguesareprinted,andeachgroupofgoodstobesoldtogether,

calleda〃lot〃，isusuallygivenanumber.TheauctioneerneednotbeginwithLot1and

continueinnumericalorder,hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealers

areintheroomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin.The

auctioneer*sservicesarepaidforintheformofapercentageofthepricethegoodsare

soldfor.Theauctioneerthereforehasadirectinterestinpushingupthebiddingashigh

aspossible.

Theauctioneermustknowfairlyaccuratelythecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoodsheis

selling,andheshouldbeacquaintedwithregularbuyersofsuchgoods.Hewillnotwaste

timebystartingthebiddingtoolow.Hewillalsoplayontherivalriesamonghisbuyers

andsucceedingettingahighpricebyencouragingtwobusinesscompetitorstobidagainst

eachother.Itislargelyonhisadvicethatasellerwillfixa〃reserve〃price,thatis,a

pricebelowwhichthegoodscannotbesold.Eventhebestauctioneers,however,findit

difficulttostopa〃knockout”,wherebydealersillegallyarrangebeforehandnottobid

againsteachother,butnominateoneofthemselvesastheonlybidder,inthehopeofbuying

goodsatextremelylowprices.Ifsucha〃knockout〃comesoff,therealauctionsaletakes

placeprivatelyafterwardsamongthedealers.

（分数：7.50）

（1）.Acandleusedtoburnatauctionsales.

A.becausetheytookplaceatnight

B.asasignalforthecrowdtogather

C.tokeeptheauctioneerwarm

D.tolimitthetimewhenofferscouldbemade（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：拍卖时点蜡烛，以限制报价的时间。第二段最后一句指出：英国在18、19世纪往往通过点燃蜡烛

的方式拍卖货物，拍卖师点燃一支很短的蜡烛，蜡烛熄灭了报价就停止了。

(2).Anauctioncataloguegivesprospectivebuyers.

A.thecurrentmarketvaluesofthegoods

B.detailsofthegoodstobesold

C.theorderinwhichgoodsmustbesold

D.freeadmissiontotheauctionsale(分数：1.50)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：拍卖目录为未来的买主列出必须卖出的货物的顺序。第四段指出：拍卖的广告事先做好，讲明待售

物品的详细情况以及未来的买主在何时、何地看这些物品。如果广告不能提供详细情况，就打印一些目

录，每组一起出售的物品被称为“一批”，通常贴上数码。拍卖师不必从第一批开始拍卖，也没有必要按

数字顺序拍卖。由此可以推断，必须卖出的货物在拍卖目录中是有数字顺序的；拍卖师不按数字顺序拍卖

并不意味着目录没有对待售物品进行排序。

(3).Theauctioneermaydecidetosellthe〃lots〃outoforderbecause.

A.hesometimeswantstoconfusethebuyers

B.heknowsfromexperiencethatcertainpeoplewillwanttobuycertainitems

C.hewantstokeepcertainpeoplewaiting

D.hewantstoreducethenumberofbuyers(分数：1.50)

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：拍卖师可能不按顺序拍卖每一批物品，因为根据他的经验，他知道某些人想买某些商品。选B是依

据第四段中的句子“hemaywaituntilheregistersthefactthatcertaindealersareinthe

roomandthenproducethelotstheyarelikelytobeinterestedin”。这句话的意思是：拍卖师

可能等到他登记某些商人在拍卖间这一实际情况以后，才出示他们很可能感兴趣的若干批物品。

(4).Anauctioneerlikestogethighpricesforthegoodshesellsbecause.

A.thenheearnsmorehimself

B.thedealersarepleased

C.theauctionroomsbecomeworld-famous

D.itkeepsthecustomersinterested(分数：1.50)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：拍卖师喜欢获得他所拍卖商品的高价，因为他自己可以挣得更多的钱。第四段最后的两句指出：按

售出商品价格的百分比给拍卖师付酬。因此，拍卖师对尽可能高的报价有直接的兴趣。

(5).A"knockout〃isarranged.

A.tokeepthepriceintheauctionroomlow

B.toallowonedealeronlytomakeaprofit

C.toincreasetheauctioneer'sprofit

D.tohelptheauctioneer(分数：1.50)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：联合拍货的目的是压低拍卖间的价格。最后一段指出：即便是最善于拍卖的拍卖师也觉得很难防止

“联合拍货”。用此手段商人们事先非法地进行预谋，不相互竞价，但是指定其中的一个人为惟一的出价

人，希望以极低的价格买到商品。如果出现联合拍货的情况，这些商人日后还会私下进行实际的拍卖活

动。

ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteady

fashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionof

incomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotake

oninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedina

stepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesfor

inventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarket

andinthestabilityofthebondmarket.Fortheyearsasawhole,consumerandbusiness

sentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.

Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryand

fiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreover,therestorationofsounderliquidity

positionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythe

groundworkforastrongexpansion.Inaddition,theeconomicpolicymovesmadebythe

Presidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthat

inflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finally,ofcourse,theeconomywas

abletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemen

andmachines.

TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Nevertheless,byanyother

test,thedeficitremainedverylarge,andtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeteriorationin

ourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficit,almosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.Whilethe

overalltradeperformanceproveddisappointing,therearestillgoodreasonsforexpecting

thedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginour

tradepicture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficit,however,the

outcomewilldependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenby

Japan.AlsoimportantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternal

policiesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance.

Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead-andindeedforthelongerrun一

remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomic

growthandavoidinginflationarypressures.Withtheeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorous

growth,andwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveourcompetitive

postureinternational1y,theemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.The

PhaseThreeProgramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unless

productivitygrowthisunexpectedlylarge;however,theexpansionofrealoutputmust

eventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy'slargerrungrowthpotentialifgeneralized

demandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.

（分数：7.50）

（1）.Theauthormentionsincreasedinstallmentdebtinthefirstparagraphinordertoshow

A.thecontinuingexpansionoftheeconomy

B.thegrowthofconsumerpurchasingpower

C.theconsumers5confidenceintheeconomy

D.thesoaringconsumerincomesforspending（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：作者在第一段提到分期偿付的债务增加了，以表明消费者对经济的信心。根据第一段第二句，消费

者信心恢复的表现是很高的收入用于购买商品和服务而且消费者显然更愿意分期付款。

（2）.Paragraph2mainlydealswith.

A.economicpolicymeasuressuggestedbythePresident

B.thecausesofbusinessdevelopmentfortheperiod

C.thestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpolices

D.therevivalofstrongerliquiditypositions（分数：1.50）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：第二段主要讨论这一时期企业发展的原因。第二段第一句概括了企业发展的主要原因，接下来指出

了企业发展的另外三个原因。尤其是最后一个句子用了because引导的原因从句，更容易让人想起答案

Bo

（3）.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthor,sattitudetowardthe

reductionoftheinternationalpaymentsdeficitseems.

A.bitter-sweetB.pessimisticC.sympatheticD.doubtful（分数：1.50）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：根据第三段可以推断，作者对减少国际结算的亏损的态度似乎是喜忧参半。根据本段第三句，尽管

总体上的贸易业绩令人失望，但依然有理由希望贬值滞后的影响能够及时给我们的贸易蓝图带来十分坚挺

的行市。

（4）.Partofthepublicpolicytask,asoutlinedinthetext,isto.

A.preventpaymentsdeficitB.devaluetheAmericandollar

C.avoidinflationarypressuresD.increasethebalanceoftrade（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：正如文中概述的那样，国家政策的部分任务是避免通货膨胀的压力。作者在最后一段开头说，未来

一年国家政策的根本任务一一实际上在更长的时期内一一依然是大家熟悉的任务：在鼓励健康的经济增长

和避免通货膨胀的压力之间实现适当的平衡。

（5）.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatthePhaseThreeProgramcontained.

A.devaluationofthedollarB.productivitymeasures

C.reducedgovernmentspendingD.wageandpricecontrols（分数：1.50）

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：可以根据最后一段推断，第三阶段计划包括对工资和价格的调控。本段倒数第二句说，对工资和价

格进行限制的第三阶段计划能够减轻通货膨胀的压力。

21.Ayoungmanseesasunsetandunabletounderstandorexpresstheemotionthatit

inhim,concludesthatitmustbethegatewaytoaworldthatliesbeyond.

A.reflectsB.retainsC.rousesD.radiates

（分数：1.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：［解析］原句意思是“年轻人看到日落的时候，对日落在自己心中所引起的情感难以理解，也不好

表达，便说那一定是通向太阳后面的那个世界的人口”。rouse的意思为tomakesomeonemore

active,interestedorexcited,即"引起,唤起"，恰好符合题意。再例如：Wedon'twantto

rouseanysusoiclons.（我们并不想引起任何疑虑。）reflect意为"反射,考虑”；retain意为“保

留，维持"；radiate意为“发光，射出“。

Ithappenedinthelatefallof1939when,afteraNazisubmarinehadpenetratedtheBritish

seadefensearoundtheFirthofForthanddamagedaBritishcruiser,Restonandacolleague

contrivedtogetthenewspastBritishcensorship.Theycabledaseriesofseemingly

harmlesssentencestoTheTimes'seditorsinNewYork,havingfirstsentamessage

instructingtheeditorstoregardonlythelastwordofeachsentence.Thustheywereable

toconveyenoughwordstospelloutthestory.Thefactthatthenewsofthesubmarine

attackwasprintedinNewYorkbeforeithadappearedintheBritishpresssparkedabig

controversythatledtoaninvestigationbyScotlandYardandBritishMilitaryIntelligence.

