计算机概论课件

http://bb.nctu.edu.tw/

蔡文能

tsaiwn@csie.nctu.edu.tw

交通大擘^^工程擘系

tt算檄概的概it

BasicComputerConcept

Hardware,Software,Algorithm

Wen-NungTsai

tsaiwn@.tw

tsaiwn@.tw

2

Agenda

■ait?^B?tt算檄概1命的概it

■资君凡素餐(甯月誉常言战)？BCC?(BasicComputerConcept)

■重月誉IS史ComputingHistory

-史上第一部大型重月窗ENIAC

ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndCalculator

^生於63年前的情人^：1946-02-14

■彳复月您筋的II字/吾(Acronym)

■重月誉如何表示资料：也可以很有趣©

■重月第硬If?软醴？作渠系统？演算法？…

唁十概到底^些什麽.・.？…?

交大资工蔡文能^概3

I概^??

*十算檄概得病擘啥碗糕？

■II得懂别人盖--篇以彳爰阜蛰甫路…

■可以盖别人-助人篇快架之本⑥

交大资工蔡文能^概4

资1凡素餐？

■重月窗？SM字^(Acronym)?

■Internet是什麽?WWW是啥？

■Y2K困Year2000,Y2k38(2038)?

■赢病毒？(害人篇快架之本?)

■用亥客入侵？

■DoS(DenyaIofService)?

■加密解密？数位筵章？CA，匿登？GCA?

交大资工蔡文能^概5

(1/10)

ComputingHistory重月像屐史

•0:BC500:abacus,1625:sliderule,byWilliamOughtred

*e*H«V*******MBM*r»

1642:Pascal'saddingmachine,byBlaisePascal

交大—十概器可以"做事

6

ComputingHistory(2/10)

・0比Generation:汇/3年德阈(JoinedLeibniz裂造了一

部半彳固乘法器stepreckoner;1694年GottfriedLeibniz把

巴斯卡的Pascaline改良，裂造了一部可以做任何乘法的

檄器

StepReckoner

莱布尼兹(Leibniz)

交大资工蔡文能^概

ComputingHistory(3/10)

•1801年Jacquard凌明系哉布械(Loom)

Jacquard'sLoom

交大资工蔡文能^概8

ComputingHistory(4/10)

।•1822年巴宾基CharlesBabbage装造差分檄①ifiference

Engine)°

•1833年巴宾基始十分析械(AnalyticalEngine)，由於

分析檄有现代重月窗的基本元件，所以巴宾基被耦舄「重

月您之父

•1842年AugustaAdaByron,CountessofLovelaceJE

LuigiMenabrea有属另分析檄的小册子加上自己的君主解,

成卷弟一彳固程式等殳三十员(programmer)—程式善殳言十员

之

交大资工蔡文能AnalyticalEngine

ComputingHistory(5/10)

•1890年TabulatingMachine,byHermanHollerith°

-1896年HermanHollerith成立了TabulatingMachineCompany

-1911年和数家公司合彳并成Computing-Tabulating-RecordingCompany

.1924年公司的余鬻基理ThomasJ.Watson改公司名篇IBM

(InternationalBusinessMachinesCorporation)

交大资工蔡文能^概HollerithsTabulatingMachine10

MarkI,1944atHarvardUniversity

重力檄械式^算械,完成接就谩日寺了③

交大资工蔡文能^概U

ComputingHistory(7/10)

•1stGeneration:Vacuumtubes

I-1941:ABC,

-1946/2/14:ENIAC

“AcomputerliketheENIACisequippedwith

18,000vacuumtubes(真空管)andweighs30

tons,computersinthefuturemayhaveonly

|l,000vacuumtubesandweighonly11/2tons."

।।-PopularMechanics,1949edition.

交大资工蔡文能^概12

ComputingHistory(8/10)

•2ndGeneration:Transistor

・1947WilliamShockleyofBellLabsinventsfirsttransistor

•1948patenton1sttransistorbyWilliamShockley

•1948/1IBMmakesits1stcomputer

•1952IBMproducesIBM701,1stelectronicstoredprogramcomputer

•1954IBM650,machinelanguage+assemblylanguage,thereisnoOS.

