学术英语(社科)Unit 5

学术英语社科AcademicEnglishforSocialSciences2021/5/915SociologyMattersCulturesallsharecertainbasiccharacteristicsdespitedifferences.Inthisunitwewillseehowthosecharacteristicschangeasculturesdevelop,andhowculturesinfluenceoneanotherthroughtheirtechnological,commercial,andartisticachievements.2021/5/92Unit5

SociologyMatters

UnitContentsTextATextBListeningSpeakingWritingLead-inTextC2021/5/93Lead-inTaskReadthefirstparagraphofthetext.WorkinpairsandwritedowntwoexamplesofthedevelopmentofcultureinChina.1_____________________________________________2_____________________________________________Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/94TextACriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesGroupdiscussionEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationsSignpostlanguageFormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/95TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysisAnalyzingthetextbyexplainingkeyterms1Culturethetotalityoflearned,sociallytransmittedcustoms,knowledge,materialobjects,andbehaviorUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/96TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis2

Culturaluniversalsadaptationstomeetessentialhumanneeds,suchaspeople’sneedforfood,shelter,andclothinge.g.athleticsports,cooking,funeralceremonies,medicine,andsexualrestrictions(AnthropologistGeorgeMurdock)(Para.2)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/97TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysistheprocessofintroducinganewideaorobjecttoaculture:1)discovery:makingknownorsharingtheexistenceofsomeaspectofrealitye.g.thefindingoftheDNAmolecule;identificationofanewmoonofSaturn(Para.5)2)invention:aninventionresultswhenexistingculturalitemsarecombinedintoaformthatdidnotexistbefore.e.g.thebowandarrow,automobile,theInternet(Para.5)3InnovationUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/98TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis4Globalization

theworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovements,andfinancialmarketsthroughtradeandtheexchangeofidease.g.StarbucksinChina(Para.6)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/99TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis5Diffusion

theprocessbywhichaculturalitemspreadsfromgrouptogrouporsocietytosociety.e.g.Diffusioncanoccurthroughavarietyofmeans:exploration,militaryconquest,missionarywork,theinfluenceorthemassmedia,tourism,andtheInternet.(Para.7)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/910TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis6McDonaldizationtheprocessthroughwhichtheprinciplesofthefast-foodrestauranthavecometodominatecertainsectorsofsociety,bothintheUnitedStatesandthroughouttheworldUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/911TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAMcDonaldizationisassociatedwiththemeltingofcultures.Examples:InJapan:Africanentrepreneurshavefoundathrivingmarketforhip-popfashionspopularizedbyteensintheUnitedStates.(Para.9)InAustria:theMcDonald’sorganizationhasdrawnonAustrians’loveofcoffee,cake,andconversationtocreatetheMcCafefast-foodchain.(Para.9)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/912TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextAInsomesocieties,McDonaldizationhasmetresistancetotheinvasionoftoomuchculturefromothercountries.Examples:

InCanada:35%ofastation’sdaytimeradioprogrammingisrequiredbedevotedtoCanadiansongsorartists.(Para.10)InBrazil:Barbie’spopularityhasbeeneclipsedbySusi,adollthatlooksmorelikeBraziliangirls.(Para.10)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/913TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis7Technologyculturalinformationabouthowtousethematerialresourcesoftheenvironmenttosatisfyhumanneedsanddesirese.g.Technologyhasincreasedthespeedofculturaldiffusionandbroadenedthedistributionofculturalelements.(Para.11)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/914TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis8Materialculturethephysicalortechnologicalaspectsofourdailylives,includingfooditems,houses,factories,andrawmaterialsUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/915TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis9

Nonmaterialculturewaysofusingmaterialobjectsandcustoms,beliefs,philosophies,governments,andpatternsofcommunication

Itismoreresistanttochangethanmaterialculture.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/916TextACriticalreadingandthinkingofTextATextAnalysis10

Culturallagtheperiodofmaladjustmentwhenthenonmaterialcultureisstillstrugglingtoadapttonewmaterialconditionse.g.theethicsofusingtheInternet,suchasissuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship(Para.12)Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/917TextADifficultsentencesTheculturalpracticeslistedbyMurdockmaybeuniversal,butthemannerinwhichtheyareexpressedvariesfromculturetoculture.(Para.3)