ButittooktheinvestigatorseightweekstodecipherTheTimes*sreporters5code,an

embarrassinglyslowbitofdetectivework,andwhenitwasfinallysolvedtheincidenthad

giventhestoryveryprominentplay,laterexpresseddismaythatthereportershadriskedso

muchforsolittle.AndtheincidentleftRestondeeplydistressed.Itwassooutof

characterforhimtohave,becomeinvolvedinsuchathing.Thetacticswerequestionable

and,thoughtheUnitedStateswasnotyetinthewar,Britainwasalreadyestablishedas

America5scloseallyandbreakingBritishcensorshipseemedbothanirresponsibleand

unpatrioticthingtodo.

（分数：8.00）

（1）.Theepisoderecountedinthepassagetookplace.

A.justpriortotheoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar

B.beforeBritainenteredtheSecondWorldWar

C.beforetheUnitedStatesenteredtheSecondWorldWar

D.whiletheUnitedStateswasintheSecondWorldWar（分数：2.00）

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：短文叙述的这个事件是在美国参加第二次世界大战之前发生的。文章结尾处指出，美国尚未参战。

这里所说的尚未参战是指尚未参加第二次世界大战。战前，窃取英军情报的事件已经发生。

（2）.ItwasclearthatBritishcensorshipruleshadbeenbrokenbecausethestorywas.

A.firstpublishedinNewYork

B.publishednowherebutinTheTimes

C.uncomplimentarytotheBristish

D.muchfullerinitsTimesversionthanelsewhere（分数：2.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：显然，英国的审查制度终被打破，因为报道首先在纽约发表。文章开头说，雷斯顿和一名同事设法

通过英国的审查得到了纳粹潜水艇破坏英国巡洋舰的消息。通过下文，我们可以了解到该消息在纽约抢先

发表。

(3).Accordingtotheauthor,theBritishdidlittleaboutthestory，spublicationmainly

because.

A.everyoneresponsiblehadapologizedforwhathadhappened

B.ittooktheauthoritiestoolongtofigureouthowthecensorshadbeenoutwitted

C.ScotlandYardandBritishMilitaryIntelligencedisagreedaboutwhowasatfault

D.theywereafraidtoadmitthatthecensorshadbeensoeasilyfooled(分数：2.00)

A.

B.J

C.

D.

解析：根据作者的观点，英国人对该报道被发表一事没有采取什么行动，主要是因为英国当局花了很长的

时间尚未查明审查官们是怎样上当受骗的。文中说，调查人员花了8周时间才破译《时代》周刊新闻记

者的密码。但最终问题得到了解决，事件平息了，没有就该事件采取什么行动。

(4).Thepassageindicatesthateventuallyeveryoneinvolvedcametoregardthepublication

ofthestoryinTheTimesasa.

A.regrettableerror

B.cheapjournalistictrick

C.brilliantjournalisticmaneuver

D.properexerciseofthefreedomofthepress(分数：2.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：短文暗示，每个卷入该事件的人最终把该报道刊登在《时代》周刊上看作是一个令人后悔的错误。

文章最后一句说，尽管美国尚未参战，但英国已被确立为美国最亲密的同盟国。因此，突破英国的审查制

度似乎是一种不负责任的行为而且是一种不爱国的行为。

Animportantpointinthedevelopmentofagovernmentalagencyisthecodificationofits

controllingpractices.Thestudyoflaworjurisprudenceisusuallyconcernedwiththecodes

andpracticesofspecificgovernments,pastorpresent.Itisalsoconcernedwithcertain

questionsuponwhichafunctionalanalysisofbehaviorhassomebearing.Whatisalaw?What

roledoesalawplayingovernmentalcontrol?Inparticular,whateffectdoesithaveupon

thebehaviorofthecontrolleeandofthemembersofthegovernmentalagencyitself?

Alawusuallyhastwoimportantfeatures.Inthefirstplace,itspecifiesbehavior.The

behaviorisusuallynotdescribedtopographicallybutratherintermsofitseffectupon

others一theeffectthatistheobjectofgovernmentalcontrol.Whenwearetold,for

example,thatanindividualhas〃committedperjury,〃wearenottoldwhathehasactually

said."Robbery"and"assault"donotrefertospecificformsofresponse.Onlypropertiesof

behaviorwhichareaversivetoothersarementioned-inperjurythelackofacustomary

correspondencebetweenaverbalresponseandcertainfactualcircumstances,inrobberythe

removalofpositivereinforces,andinassaulttheaversivecharacterofphysicalinjury.In

thesecondplace,alawspecifiesorimpliesaconsequence,usuallypunishment,Alawis

thusastatementofacontingencyofreinforcementmaintainedbyagovernmentalagency.The

contingencymayhaveprevailedasacontrollingpracticepriortoitscodificationasalaw,

oritmayrepresentanewpracticewhichgoesintoeffectwiththepassageofthelaw.Laws

arethusbothdescriptionsofpastpracticesandassuraficesofsimilarpracticesinthe

future.Alawisaruleofconductinthesensethatitspecifiestheconsequencesof

certainactionswhichinmm〃rule〃behavior.

