职称英语卫生类新增文章

2011年理卫生类职称英语教材新增文章

阅读理解新增文章（共4篇）

目录：

第三篇（C级）：Cooking0i1FumesCauseTumor

第十八篇（B级）:ExerciseCanReplaceInsulinforElderlyDiabetics

第二十四篇（B级）:PreventingChildMaltreatment

第三十四篇（A级）:BeAlerttoAntimicrobialResistance

第二答

CookingOilFumesCauseTumor

Theleadingcauseoflungcanceramongwomeninthecitywascookingoilfumeswhilemenare

morelikelytodevelopthediseasefromsmoking,saidmedicalexpertsafterafive-yearresearch

study.

Doctorsannouncedtheresultsyesterdaywithanalysisonsomenewtendenciesinlungcancer.

Theysaidpatientsareyounger,especiallywomen.

AccordingtotheShanghaiTumorresearchInstitute,morelocalresidentsdieoflungcancer

inthecitythananythingelse.Followingbreastcancer,ithasthesecond-highestincidencerate.

“Anunhealthylifestyleisaveryimportantreasonforlungcancer,“saidDrHeYuminfrom

ShanghaiMinshenTraditionalChineseMedicineTumorDiagnosisandTreatmentCenter.

Hefollowed2,276lungcancerpatientsforfiveyears.Amongthem,1,483weremale.

Smokingcauses70percentofcasesamongmenwhileonly18percentoffemalepatientsdeveloped

cancerfromsmokingorinhalingsecond-handsmoke,accordingtothereport.

However,morethan60percentofwomenwiththediseasehadlongterm,closecontactwith

strongoilfumesfromcookingandcomplainedabout1irritatedeyesandthroat.

About32percentofwomenfriedfoodsinboilingoilinunventilatedkitchensandabout25

percentofwomen,sbedroomswereadjacentto2thekitchen.

However,localwomenweresurprisedtolearncookingoilfumescouldleadtocancer.Some

claimedtheymaychangefoodpreparationmethods.

“UnlessmyfamilyandIdon'teatathomeeveryday,Imuststayinthekitchentocook,

“saidXuLi.a45-year-oldlocalwoman.〃Iknowthefumesarebadfortheskin,butitisthe

firsttimeIheardthatitcanresultinlungcancer.Ihavealreadystartedfryingless.,'

Doctorssaidwomen,slungcancerhadfew1inkstopersonalhealthandphysicalcondition,

butwascloselyrelatedtofamilycancerhistory,unhealthydietaryhabitsandweakimmunesystems.

OtherexpertsagreedwithHe.3

“Smokingisbyfarthebiggestcause4oflungcancerformen,“saidDrTanBinyong,honorary

presidentoftheRespiratoryDiseaseInstituteatFudanUniversity*sMedicalCollege."It'strue

thatsecond-handsmokeandcookingfumesarethemaincausesamongwomen.”

He'sresearchalsowarnedpeoplenottostandnearofstallsselling5friedfoodsduetothe

poorqualityofoiIsused.

Thechanceofcatchinglungcanceristhreetimeshigherifexposedtothefumeforalong

time,6expertssaid.

词汇：

fumen.烟，气，汽fryv.油炸，油煎

lumor（二tumour）n.肿瘤unventilatedvt.使不通风

cancern.癌瘤adjacentadj.临近的

breast/brest/n.乳房，胸dietaryadj饮食的

incidencen.发生（率）immuneadj免疫的

diagnosisn.诊断honoraryadj.名誉上的;荣誉的

inhalev.吸人respiratoryadj.呼吸的

irritatevt.使疼痛,刺激stalln.货摊

注释：

1.complain原意是"抱怨，诉苦”，但医学上常用complainabout或complainof表示“主诉〃。

2.aajacentto：与..相毗邻,临近...（地方）

3.OtherexpertsagreedwithHe.其他专家同意何医生的意见。agreewithsb：同意某人的意见。agree

withsth：同意什么东西。agreetodosth：同意做什么事情。

4.byfarthebiggestcause：最最大的原因。byfar是用来做形容词最高级thebiggest的状语，

对形容词最高级起强调作用。本来形容词最高级就已经是最高了，可是说话的人还要对它再强调出来，所

以就相当汉语的“最最……〃的意思。

5.••,warnedpeoplenottostandnearofstallsselling***：警告人们不要站在卖....的货摊附近。

也可以说成”...warnedpeopleoffstallsselling.…”。

6.,•,ifexposedtothefumeforalongtime...…•如果长时间接触这种烟的话。exposesb.tosth.