→

TheseculturalpracticesinMurdock’slistarecommontomanysocieties,butthesepracticesarecarriedoutinwaysthatdiffergreatlyamongdifferentcultures.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/918TextADifficultsentencesEachgeneration,andeachyearforthatmatter,mosthumancultureschangeandexpandthroughtheprocessesofinnovationanddiffusion.(Para.4)→‘Forthatmatter’isusedtoshowthatastatementistrueinanothersituation.Hereitemphasizesthefactthathumancultureschangerapidly.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/919TextADifficultsentencesToday,moreandmoreculturalexpressionsandpracticesarecrossingnationalborders,transformingthetraditionsandcustomsofthesocietiesexposedtothem.(Para.7)→Todayculturalexpressionsandpracticesofdifferentcountriesareinfluencingeachother.Hencethetraditionsandcustomsofmanysocietiesarechangedundertheinfluence.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/920TextADifficultsentencesSociologistGeorgeRitzercoinedtheterm“McDonaldization”…(Para.8)→Coin:touseawordorphrasethatnoonehasusedbefore.Coiningofnewtermsiscommoninsocialsciencestudies,oftenservingtointroduceanewconceptortheory.Herwardrobeincludes…(Para.10)→TheclothesthattheBraziliandollhas…Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/921TextADifficultsentencesToday’stechnologicaldevelopmentsnolongerneedawaitpublicationinjournalswithlimitedcirculation.Pressconferences,oftencarriedsimultaneouslyontheInternet,nowtrumpetnewdevelopments.(Para.11)→Todaywhennewtechnologyisdeveloped,itdoesnothavetointroduceitselfinspecificjournals;ratheritnormallydrawsononlinepressconferencestospreadtheinformation.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/922TextADifficultsentences…theethicsofusingtheInternet,particularlyissuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship,havenotyetcaughtupwiththeexplosioninInternetuseandtechnology.(Para.12)→TheInternetethicalissues,particularlyprivacyandcensorshipissuesarenotfullydiscussedandwelldeveloped,thusislaggingbehindtherapidincreaseintheInternetuseandtechnology.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/923TextAGroupDiscussionItissaidthatpeopleindifferentsocietiestakedifferentattitudestowarddiffusion.WhatkindofattitudedoChinesepeopletaketowarddiffusion?Useexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/924CollocationTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose人们对衣食住的需求推出新概念解除现有的工作关系改变社会传统和习俗Task1

TranslatethefollowingexpressionsrelatedtosociologyintoEnglish(P96)→people’sneedforfood,shelter,andclothing→introducinganewidea→sweepawayexistingworkingrelationships→transformthetraditionsandcustomsofthesocietyUnit5

SociologyMatters12021/5/925TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose→dilutethedistinctiveaspectsofasociety’sculture→theculturalinvasionfromothercountries→satisfyhumanneedsanddesires→issuesconcerningprivacyandcensorship削弱社会文化中的特殊方面来自于其他国家的文化侵略满足人类的需求和欲望关于隐私和审查的问题CollocationTask1

TranslatethefollowingexpressionsrelatedtosociologyintoEnglish(P96)Unit5

SociologyMatters12021/5/926TextA2Task1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox.(P97)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationUnit5

SociologyMattershumanneedsanddesireslevelofprivacymaterialculturesocialconsequencesworkingrelationshipworldwideintegration22021/5/927TextA2Task1

Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox.(P97)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationUnit5

SociologyMattersInternetusersmayachieveanadequate__________________throughcontrolleddisclosureofpersonalinformation.Thisbookpresentsacomprehensiveanalysisofthe__________________ofpopulationdeclineandaginginJapan.Sociologistsusetheterm“globalization”torefertotheresulting_________________ofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovementsandfinancialmarkets.levelofprivacysocialconsequencesworldwideintegration22021/5/928TextATask1Completethesentenceswiththecollocationsinthebox.(P97)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeCollocationUnit5