J1954BellLabsconstructsanalltransistorcomputer

1947/12/23:first

Point-contacttransistor-

交大资工蔡文能^概13

ComputingHistory(9/10)

•3rdGeneration:IC=IntegratedCircuit

Il958JackKilbyofTexasInstrumentsandRobertNoyceofFairchild

Semiconductorindependentlyinvent1stintegratedcircuit

•1963DECproducesPDP-8,1stcomputertouseintegratedcircuit

•1964IBMSystem/360

•1968RobertNoyce,inventorof1stintegratedcircuit,leavesFairchild

SemiconductortostartownbusinesscalledINTEL

TfsfirstIC

交大资工蔡文能^概

ComputingHistory(10/10)

•4-thGeneration:VLSI,ULSI

5-thGeneration???

eScaleIc=LSI

•VeryLargeScaleIc=VLSI

•UltraLargeScaleIc=ULSI

ThePentium,introducedinlate1993,

contained3.1milliontransistorsand

initiallyranat60MH乙

交大资工蔡文能^概

http:〃/~andr

ius/work/microproc/

970WeHeleasesDRAMmemorychip

■Intel4004(1971)i

1MHz,45instructions

=2300transistors

■1972Intel8008

■1974Intel8080,2-MHz|

■1974Motorola6800

■1975ZilogZ80,1976MOSTechnologies6502

■1978Intel8086,4.77MHz,29000transistors

■1979Intel8088

■1982Intel286,12MHz

■1985Intel386,first32-bitz25MhZ

交大资工蔡文能^概

http:"/sho

w/processors/35/2/

1989Intel486DX(with487),33MHz

1994AMD486

1993IntelPentium,60MHz

1995AMDAM5x86,133MHz

1995IntelPentiumPro

AdVMKCd

1995Cyrix6x86Mkr©

Ocvicc*

1996AMDK5

Am5x86'

1997PentiumMMX

■1997PentiumII,1998Celeron,1999

■2000CeleronII,PentiumIV,AMDDuron

■2003/03/12Intel@Centrino™(迅驰,171)

交大资工蔡文能^概17

BlaisePascal

■1623年6月19日出生於法阈克莱蒙特城

-13螂勺日寺候，被邀於加了米豳森妻娉小系且篦羲

■17蕨的日寺候，赞表了一篇著名的^文《圄椎截^福命》

■1642年赞明械械加法器Pascaline

■Pascaline檄械加法器1649年狸得了英阈皇家事利才瞿

■他做了50台造槿械器，加且到虞宣僖檄械加法檄器的侵黑占，但道

槿曾做加法的檄器受到殿的抵制，没有得到1W泛的鹰用。

■1646年他装成了水金艮氟JEtf，接来又彝明了水IE檄。

■1653年赞表PascalTriangle巴斯卡三角形

■BlaisePascal在数擘领域也成就辉煌，他研究、代数，加

建立了檄率^道阜科；他逮首先定羲和使用了完整的数阜通帚纳法。

■由於他新彝明的檄械加法器没有得到人的稹趣回鹰，巴斯卡心灰意冷，

彳爰来迷^於神阜的研究。1662年8月19日，一代数擘、物理擘宗白币巴斯

卡病逝，享年39蕨。熔迤他萝想的“加法器”即被送迤了巴黎博物I®。

交大资工蔡文能^概18

ENIAQAnnouncedat1946/02/14

i.Hadover18,000vacuumtubes(17468actually)init.

2.Themostcomplexvacuum-tubemachineeverbuilt.

3.Occupieda50by30footroom(lz500squarefeet,

aboutthesizeofaclassroom).

4.Weighed30tons.

5.Required200KiloWattsofelectricity.

6.Hadaclockspeedof0.1MHz.(1024MHz=1GHz)

7.Took200microsecondstodoaddition.5000/sec

8.Took2.6millisecondstodomultiplication.350/sec

9.Wasdesignedtocalculateballistictrajectories.