原意是“使……（人）暴露于……（物）”，但医学文献中常常用来表达“接触到……（物）”的意思。此处if

引导的条件状语从句相当于"ifoneisexposedtothefumeforalongtime”。

练习：

1.Whatanewtendencyinlungcancerisconcludedbytheresearchers?

AMenaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancerthanwomen.

BWomenaremorelikelytodeveloplungcancerthanmen.

CPatientswithlungcancerbecomeolder,especiallymales.

DPatientswithlungcancerbecomeyounger,especiallyfemales.

2.WhichofthefollowingdiseasesisthemostcommonamongthelocalresidentsinShanghai?

AHeartdisease.BBreastcancer.

CInfectiousdiseases.DLungcancer.

3.Whatsymptomsmaybecomplmnedofbymostwomenwithlungcancerafterlongterm,close

contactwithcookingoilfumes?

AIrritatedeyesandthroat.BSeverepaininbothlungs.

CContinuouscoughandheadache.DDifficultyinbreathing.

4.Whatwasthelocalwomen'sreactionwhentheylearnedthatcookingoilfumescouldlead

tocancer?

AHappy.BSurprised.

CAngry.DCareless.

5.Whichofthefollowinghasrelativelylittleconnectionwithwomen*slungcancer?

AFamilycancerhistory.BUnhealthydietaryhabits.

CWeakimmunesystems.I)Personalhealthandphysicalcondition.

答案与题解：

l.D文章第二段明确提到，肺癌的新趋势就是“病人更年轻，尤其是妇女“。

2.B文章第三段说到，“肺癌排在乳腺癌之后，发病率第二高”，可见乳腺癌才是最常见的疾病。

3.A文章第七段说到，“60%以上患肺癌的妇女都长期接触厨房油烟并主诉眼睛和喉咙疼痛难受”。

4.B文章倒数第七段明确说到，“当妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶〃。

5.D回答此题时,首先要注意倒数第五段中的两处文字,即hadfewlinksto…和wascloselyrelated

to…，其中linkto意为connectionwith,而relateto则意为connectwith,都是“联系”的意思，

只是few和closely的差别却很大。few和little•样，都是具有否定意义的词，意为“很少，儿乎没

有〃，只是后面的名词分别为可数名词和不可数名词而已;它们与afew和alittle不同，afew和alittle

具有肯定意义，意为“有儿个”和“有一点”，后面的名词同样分别为可数名词和不可数名词。如果这一

点明白了，也就很容易回答这道题了

第十八篇

ExerciseCanReplaceInsulinforElderlyDiabetics

Mostolderpeoplewithso-calledtypeIIdiabetescouldstoptakinginsuliniftheywoulddo

briskexercisefor30minutesiustthreetimesaweek,accordingtonewmedicalresearchresults

reportedintheCopenhagennewspaperBerlingskeTidendeonMonday.

ResultsfromtestsconductedondiabeticsattheCopenhagenCentralHospitalRigshospitalet,s

CenterforMuscleResearchshowedthatphysicalexercisecanboostthebody'sabilitytoutilise

insulinby30percent,thenewspaperreported.

Thisisequaltoltheeffectmostelderlydiabeticsgetfromtheirinsulinmedicationtoday,

itsaid.

Researchershadagroupofnon-diabeticmenandagroupofmenwithtypeII,allmorethan

60yearsofage,exerciseonbicyclessixtimesaweekforthreemonths.Afterthethreemonths

thedoctorsmeasuredhowmuchsugarthetestsubjects*musclescouldutiliseasameasurefor

howwelltheirinsulinworked.2

AssociateProfessor3Dr.HemmingDelaoftheMuscleResearchCentersaidthetests

demonstratedthattheexercisingdiabeticshadjustashighinsulinutilisationasthehealthy

non-exercisingpersons.