SociologyMattersAfinalrecommendationoftheconsultantswasaradicalattempttoforgeacloser_______________betweentheboardandstaffmembers.Inthesocialsciences,“__________________”isatermthatreferstotherelationshipbetweenartifactsandsocialrelations.AbrahamMaslowwrotehisHierarchyofNeedstheorywhereinheattemptedtodocumentthefivelevelsof________________________.humanneedsanddesiresmaterialcultureworkingrelationship22021/5/929Signpostlanguage…maybeclassifiedinavarietyofwaysAttheessaylevel……besortedintofunctionalgroupsDependinguponthepurposeorintentofthewriter…Paragraphsmayalsobeclassified…TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeTask2ClassificationReadtheparagraphonPage98andunderlinesignpostlanguageofclassification.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/930TextAInacademicwriting,claimsareoftencouchedintentativelanguage.Thisisknownashedging.EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeFormalEnglishModalauxiliaryverbs:

can,could,may,might,should,wouldOthermodalverbs:

appear,look,seem,tendProbabilityadjectives:

likely,possible,probable,unlikelyProbabilityadverbs:

perhaps,possibly,probably,presumablyFrequencyadverbs:

generally,occasionally,often,seldom,usuallyUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/931TextA2Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions.(P98)EnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeFormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMattersTheculturalpracticeslistedbyMurdock____beuniversal,butthemannerinwhichtheyareexpressedvariesfromculturetoculture.Forexample,onesociety____letitsmemberschoosetheirownmarriagepartners.Another____encouragemarriagesarrangedbytheparents.maymaymay2021/5/932TextA2Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions.(P98)FormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMattersGlobalization____bedefinedastheworldwideintegrationofgovernmentpolicies,cultures,socialmovements,andfinancialmarketsthroughtradeandtheexchangeofideas.Oneeconomistwentsofarastosuggestthattheentirefield______besimplysummarized:“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”maycouldEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose2021/5/933TextA2Task3Completethesentenceswithhedgingexpressions.(P98)FormalEnglishUnit5

SociologyMattersWhendecidinghowsafelytodrive,rationalpeoplecompare,________unconsciously,themarginalbenefitfromsaferdrivingtothemarginalcost.Economists,likeastronomersandevolutionarybiologists,________havetomakedowithwhateverdatatheworldhappenstogivethem.Workersunemployedformanymonthsaremore_______tosuffereconomicandpsychologicalhardship.likelyusuallyperhapsEnglishlanguageforacademicpurpose2021/5/934TextBCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeResearchingUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/935TextBSociologists’viewonglobalization→“Globalizationmeansanincreaseinthegeographicrangeoflocallyconsequentialsocialinteractions.”(CharlesTilly)touristgaze→theexpectationonthepartofthetouristthatheorshewillhaveexoticexperienceswhiletravelingabroadCriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/936TextBEffectsofglobalizationoninternationaltourismGlobalizationhasgreatlyexpandedthepossibilitiesforinternationaltravel.(Para.2;findstatisticstoillustrateit)Highlevelofinternationaltourismtranslatedintoanincreaseinthenumberofface-to-faceinteractionsbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/937TextBexoticexperiences→experiencesthatviolateoureverydayexpectationabouthowsocialinteractionandinteractionwiththephysicalenvironmentaresupposedtoproceede.g.AmericanstravelinginEnglandmaydelightinthefactthattheBritishdriveontheleft-handsideoftheroad.(Para.3)CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/938TextB