■At11:45p.m.,October2,1955,withthepower

finallyshutoff,theENIACretired.

交大资工蔡文能^概19

|ENIAC

E■61年前的情人食节：1946-02-14

|■11生於美州大擘(UniversityofPennsylvania)

I■史上第一部大型重月窗ENIAC

ElectronicNumericalIntegratorAndComputer

By毛克里+J.PresperEckert

■Storedprogramconcept:JohnvonNeumann范^曼

|■ENIACpatent(U.S.#3,120,606),filed

■on1947/06/26

f■真的第一部数位重月留？馨邦法官^是ABC喔

fa■Atanasoff-BerryComputer

■■By(1941)

■AtIowa（爱渥莘）StateUniversity

交大资工蔡文能i+a20

ENIA(vs.

■是真的第一？

・1973/10/19-屣史上的一天？馨邦法院判决硅立

-史上第一部数位^^是ABC

■ABC-JohnAtanasoffandCliffordBerry(1941)

-史上第一部大型甯JIENIAC

■ENIAC-by+J.P.Eckert

(1946/02/14announced)

■At11:45p.m.,October2,1955,withthepower

finallyshutoff,theENIACretired

交大资工蔡文能^概21

httpi"/www・cs・iastate・edu/jva/]va-ardiive・shtml

।■On,USFederalJudge

EarlR.Larsonsignedhisdecision

followingalengthycourttrialwhich

declaredtheENIACpatentofMauchly

■andEckertinvalidandnamedAtanasoff

Itheinventoroftheelectronicdigital

computer-theAtanasoff-Berry

ComputerortheABC-.moreabo

JohnAtanasoff

交大资工蔡文能^概22

TheSuitregardingthepatent

■Inlate1966orearly1967,patentlawyer

CharlesG.Callwassummonedtotheoffice

ofseniorpartnerD.DennisAiiegrettiand

askedhimifhewouldbeinterestedontaking

acasewhichmighttaketenyearsofhistime.

Call,eagertodemonstratehistalents,

accepted』Aiiegrettiexp■ll・ythattneclient

wastheHoneywellCompanyof

Minneapolisandthecaseinvolveda

controversywiththeSperryRandCorporation

overwhatwascalledgenerally"theENIAC

PATENTS/1

交大资工蔡文能^概23

■InJanuary1968Atanasoffproceededwiththe

pretrialprojectofhavinghiselectronicsexperts

athisFrederick,Maryland,plantconstructa

replicaoftheprototypecomputerheandCliff

Berryhadconstructedmorethantwenty-five

yearsearlieratAtanasoff

wasexcitedabouttneprojectinwmcnhecould

establishclearlythatsketches,ideas,andplans

hehadmadeavailabletoMauchlyinJune1941

couldbeusedtoconstructaprototypeelectronic

Presentationofsuchamachine

incourtshould,withfinality,demolish1auch*s

contentionthathedidn'tanythingfromhis

examinationoftheAtanasoffBerryComputer,his

examinationoftheplans,orhisconversations

withAtanasofforCliffBerry.

交大资工蔡文能^概24

■Atanasofftestifiedthatby24March1939

hehadhisconceptsforanelectronicdigital

computerworkedoutonpaperandapproved

bythePhysicsDepartmentofIowa

StateCollegeforsubmissiontoIowaState

CollegeResearchCouncilwitharequestfor

researchfunds.HoneywelllawyerHalladay

submittedthe24March1939letteroftwo

pagesoftheDepartmentofPhysicsfor

identification,wasthenasked

toidentifyan18May1939letterfrom

ProfessorE.W-Lindstromnotifying

Atanasoffofthe$650researchgrantand

Atanasoffsreplythanking

ProfessorLinstrom,

交大资工蔡文能^概25

■InalettertohismeteorologistfriendH.Helms

Claytondated28June1941Mauchlyhadtoldof

nhistriptoIowaStateandhadexpressed

"enthusiasmoverthecomputingmachinehe

hadobserved.