“Thismeansthattheinsulinworksjustaswellforbothgroups.Physicalexercisecannot

curepeopleofdiabetes,4butitcaneliminatealmostalltheirsymptoms.Atthesametimeit

canputoff5thepointatwhichtheyhavetobegintakinginsulinorperhapscompletelyavoid

insulintreatment,“Delawasquotedassaying.6

Insulinisahormoneproducedbythepancreas,controllingsugarinthebodyandusedagainst

diabetes.

Delasaidthattoachievethedesiredeffectdiabeticsneedonlyexercisetothepointwhere

theybegintoworkup7asweat,butthattheactivityhastobemaintainedsinceitwearsoff8

afterfivedayswithoutsufficientexercise.

Mostdiabeticsrealisethattheyhavetowatchtheirdietwhileremainingunawareof9the

importanceofexercise,Delaadded.

词汇：

Insulinn.胰岛素utilise（二utilize）vt.利用,使用

diabeticadj.（患）糖尿病的;n.糖尿病患者medicationn.药物，药物治疗

subjectn.实验对象

diabetesn.糖尿病;多尿症utilisation（=utilization）n.利用，使用

briskadj.轻快的;活泼的,活跃的

Copenhagenn.哥本哈根（丹麦首都）sayingn.格言

hormonen.激素

musclen.肌肉pancreasn.胰（腺）

注释：

1.beequalto：等于

2.asameasureforhowwelltheirinsulinworked：作为测量他们的胰岛素工作状况如何的标志。

从语法上分析，how引起的从句是for这个介词的宾语从句。

3.associateprofessor：副教授

4.•••cannotcurepeopleofdiabetes：不能治好人们的糖尿病。curesb.ofsth.：给某人医治某病。

例如：Thismedicineshouldcureyouofyourcold.这药准能治好你的感冒。

5.putoff：推迟，延期

6.Delawasquotedassaying：Dela的话像格言一样被人们所引用。注意谓语是被动语态。

7.workup：逐步引起，激起

8.wearoff：逐渐消失

9.(be)unawareofsth.：不知道，没觉察

练习：

1.HowcouldmostelderlytypeIIdiabeticsstoptakinginsulin?

ABytakingmoresalt,thanusual.

BBytakinglesssaltthanusual.

CBydoingbriskexerciseforhalfanhouratleastthreetimesaweek.

DBygoingclimbing,swimmingorboxingeveryday.

2.Physicalexercisemayincreasethebodyabi1itytouti1iseinsulinby

A70percent.B30percent.

C60percent.Donlyafewpercent.

3.ThesubjectsoftheresearchtestsconductedattheCopenhagenCentralHospitalincluded

Aelderlynon-diabeticmen.BelderlytypeIIdiabeticmen.

Cbothsexesofal1ages.DbothAandB.

4.Towhatadegreehavediebeticstoexerciseinordertoachievethedesiredeffect?

ATothedegreewheretheybegintosweat.

BTothedegreewheretheyfeelexhausted.

CTothepointwhentheyfeelthirsty.

DTothepoint,whentheyhavetotakeinsulin.

5.AccordingtoDela,amongmostdiabeticstheimportanceofexerciseistheimportanceof

watchingtheirdiet.

AaspoorlyunderstoodasBaswellunderstoodas

ClessunderstoodthanDbetterunderstoodthan

答案与题解：

l.C文章一开始就有此问题的明确答案。至于吃多少盐或者从事其他剧烈运动文章自始至终都没有提

到。

2.B文章第二段说到，体育锻炼能将身体利用胰岛素的能力提高30%。

3.D此题答案在文章第四段，实验对象既有II型糖尿病患者，也有健康人，而且都是60岁以上的男

人。

4.A文章倒数第二段说到，体育锻炼只要达到出汗的程度就能起作用。

5.C最后一段明确说到，大多数糖尿病患者知道必须注意饮食，但却并不知道体育锻炼的重要性

第二十四篇

PreventingChildMaltreatment

Childmaltreatmentisaglobalproblemwithseriouslife-longconsequences.Thereareno

reliableglobalestimatesfortheprevalenceofchildmaltreatment.Dataformanycountries,

especiallylow-andmiddle-incomecountries,arelacking.