TheeffectofalawuponthecontrollingagencyThegovernmentofalargegrouprequiresan

elaborateorganization,thepracticesofwhichmaybemademoreconsistentandeffectiveby

codification.Howcodesoflawaffectgovernmentalagentsistheprincipalsubjectof

jurisprudence.Thebehavioralprocessesarecomplex,althoughpresumablynotnovel.Inorder

tomaintainor〃enforce〃contingenciesofgovernmentalcontrol,anagencymustestablishthe

factthatanindividualhasbehavedillegallyandmustinterpretacodetodeterminethe

punishment.Itmustthencarryoutthepunishment.Theselaborsareusuallydividedamong

specialsubdivisionsoftheagency.Theadvantagesgainedwhentheindividualis〃notunder

manbutunderlaw〃haveusuallybeenobvious,andthegreatcodifiersoflawoccupyplaces

ofhonorinthehistoryofcivilization.Codificationdoesnot,however,changethe

essentialnatureofgovernmentalactionnorremedyallitsdefects.

ComprehensionQuestions:

（分数：6.00）

（1）.Inthedevelopmentofagovernmentagency,.

A.thestandardonwhichthejudgmentmaybemadeismoreimportantthantheactual

applicationofthisjudgment

B.thefunctionoflawisimportant

C.thestudyofordinanceisthemostimportant

D.practiceismoreimportantthancriterion（分数：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

（2）.Oneoftheprominentcharacteristicsofalawis.

A.theresultontheindividual'sbehavioronwhicharestraininginfluenceisbeing

exercised

B.theresultofabehavioronthemembersofthegovernmentalagency

C.theresultofabehavioronordinarycitizens

D.bothAandB（分数：1.00）

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

（3）.Whatdoestheexample〃committedperjury〃illustrate?

A.Thelawwillexaminecloselywhattheindividualsaidincourt.

B.Itillustratesthatthelawonlyhassomethingtosaywhenbehaviorhasnegativeeffects

onothers.

C.Behaviorwhichtendstoavoidpunishingstimuluswillnotbeexplicitlyspecifiedbylaw.

D.BothBandC（分数：1.00）

A.

B.V

C.

D.

解析：

(4).Theotherdistinguishingtraitofthelawis.

A.punishmentiscarriedoutbythecourtsatalllevels

B.rulesandcourtpracticesinitiatedbyagovernmentalagency,arespecificallydesigned

toincreasegovernmentcontrol

C.asystemofrulesgoverningaconduct,activityoreventincidentalbynature

D.anygovernmentalreinforcement(分数：1.00)

A.

B.

C.V

D.

解析：

(5).Whyarelawsformed?

A.Lawsaremadebeforeacontingency.

B.Lawsaremadeafteracontingency.

C.Acontingencyalwayshappensbeforealawisapprovedandpassed.

D.Lawsarepassedtostandthetestoftime'andareapplicabletoothersimilar

circumstancesinthefuture.(分数：1.00)

A.

B.

C.

D.V

解析：

(6).Howdoescodificationofthelawsaffectgovernmentalagents?

A.Thelawwillbeinterpretedobjectivelyratherthansubjectively.

B.Governmentagencieshavetocompromisewithfactualconditions.

C.Occasionally,governmentalagencieshavetoredress,correctoradaptalawfortheir

benefit.

D.Lawscannotbealteredormodifiedbuttheycanbeincrementedwithnewcourtdecisions

andalsothroughjurisprudence.(分数：1.00)

A.V

B.

C.

D.

解析：

SincetheHawaiianIslandshaveneverbeenconnectedtootherlandmasses,thegreatvariety

ofplantsinHawaiimustbearesultofthelong-distancedispersalofseeds,aprocessthat

requiresbothamethodoftransportandanequivalencebetweentheecologyofthesource

areaandthatoftherecipientarea.

Thereissomedisputeaboutthemethodoftransportinvolved.Somebiologistsarguethat

oceanandaircurrentsareresponsibleforthetransportofplantseedstoHawaii.Yetthe

resultsofflotationexperimentsandthelowtemperaturesofaircurrentscastdoubton

thesehypotheses.Moreprobableisbirdtransport,eitherexternally,byaccidental

attachmentoftheseedstofeathers,orinternally,bytheswallowingoffruitand

subsequentexcretionoftheseeds.Whileitislikelythatfewervarietiesofplantseeds

havereachedHawaiiexternallythaninternally,morevarietiesareknowntobead