■testifiedthathisfirstmeetingwith

MauchlywasattheAAAS(AmericanAssociationfor

theAdvancementofScience)inlateDecember1940,

andthendiscussedwithMauchlyinJanuary,

February,March,April,andMayof1941.

■asoffsaidandidentifieda35bookletwithagreen

coverdescribingtheAtanasoffBerryCompuconstructionand

conceptswithhand-sketcheddrawingshehadcompletedin

August1940."Hehadacopyofthisdocumentwhilehewas

visitingandaskedmeifhecouldtakeitbackwithhim.Itold

himIpreferredthathedidnotandhedidnottakeitback,to

thebestofmyknowledgeandbelief"

交大资工蔡文能^概26

ENIACInventors:

(left)Johir^rMauchlyfand

।(right)J.PresperEckert.

"1907/08/30-1980/01/08Mauchly

■1919/04/09-1995/06/03Eckert

Moore'sLawvs.Gilder'sLaw:

TheLastTwentyYearsDSuperc

Ethernet

MicroP

Storage

802.11

s

dCQZ

q

z

.E8

.pE

①

①

d

s

交大资工蔡文能ft概Source:GordonBell,MicrosoftResearch29

Moore'sLawvs.Gilder'sLaw

■「摩ft定律」(Moore'sLaw),英特U

(Intel)育f］勃辛人GordonMoore提出的，

根撼道修定律雷:子晶片(chips)虑理^

息的能力每隔十八彳固月就增加一倍。

■「吉豳德定律」(Gilder'sLaw)，指通

^系统的频宽每十二彳固月便增加刖倍。

■「莫非定律।一Murphy'sLaw?⑥

交大资工蔡文能^概30

TheNextTwentyYearsfrom2000

一WiredEthernet-802.11

100000Microprocessorperformance

1)000&s

s

1000

.E①

100.E6

p①e

10①」

dlo

1ss

0.1

・武,圈献於小T

交大资工蔡文能ft概Source:GordonBell,MicrosoftResearch31

By2009...(?)

■Almosteverythingw界beconnectedto

JheInternet

■Appliances,automobiles,personal

communicators,screens(largeandsmall),

evenyourwatch.

■3billionInternet-capablewirelessdevices

■TheInternetw川be:

■Telephone,answeringmachine,television,

radio,movietheatre,clock,store,cell

phone,pager,postoffice,mailbox,library,

securitysystem,gamingplatform,musical

instrument,learningcenter,storage

medium,andmuch,muchmore!

交大资工蔡文能^概32

।^月笛筋的(Acronym)

■ENIAC

lectronicumericalntegratorndomputer(alculator?)

・■IBM

elieveoney

■nternationaligouth(樱樱美代子)

■nternationalusinessachine

.■IDF.OOP

-IDon'tFly

^■1on'tightbjectrientedrogramming

L-IDoFlyfIDoFightOfficeOfPresident

■CShttp:〃.tw

(【)

'Computercience.QSeekYou

交大资工蔡文能-tteountertrikeIC33

DataStorage

■Acronym()revisited

■BIT(Binary频)，GatesFlip-Flops(正反器)

■BYTE(BinarYTErm)-一群bit以表示一Character字符

■MainMemory

-CORE(磁蕊,王安公司)一翅意H(memory)的代名言司

■ROM(ReadOnlyMemory):

.MaskROM,PROMZEPROM,EEPROM,FLASH

■RAM(RandomAccessMemory)

.SRAM,DRAM(EDODRAM,SDRAM,DDRDRAM,RAMBUS)

■MassStorage:DRUM,MagneticDisk,CompactDisk,Magnetic

Tap,…・

■重月窗如何表示资料：存取、屋缩、停送

交大资工蔡文能^概34

Kilo,Mega,Giga,Tera

■=ilo=1000=~~1024=2的10次方

■=ega=illion1024*1024

■=iga1024*1024*1024

■=era1024*1024*1024*1024

例如g公斤，512MBytes,80GBHD

■=illi=1/1000例如mm毫米

■=icro=1/1000000例如

■=nano=1/1000,000,000十彳意分之一

■=gico=1/1000000000000兆分之一

交大资工蔡文能^概35

Core-byDr.AnWang

■1949/9AnWangfiledhispatentapplication

fora"PulseTransferControllingDevice.”