ChiIdmaltreatmentiscomplexanddifficu11tostudy.Currentestimatesvarywidelydepending

onthecountryandthemethodofresearchused.Nonetheless,internationalstudiesrevealthat

approximately20%ofwomenand5-10%ofmenreportbeingsexuallyabusedaschi1dren,while25-50%of

allchildrenreportbeingphysicallyabused.Additionally,manychiIdrenaresubjecttolemotional

abuse(sometimesreferredtoas2psychologicalabuse).

Everyyear,thereareanestimated31,000homicidedeathsinchildrenunder15.Thisnumber

underestimatesthetrueextentoftheproblem,asasignificantproportionofdeathsduetochild

maltreatmentareincorrectlyattributedto3falls,bumsanddrowning.

ChiIdmaltreatmentcausessufferingtochiIdrenandfami1iesandcanhavelong-term

consequences.Maltreatmentcausesstressthatisassociatedwithdisruptioninearlybrain

development.Extremestresscanimpairthedevelopmentofthenervousandimmunesystems.

Consequently,asadults,maltreatedchildrenareatincreasedriskforbehavioural,physicaland

mentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequences,maltreatmentcan

contributetoheartdisease,cancer,suicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.4

Beyondthehealthconsequencesofchildmaltreatment,thereisaneconomicimpact,including

costsofhospitalization,mentalhealthtreatment,childwelfare,andlonger-termhealthcosts.

Anumberofriskfactorsforchildmaltreatmenthavebeenidentified.Theseriskfactorsare

notpresentinallsocialandculturalcontexts,butprovideanoverviewwhenattemptingto

understandthecausesofchildmaltreatment.

ItisimportanttoemphasizethatchiIdrenarethevictimsandarenevertoblamefor5

maltreatment.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodof

beingmaltreated,suchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescent,beingunwanted,

orfailingtofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneeds,cryingpersistently

orhavingabnormalphysicalfeatures.6

词汇：

maltreatmentn.虐待impairvt.损害

consequencen.结局，结果viaprep.通过，用

prevalencen.流行transmitvt.传染，传播

approximatelyadv.大约，大概likelihoodn.可能性

abusevt&n.滥用；虐待adolescentn.青春期之男孩或女孩

homiciden.杀人

attributevt.归因于persistentlyadv.坚持地，持续地

disruptionn.扰乱

注释：

1.besubjectto：遭受...

2.bereferredtoas：被当做..

3.beattributedto：把..归因于....

4.Consequently,asadults,maltreatedchiIdrenareatincreasedriskforbehavioural,physical

andmentalhealthproblems.Viathebehaviouralandmentalhealthconsequences,maltreatmentcan

contributetoheartdisease,cancer,suicideandsexuallytransmittedinfections.

因此，那些曾被虐待的儿童，到了成人期，在行为、生理以及心理等方面出现疾病的危险性大大增加。

通过行为和心理上对健康的影响，虐待又会导致其出现心脏病、癌症、自杀以及性传播疾病等。

5.toblamefor：因..怪罪，责怪（某人）

6.Anumberofcharacteristicsofanindividualchildmayincreasethelikelihoodofbeing

maltreated,suchasbeingeitherunderfouryearsoldoranadolescent,beingunwanted,orfailing

tofulfiltheexpectationsofparentsandhavingspecialneeds,cryingpersistentlyorhaving

abnormalphysicalfeatures.

有几大特征会增加儿童受虐待的可能性，如四岁以下或正处于青春期，被觉得是多余的，或者不能实

现父母的愿望，有特殊要求，不停地哭闹或者身体有异常等。

练习：

1.Thedifficultsituationintheglobalestimatesofthechildmaltreatmentisduetothe

followingfactorsEXCEPTaccordingtothepassage.

Achildmaltreatmentisaglobalproblem

Bthereisnoexactdateaboutlow-andmid-incomecountries

Cthereisashortageoftheprofessionaldatecollectors

Ddifferentscientistsusedifferentresearchmethods

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?

