Unit-4-History市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件

History1/63ModelsforUnderstandingHistory2/63

Xiurgesrespect,reflectiononhistory

PresidentXiJinpingonMondaycalledforbothrespectanddeliberationoftheChinesecivilizationatthe18thcollectivestudyofthePoliticalBureauoftheCommunistPartyofChinaCentralCommittee.[Xinhua,October13,]3/63Thestudy,the18thofitskindsinceXiwaselectedgeneralsecretaryoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCPCinNovember,focusedonstategovernanceinChinesehistory.XisaidtheCPCshouldfollowsuccessfulexamplesinChinesehistorytolearnfromtheirmeritsandavoidshortcomings.XistressedthatthePartymustdrawlessonsfromhistoryinitsefforttoupgradestategovernance,ashistoryisthebestsourceofknowledge,andmanysituationsfromthepastcanshedlightonwhatishappeningcurrently.4/63"Today'sChinaisadevelopmentofyesterday'sandthedaybeforeyesterday'sChina,"Xisaid."Inordertoruntoday'sChina,weshouldnotonlygrasphistoryandtraditionalculture,butalsoactivelycollectthediscoveriesandwisdomofstategovernanceinancienttimes."XisaidtheresearchoftraditionalChinesecultureshouldbevaluedanditsbestpartsshouldbepassedalongandpromoted.Specifically,XisaidtheCPCmustthoroughlycarryonandextolthepositiveandvirtuouspartsoftraditionalthoughtandculture,whichareimportanttothe"Chinaspirit."5/63China:S.ChinaSeaclaimslawful,basedonhistoricalrecord6/63ChinaurgesJapantoreflectonhistoryofaggression7/63Whatishistory?Historyistheversionofpasteventsthatpeoplehavedecidedtoagreeupon.--NapoleonBonaparteNothinghasreallyhappeneduntilithasbeenrecorded.--VirginiaWoolf8/63"Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime;itilluminatesreality,vitalizesmemory,providesguidanceindailylife,andbringsustidingsofantiquity."--Cicero9/63Thepastisuseless.Thatexplainswhyitispast."WrightMorris

"Thereisproperlynohistory;onlybiography."RalphWaldoEmerson

"Historyisindeedlittlemorethantheregisterofthecrimes,follies,andmisfortunesofmankind."EdwardGibbon

10/63MenandhistoryHistoryrepeatsitself;that'soneofthethingsthat'swrongwithhistory.Thatmendonotlearnverymuchfromthelessonsofhistoryisthemostimportantofallthelessonsthathistoryhastoteach.Welearnfromhistorythatmancanneverlearnanythingfromhistory.11/63Understandinghistory"Eachagetriestoformitsownconceptionofthepast.Eachagewritesthehistoryofthepastanewwithreferencetotheconditionsuppermostinitsowntime."--FrederickJacksonTurner12/63"Thefunctionofthehistorianisneithertolovethepastnortoemancipatehimselffromthepast,buttomasterandunderstanditasthekeytotheunderstandingofthepresent.“E.H.Carr