■HisPulseTransferControllingDeviceswere

minusculetoroidalcoilswithadonut-shaped

ferritecoremagnetizedinoneoftwopossible

directions:0or1,thebasicunitsofeverybit

ofinformationthatacomputerorelectronic

calculatorcanhandle.Itspermanentbut

controllablenaturemadethemtheideal

substratumtoholdthe"memory"requiredby

theemergingcalculatingelectronicdevices.

交大资工蔡文能^概36

Core-byDr.AnWang(cont)

■Sixyearslater,inMay17,1955,the

PatentOfficeissuedpatent2,708,722to

Dr.Wang.IttooklittletimeforIBM,a

companywithbigstakesonthefield,to

catchinterestonthisinvention,and

afterabitternegotiationIBMboughtthe

patent.

交大资工蔡文能^概37

IDataRepresentation

■01

■重月^如何信者存文字符虢(Character字

।符;字元)？

■雷如何信者存整数(Integer)?

「雷月辍如何借誉存(Realnumber;Float)?

L雷如何信者存倍型度^^(double)?

交大资工蔡文能^概38

二迤位也可以很有趣。

想一彳固0到63^的任一彳固数，不要告^我答案…

但是告常斥我有没有在以下哪黑张卡片中？我可以很快找出来喔!

交大资工蔡文能^概39

二迤位也可以很有趣

32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,

40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,

48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,

56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63

交大资工蔡文能^概40

16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,

24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,

48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,

56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63

交大资工蔡文能^概41

二迤位也可以很有趣

8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,

24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,

40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,

56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63

交大资工蔡文能^概42

二谨位也可以很有趣

4,5,6,7,12,13,14,15,

20,21,22,23,28,29,30,31,

36,37,38,39,44,45,46,47,

52,53,54,55,60,61,62,63

交大资工蔡文能^概43

二谨位也可以很有趣

2,3,6,7,10,11,14,15,

18,19,22,23,26,27,30,31,

34,35,38,39,42,43,46,47,

50,51,54,55,58,59,62,63

交大资工蔡文能^概44

二迤位也可以很有趣

17,19,21,23,25,27,29,31,

33,35,37,39,41,43,45,47,

49,51,53,55,57,59,61,63

交大资工蔡文能^概45

I二--迤--位-也-可--以--很--有-趣--H-ow•?

3,5,7,0000011

9,11,13,15.2

17,19,21.23.000011

25,27,29,31,

33,35,37,39.000109

1.43,45,47,000110

9,51,53.55,0001117

7,59,61,63

交大资工蔡文能46

二迤位也可以很有趣How?

9000

110,11,14,15,000010=

18,19,22,23,0000

26,27,30,31,000100=4

34,35,38,39,000101=5

42,43,46,47,000110=

50,51,54,55,0001

|58,59,62,630010op=8

交大资工蔡文能^概47

诞位也可以很有趣How?

%5,6,7,01=1

12.13,14,15.010=2

20,21,22,23.03

28.29,30,31,00=4

36,37,38,39.01=5

4,45,46.47,10=6

2,53,54,55,7

0.61,62,6300100=8

交大资工蔡文能48

二迤位也可以很有趣How?

009—1=7

g13,1%15,00EI000=8

24,25,26,27,001001=9

28,29,30,31,001010=10

40,41,42,43,00101

44,45,46,47,001100=12

56,57,58,59,001101=13

60,61,62,63001110=14

交大资工蔡文能^概49

二迤位也可以很有趣How?