A20%ofwomengotsexuallyabusedintheirchildhood.

B25-50%ofallchildrenwerereportedtohavebeenphysicallyabused.

C25-50%ofchildrenwerepsychologicallyabused.

D60~75%ofchildrenwereneglectedbytheirparents.

3.Manyhomicidedeathsinchildrenunder15arewronglycategorizedintothefollowingtypes

EXCEPTaccordingtothepassage.

AdrowninginswimmingBdiarrhea

CburnsDfalls

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasthebadimpactcausedbychildmaltreatment?

AThechildwillbehavebadlyinhismemoryofhischildhoodwhen、hegrowsup.

BChildmaltreatmenthurtshisnervousandimmunesystems.

CChildmaltreatmentdamageshisearlybraindevelopment.

DThechildiseasilyaffectedbymanydiseasesinhisadulthood.

5.Themaltreatedchidlrenoftenbearal1thefollowingcharacteristicsEXCEPTaccordingto

thepassage.

Atheyfrequentlyandeasilycry

Btheyareininfant*sorinadolescentperiod

Ctheyareoftenneglectedbytheirparentsorfriends

Dthevoftentrytheirbesttomeettherequirementsfromtheirparents

答案与题解：

LC文中第一段提到了虐待儿童是一全球问题，无法获得中低收入国家中儿童受虐数字资料，第二段

开头提到了儿童受虐数字难以统计的另外•个原因，即研究方法的差异性，只有专业统计人员是否缺乏没

有提及，因此答案为C。

2.B文中第二段对数字有明确说明。

3.B文中第三段指出每年15岁以卜.儿童死亡大概在31,000人，该数字大大低估了实际情况，是因为

有相当多的由于受虐而导致死亡的儿童被归因为摔死、烧死、淹死。没有明确指出腹泻，因此可推断出该

题答案为B。

4.A文中提到虐待儿童会导致其出现身体上的疾病，包括神经系统，免疫系统，大脑发育，以及成年

后出现的疾病，但那没有提到是否会对其记忆力产生影响，因此，答案为A。

5.D参见注释

第三十四篇

BeAlerttolAntimicrobialResistance

Theabilityofmicro-organismstofindwaystoevadetheactionofthedrugsusedtocure

theinfectionstheycauseIsincreasinglyrecognizedasaglobalpublichealthissue.Somebacteria

havedevelopedmechanismswhichmakethemresistanttomanyoftheantibioticsnormallyusedfor

theirtreatment(multi-drugresistantbacteria),soposeparticulardifficulties,astheremay

befewornoalternativeoptionsfortherapy.Theyconstituteagrowingandglobalpublichealth

problem.WHOsuggeststhatcountriesshouldbepreparedtoimplementhospitalinfectioncontrol

measurestolimitthespreadofmulti-drugresistantstrainsandtoreinforcenationalpolicy

onprudentuseofantibiotics,reducingthegenerationofantibioticresistantbacteria.

AnarticlepublishedinTheLancetInfectiousDiseases2on11August2010identifiedanew

genethatenablessometypesofbacteriatobehighlyresistanttoalmostal1antibiotics.The

articlehasdrawnattentiontotheissueofAMR3(antimicrobialresistance),and,inparticular,

hasraised,awarenessofinfectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteria.

Whilemulti-drugresistantbacteriaarenotnewandwillcontinuetoappear,thisdevelopment

requiresmonitoringandfurtherstudytounderstandtheextentandmodesoftransmission,and

todefinethemosteffectivemeasuresforcontrol.

Thosecalledupontobealerttotheproblemofantimicrobialresistanceandtakeappropriate

actionincludeconsumers,managersofhospitals,patients,aswellasnationalgovernments,the

pharmaceuticalindustry,andinternationalagencies.

WHOstronglyrecommendsthatgovernmentsfocuscontrolandpreventioneffortsinthefollowing

areaslikesurveillanceforantimicrobialresistance;rationalantibioticuse,including

educationofhealthcareworkersandthepublicintheappropriateuseofantibiotics：introducing

or

enforcinglegislationrelatedtostoppingtheseilingofantibioticswithoutprescription;

andstrictadherencetoinfectionpreventionandcontrolmeasures,includingtheuseof

hand-washingmeasures,particularlyinhealthcarefacilities.

