TypesofSemanticChange英语词义的变化方式省公开课一等奖全国示范课微课金奖课

Lexicology

1/24TypesofSemanticChange

(词义改变方式)2/241：Generalization(词义扩展)

又称：extension

Meaning:

Theword“generalization”isatermofLatinoriginreferringtothestretchingofmeaning.“picture”原义词:onlyapainted.扩展后意义:adrawing,aphotographandsoon.“thing”原义词:apoliticalorjudicialassembly.(治会议或审判大会)扩展后意义:asatinganeventuallythismeaningof“matter”.

3/24

原义

扩展后意义

1:bribery

给乞丐残羹剩饭行贿；受贿2:economy

家庭料理经济3:influence

古代星占学家用来指一个从影响强大物质星际降入人间

4:holidays

专指圣诞节、复活节等节日任何假日5:sanctuary

圣所、圣殿

避难所、呵护所

4/242:Specialization(词义缩小)

Meaning:

“Specialization”isalsoatermofLatinoriginreferringofmeaning.

“deer”

原义:animal缩小后意义:deer“artillery”原义:munitionsofwar缩小后意义:

mountedguns(军需品)

(安装枪)5/24

原义缩小后意义1:hangar

棚飞机棚、飞机库

2:garage安全地方汽车间3:stink

任何一个气味臭气4:poison

饮料毒药5:hospital

供游者休息娱乐场所医院

6/24ElevationofmeaningDefinition:ElevationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningtopositionofimportanceChange:fromnegativetopositive

fromderogatorytoappreciative

fromneutraltoappreciativefromunimportanttoimportant7/24ElevationofmeaningExamplesOriginallyMeaningafterelevationMarshallHorse

servantMinisterCraftsmanapersongoodat

cheatingaworkerinaskilledtradeshrewdwicked;maliciouskeen-witted;Cleverorsharp8/24Change:frompositivetonegativefromappreciativetopejorativefromneutraltonegativefromimportanttounimportantDegenerationofmeaningDefinition:Itisaprocessbywhichwordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscomebeusedinderogatorysense9/24DegenerationofmeaningExamplesOriginallyMeaningafterdegeneration

VillainAfarmlaborScoundrelBoorAfarmerArough,ill-manneredperson

KnaveBoyDishonestperson

10/24Theuseoftheabstractfortheconcreteorviceversa.Thespecificmeaning

TheabstractmeaningE.g.“Threat”means“army”atfirst.

Laterextendedto"threat".11/24Theabstractmeaning

ThespecificmeaningE.g.“Proposition”means“suggested”or“offer”.

Butthiswordcanalsobeusedtorefertopeople.Itmeans“Difficulttodealwith”.12/24Common

wordsfrompropernames.

Alotofcommonnounsareevolvedfrompropernouns.

E.g.“DonJuan”isaSpanisharistocracy.Nowwecalledtheperson“aDonJuan”,itmeans“aphilanderer”.Thisprocessisalsocalled“antonomasia”.13/24Theplacepropernouns(Itfromthefeaturesoflocalnaming)E.g.“copper”

fromthe"Cyprus“.Becausetheareaisfamousforitscopperproduction.

14/24ThenamesofpropernounsE.g.“shrapnel”

wasinventedbyaBritishgeneralshrapnel.Itusuallycomesfromthenameoftheinventor.15/242.Someoneforthefirstorfindaneventtofame,afterintoacommonnoun.E.g.“sandwich”wasderivedfromacount.Inordertosavethetimeofgambling,heusedapieceofmeattoeatbreadclip.16/243.Afamousfigureinthenovel,asaresultoftheobviouscharacteristicsofthepersonreferredtothegeneral.E.g.Weuse"Tartuffe"tosay“hypocriticalpeople”.

Itisfromtheplaywrightmoliere'scomedycharacterthesamename.17/24ThetitleofpropernounsormovienameE.g.“radicalchic”

isthetitleofTomWolfe'sworks.

Nowwealsousedtoreferto"associatewithradicalfashion"18/24TransferenceofmeaningTheprocessbywhichthedifferencehasoccurredinthedevelopmentofalanguageiscalledtransferenceofmeaning19/24objectivemeaning(1)Subjectivemeaning.1e.g

“Shamekepthimsilent”

＆“shamefultreatment”20/24(3)Objectivemeaning(2)Subjectiveandobjectivetwokindsofmeaning.e.gKnowledge,theory,feelingAprofoundprofessor21/242ObjectivemeaningSubjectivemeaninge.g“f