02100001=17

00010=18

3100011=19

4800100=20

00101=21

00110=22

00111=23

交大资工蔡文能50

卡片玩法典原理

__

I^玩者心桂想一彳固0到63的整数不要告^你（座卷舌）,然接你依第六张、

第五张、第四张-第一张拿系合他,他告^你上面有没有他想的数，

・■焉了表示你是谩目不忘，交余合他之前假装看一看，交系合他彼不要立刻

一拿回右只^他分别放不同手中作为登撼。

1|I答案：如果六强都没有就是0。

，在每弓扇^他之前看清楚第一10数，只要他^有就加到答案中，等到

最彳爰-弓期合他,等他^出有没有窗答案也出来了。

原理：

其^每麟氏都是代表T固二迤位数（binarynumber）

L有就是心没有就是o。

舆上T激-楣他已^把答案告暂斥你了!

因每角氏上第T固黝直就是1亥位的比重（weight,加榭。

交大资工蔡文能^概51

「迤位也可以很有趣

#:W程式印出前述之六张卡片*/~

br(inti=0;i<=5;i++){

printf("二迤位也可以很有趣\n\n

/*印出第i张卡片*/

printf("\n\n\rT);

交大资工蔡文能^概52

迤位也可以很有趣

RF『(inti=。；iv=5;i++){

?

|printf("二迤位也可以很有U\n”)；Bug

]for(k=0;k<=63;k++){

if(k&(2的i次方)!=(3)(

printf(ll%2d,k);

li-

if(必要日寺)printff^n1);

printf(”\n\n\rr);

)

交大资工蔡文能^概53

,tyy[1B»fyi4f驶32

〃用一彳固障列|已住2的i次方：tablelookup

ex

for(k=0;k<=63;k++){

if(k&；!=0){

printf("%2d9",k);

if(必要日寺)printf('\n");

printf(vv\n\n\niv);

交大资工蔡文能^概54

if(必要畤)printf(n\n');

।intnp=0;/*numbersprinted*/

1for(k=0;k<=63;k++){

if(k&yy[i]!=0){

printf(v,%2d,0,k);

np++;IInumberprinted

if(np%8==0)printf(n\nn);

交大资工蔡文能^概55

讦(必要畤)printfC'\nH);“

!

Bug

।intnp=0;

Pfor(k=0;k<=63;k++)<

要加括虢

if(k&!=0){(k&yy[i])

printf(v,%2d,0,k);

IIInp++;IInumberprinted

if((++np)%8==0)printfCyn");

一II每印完八彳固数就换列(newline)

交大资工蔡文能^概56

冏题典思考

禹什麽要依第六弓:那弓；g）、第五弓是、

第四弓：！».第一张拿系合玩者？

如果不用一偃Itable（array）住2的i次方,

那要怎麽做？

用乘的一有何缺黑占？

每张卡片最彼一列也印了逗黑占，

如何改迤？（hint:加一列if）

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Textbookforprogramming:

TheCprogrammingLanguage,byK&R

(BrianW.KernighanandDennisM.Ritchie)

(通耦c|吾言的娶系跖英文本或中文本皆可)

■

蔡文能

tsaiwn@.tw

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巴斯卡三角形

WWArray(障列)+Loop

军歹!的

1

使用ByBlaisePascal,1653

11

121(a+b)2=a2+2a-b+b2

11

61

10101

5期=1C(5J)=5C(5,2)=10=C(5,3)

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神典思考(ASCIIcode)

#include<stdio.h>

।main(){

printf(vv%c的ASCHcode>%d\nM,'O','0');

printf(H%c的ASCHcode^%d\nM,'A',TV);

printf(vv%c的ASCIIcode^%d\nM,'a','a');

■)

0的ASCIIcode是48

A的ASCIIcode是65|力fl里率，布f市田FRCD［「稚|

a的ASCIIcode是971-

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瞑典思考(ASCIIcode)

#include<stdio.h>

1main(){

inti,k=0;

for(i=65;i<=122;++i){

printf(M%c的ASCHcode"，i);

printf("是％*i);

I++k;printf(k%3==0?,,\nM:M\r);

F}printf(i,\nM);

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冏题典思考（中文碣？）

#include<stdio-h>

unsignedcharx[9]={0};

main(){

intm=Oxa%n=0x6a;

x[O]=m;x[1]=n;

x[2]=Oxae,