Mostoftouristsdonotwanttheirexperiencestobetooexotic.e.g.thepopularityofMcDonaldinParisamongyoungAmericantourists(Para.4)CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/939TextBWhatcansociologistsstudyaboutthetouristincreaseswiththemarchofglobalization?e.g.dominantpatternsofinteractionthatemergebetweentouristsandlocals;whethertheseinteractionsarefriendlyorantagonistic(Para.6)CriticalreadingandthinkingMainpointsofthetextUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/940TextBDifficultsentencesAmericans,ofcourse,havealwaysinteractedwithpeoplefromforeignlandsiffornootherreasonthanAmericaitselfisanethnicallyandculturallydiversenation.(Para.1)Americans,ofcourse,havealwayscommunicatedwithpeoplefromotherculturessimplybecauseAmericaitselfisanethnicallyandculturallydiversenation.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/941TextBDifficultsentences“globalizationmeansanincreaseinthegeographicrangeoflocallyconsequentialsocialinteractions”(Para.1)Globalizationmeansthosesocialinteractionsthatusedtojustimpactthelocalcommunitynowhasanimpactthatreachesbeyondthelocalarea.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/942TextBDifficultsentencesHighlevelsofinternationaltourism,ofcourse,translateintoanincreaseinthenumberofface-to-faceinteractionsbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.(Para.3)→Highlevelsofinternationaltourism,ofcourse,leadstoanincreaseinface-to-facecommunicationsbetweenpeopleofdifferentcountries.Unit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/943CollocationwitnesstheeffectsofglobalizationsocialinteractionaproportionofdelightinbedisconcertingtotakepleasureinputstrainsonwiththemarchofglobalizationTextBEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/944Teamwork:Formgroupsof4-5andconductaresearchaboutChinesetouriststravelingabroad.Thefollowingpromptsmaybehelpful:thenumberofChinesetouristsabroadeveryyearthecountriestheyvisitandthelengththeystaytheretheaspectsorthingstheyareinterestedintheirshoppingbehaviorshowthetouristsinteractwithlocalsResearching

Unit5

SociologyMattersTextB2021/5/945Task1(P103)The“touristgaze”referstotheexpectationofatouristwhenheorshetravelsabroadtohaveexperiencesdifferentfromthatheorsheenjoysbackathome.Thetouristgazemayputstrainsonface-to-faceinteractionsbetweentouristsandlocals,especiallythosewhodonotbenefitfromtourismbecausesometouristsmayrequiretoomuchandbecometoojudging.SuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMattersTextBTextCCriticalreadingUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/946Unit5

SociologyMattersTextCSuggestedanswers

TranslateParagraph5ofTextCintoChinese

要了解你与人沟通的风格不是件容易的事。随意拉住别人问他们觉得你是哪种人，随意的？好辩的？友好的？活泼的？这样做颇为尴尬，也不太妥当。所以要进行自我观察和分析，你必须对别人给你的反馈保持敏感，并诚实地解读收到的反馈。这样的观察和分析通常称为“自我监控”，其好处在于能够帮助你发现各种状况下恰当、得体的行为，控制你的情绪反应，给别人留下良好印象，还能在你从一种状况转换到另一种状况时帮助你修正行为。2021/5/947ListeningNote-takingsymbolsUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/948Listening:Note-takingsymbols(SeePage106)ListeningAcademicactivitiesUnit5

SociologyMatters2021/5/949Task1(P106)

ListeningSuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMatters1Fourconceptsthespeakerexplainsinthelecture:1)cultureidentity 2)ethnicidentity3)culturalgroup

4)ethnicgroup2Definitionsofthefourconcepts:1)Cultureidentityembodiesstandardsofbehaviorandthewaysinwhichbeliefs,values,andattitudesaretransmittedtotheyoungergeneration.Italsoentailsthewaysinwhichkinshiprelationshipsandmaritalandsexualrelationshipsarestructured.2021/5/950Task1(P106)

ListeningSuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMatters2)Ethnicidentityreferstothegeographicoriginofaminoritygroupwithinacountryorculture.3)Culturalgroupreferstoasetofpeoplewhoembracecorebeliefs,behaviors,values,andnormsandtransmitthemfromgenerationtogeneration.4)Ethnicgroupisasetofpeoplewhoareembedded

withinalargerculturalgrouporsocietyandwhosharebeliefs,behaviors,values,andnormsthatarealsotransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.2021/5/951Task2(P107)

ListeningSuggestedanswersUnit5

SociologyMattersDictationOne’sculturalidentityisanimportantaspectofbeinghuman.Culturalidentityevolvesfromthesharedbeliefs,values,andattitudesofagroupofpeople.Itembodiesstandardsofbehaviorandth