13/63"Ahistorianshouldyieldhimselftohissubject,becomeimmersedintheplaceandperiodofhischoice,standingapartfromitnowandthenforafreshview."SamuelEliotMorison14/63"Sincehistoryhasnoproperlyscientificvalue,itsonlypurposeiseducative.Andifhistoriansneglecttoeducatethepublic,iftheyfailtointerestitintelligentlyinthepast,thenalltheirhistoricallearningisvaluelessexceptinsofarasiteducatesthemselves."G.M.Trevelyan.15/63ModelsforUnderstandingHistoryUnderlyingeverytextbookandeveryhistoricalworkareasetofoftenunacknowledgedassumptionsabouthowhistoryworks.Everyonewhowrites,reads,orthinksabouthistoryhasa“model”intheirmindwhichhelpsthemtointerpretandassemblethefactsofhistory.16/63ModelAItisthedominantmodelforhistoriansinthe20thcentury.Itbelievesthatthehistoryofmankindisarecordofprogressandthatfutureprospectsarebright.Itisflattering,whichimpliesthateveryonealivehasmadeprogressoverallthosewhoaredead.17/63Itallowsonetofacethefuturewithoptimism.Themoretimepasses,themoreprogresswillbemade.e.g.Hegel(theunificationofGermanybyBismarckandKaiserWilhelm)ThereisgreatdealofAmericanhistorywrittentofitthismold.18/63ModelBManyoftheGreekandRomanhistorianssubscribedtothismodel.Theylookedbackinthepastandsawa“goldenage”withfewerproblemsthantheirown.Thingsweregettingworse;prospectsforthefutureweregrim.19/63ItfitstheoutlinesofScripture.Wecertainlyhaven’trisenabovethelevelofourfirstparents,AdamandEve,sothebroadlinefromParadisearetrendingdownward.OnecantraceprogressandimprovementthroughGod’scovenantswhichNoah,Abraham,Moses,andtheirfulfillmentinJesus.OnemustweighthepropheciesofRevelation.20/63ModelCHistoryiscomplicated.ItmorecloselyassemblesModelCthanthesimplelinesinModelAandModelB.Periodsofaccomplishmentarefollowedbyperiodsofdecay.Inevitably,afteraperiodofachievement,along,slowperiodofdecaysetsin.21/63AgainstModelA“progress”ismostlyamyth.Theideathatthesimplepassageoftimewillallowthingstoimprovefliesinthefaceofexperience.Thetruthisthatthingsdeteriorateanddecaywithage.22/63AgainstModelBTheperiodsofprogressandachievementaretheexceptionsandnottherule.Thereareremarkableperiodsscatteredthroughhistoryinwhichagroupofmenoragenerationseemempoweredtoreversethetrendsandtomakeremarkableachievements.23/63ExamplesmentionedGreekcity-statesRomanrepublicThefallfromRepublicthroughEmpiretoDarkAgesRenaissance:rejectionofthemythofprogressReformation:returningtotheNewTestamentchurch(MartinLuther,JohnCalvin)

24/63AnalysisQuestion:Hastherebeenprogressordecayinourowncivilization?Ifithasdeteriorated,thenweneedtoreversedirectionsandtrytoreturntoidealsofthefounders,sheddingthemistakesoflater,lessermen.Ifwehaveprogressed,thenweneedtocontinuecorrectingandeliminatingthemistakesandomissionsofthefounders.25/63SolutionThetrickistomovebeyondthesimplemodelsandtothinkcriticallyaboutwhatevertimeperiodbeingstudied.Ifwelearntostepbackandaskthequestion“Wasthisaperiodofachievementordecay?”andnotethefacts(andalsoabouttheviewsofhistorianswhoaresupplyingthefacts),wewillhaveachievedamuchmoresophisticatedunderstandingofourage.26/63ReadingcomprehensionTitle:ModelsforUnderstandingHistory1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.T2.C3.A4.B5.C6.B27/63VocabularybuildingNounVerbAdjectiveAdverbassumptionassumeassumed/-ingadj+-lyacknowledgementacknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledgedlyreflectionreflectreflectivereflectivelydominationdominatedominantdominantlycategorycategorizecategoricalcategoricallyimplicationimplyimplicativeimplicativelyreassurancereassurereassuringreassuringlydefinitenessdefinedefinitedefinitely28/63Glossary

Naturalhistory

Thestudyoforganismsandnaturalobjects,esp.theirorigins,evolution,andinterrelationships.(C.Darwin)HumanhistoryPrehistoricTheerabeforetherecordedhistory29/63StoneAgeTheearliestknownperiodofhumanculture,characterizedbytheuseofstonetools.Paleolithicage(palaeolithic)NeolithicageBronzeageAperiodofhumanculturebetweentheStoneAgeandtheIronAge,characterizedbyweaponsandimplementsmadeofbronze.30/63OforrelatingtoBabyloniaorBabylonortheirpeople,culture,orlanguage.AnativeorinhabitantofBabylonorBabylonia.Babylon

(thecapitalcityofBabylonia)BabyloniaBabylonian31/63Babylonia:

AnancientempireofMesopotamiaintheEuphratesRivervalley.ItflourishedunderHammurabiandNebuchadnezzarIIbutdeclinedafter562b.c.andfelltothePersiansin539.CodeofHammurabiHanginggardensofBabylonia32/6333/63AGreek<Hellas(Greece)AcountryofsoutheastEuropeonthesouthernBalkanPeninsulaandincludingnumerousislandsintheMediterranean,Aegeanseas.Oneofthemostimportantcentersofearlycivilization.Thecradleofwesternculture,philosophy,artandscience.Hellene34/63ByzantineAnativeorinhabitantofByzantiumortheByzantineEmpire.OforrelatingtotheByzantineEmpire.ByzantineEmpire(EasternRomanEmpire)TheeasternpartofthelaterRomanEmpire,datingfromA.D.330whenConstantineIrebuiltByzantiumandmadeithiscapital.Itsextentvariedgreatlyoverthecenturies,butitscoreremainedtheBalkanPeninsulaandAsiaMinor.TheempirecollapsedwhenConstantinoplefelltotheOttomanTurksin1453.35/63MiddleagesTheperiodinEuropeanhistorybetweenantiquityandtheRenaissance,oftendatedfromA.D.476to1500.DarkagestheEarlyMiddleAgesinEuropemedieval(adj.)RelatingorbelongingtotheMiddleAges.36/63RenaissanceThehumanisticrevivalofclassicalart,architecture,literature,andlearningthatoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandlaterspreadthroughoutEurope.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.37/63RenaissanceandMiddleAgesTheHebrewviewwasbeingreplacedbytheGreekview.Greekviewvs.Hebrew/biblicalviewhumanismvs.Hebraismknowingtheselfvs.knowingthegodliberalismvs.clericalismegoismvs.altruismnaturalismvs.supernaturalismknowledge,science,experimentvs.religion,moral,belief38/63OldWorldTheEasternHemisphere.ThetermisoftenusedtoreferspecificallytoEurope.NewWorldTheWesternHemisphere.ThetermisoftenusedtoreferspecificallytoAmerica.ItwasfirstusedbyanItalianhistorianPeterMartyr(1457-1526),whosebookchronicledthediscoveryofAmerica.39/63ElizabethanAgeTheperiodwhenElizabethIreignedEngland.isoftenreferredtoasTheGoldenAgeofEnglishhistory.40/63ElizabethTudor(1533-1603

)thefifthandfinalmonarchoftheHouseofTudorShemadeEnglandoneofthemostpowerfulandprosperouscountriesintheworld.41/63IndustrializationAlsoknownasIndustrialRevolutiontheerawheninnovationsintechnologyhavesometimesoccurredatsucharapidpacelotsofthingswereinventedthatmadeiteasiertomakethingsandgetworkdone.42/63ThefirstIndustrialRevolutionoccurredinGreatBritainbetween1750and1830.Developmentstheremovedthecountryfromalargelyruralpopulationthatmadeitslivelihoodalmostentirelyfromagriculture

toatown-centeredsocietythatwasincreasinglyengagedinfactorymanufacture.43/63Laterinthe19thcentury,similarrevolutionarytransformationsoccurredinotherEuropeannationsandtheUnitedStates.ThemaineffectswerenotfeltincountrieslikeRussiaandJapanuntilthe20thcentury.Inothercountriesthesetransformationaldevelopmentsareonlynowoccurringorstilllieinthefuture.44/63AnimalrightsVS.AnimalWelfareAlthoughanimalrightsandanimalwelfarefrequentlyfallonthesamesideofanissue,thereisafundamentaldifferencebetweenthetwoideologies:therightofhumanstouseanimals.

45/6346/63PreviewcheckSectionCTextIIReadingComprehensionExercises

47/63SectionA

WordPretest:ReadtheTextwithin12minutesandfinishthecomprehensionexercises.48/63WordPretestveterinarian[AmE]someonewhoistrainedtogivemedicalcareandtreatmenttosickanimalsBritishEquivalent:vet"There'snowaytosetabreaklikethatwithoutanoperation,"saidtheveterinarianwhoexaminedFrankie.给弗兰基做检验兽医说,“这么骨折,不动手术没法接骨。”49/63WordPretestdenotev.Whatdoestheword'curriculum'denotethat'course'doesnot?Crossesonthemapdenotevillages.tomeansomething

torepresentorbeasignofsomething50/63WordPretestsymbioticadj.

Asymbioticrelationshipisoneinwhichorganisms,people,orthingsexisttogetherinawaythatbenefitsthemall...fungithathaveasymbioticrelationshipwiththetreesofthesenorthwesternforests.plantthataffordsshelterorfoodtoantsthatliveinsymbioticrelationswithit.与蚂蚁共生并为其提供掩蔽和食物植物。

51/63WordPretestintrinsic

beingpartofthenatureorcharacterofsomeoneorsomethingtheintrinsicinterestofthesubjectaman'sintrins