Successfulcontrolofmultidrug-resistantmicroorganismshasbeendocumentedinmany

countries,andtheexistingandwell-knowninfectionpreventionandcontrolmeasurescan

effectivelyreducetransmissionofmulti-drugresistantorganismsifsystematicallyimplemented.

WHOwi11continuetosupportcountriestodeveloprelevantpolicies,andtocoordinate

internationaleffortstocombatantimicrobialresistance.Antimicrobialresistancewillbethe

themeofWHO'sWorldHealthDay2011.

词汇：

Evadevt.逃避，避开prudentadj.慎重的，谨慎的

Posevt.提出monitorvt.监控

alternativeadj.可供选择的(途径或事物)surveillancen.监视，监管

rationaladj.合理的，有理性的

implementvt.实现，实施adherencen.坚持，固守

strainn.种类documentvt.证明，支持

reinforcevt.加强力量relevantadj.相关的

注释:

1.bealertto：对..警觉，注意

2.TheLancetInfectiousDiseases：《柳叶刀・传染病》期刊

3.antimicrobialresistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性

练习：

1.Whyistheuseofantibioticsarousinggloballyincreasinginterest?

A.Themisuseoftheantibioticshascausedstrongerbacteriaresistanceandnonewdrugs

againstthebacteriaareavailableatpresent.

BThemicro-organismsdevelopmuchfasterthanthepast,sotheresearchersaremore

interested.

CTheantibioticsformulti-drugresistantbacteriaarehighlypricedandtherewi11bea

bigmarketforthedrugindustry.

DTheantibioticshasbeenfoundmorepowerfulforthetreatmentofthemulti-drugresistant

bacteria.

2.WhichofthefollowingistrueofthearticlepublishedinTheLancetInfectiousDiseases?

ATheissueofAMRledthescientiststobealerttothenewhumangene.

BAnewdrugwillbesoonavailableforanymulti-drugresistantbacteria.

CAnewstrainhasbeenfoundtobehighlyresistanttoalmostal1antibiotics.

DAMRarousedtheawarenessofthescientiststotheinfectionscausedbytheantibiotics.

3.WhoofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassagetotakecautiousandproperaction

abouttheAMR?

AThosewhouseantibiotics.

BThosewhosellantibiotics.

CThosewhoproduceantibiotics.

DThosewhostudyinuniversities.

4.AllthefollowingrecommendationstothegovernmentsfromWHOistrueEXCEPT

Aeducationtotheusersofantibiotics.

Bcontrolontheuseofantibioticsinhealthfacilities.

Cintroductionofnewregulationsonthesaleofantibiotics.

DlimitonthehospitalstostoremoreantibioticdrugsthantheyCanuse.

5.Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?

AWHOcanonlyrecommendthegovernmentstocontrolandpreventthetransmissionofmulti-drug

resistantorganisms.

BEvenwiththenewstrainsagainsttheexistingantibiotics,thetransmissionofmulti-drug

resistantorganismsisstillundercontrol.

CWithoutthesupportfromWHO,nocountrycanbesafeinthewaragainstthetransmission

ofmulti-drugresistantorganisms.

DWHOwillsparenoeffortinantimicrobialresistancein2010andwillsetaspecialday

foritin2011.

答案与题解：

LA文中第一段指出，有些致病菌对现有的抗生素产生了一定的耐药性，而目前有效的替代药物还没

有出现，这是一个棘手的问题，因此引起了全球关注。因此，答案为A。

2.C文中第二段说明，杂志中提到发现了一种几乎对所有抗生素都具有抵抗性的新的细菌，这一发现

引起了世人对AMR,尤其是对耐药菌感染的关注。因此，答案为C。

3.D文中提到应对AMR特别关注的人群包括：消费者，医院管理人员，病人，政府，药品生产企业以

及一些国际机构，文中没有提到大学机构。因此，答案为D。

4.DWHO提出的建议包括：对AMR进行监管，合理使用抗生素，教育公众及医务人员要正确使用抗生

素，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染采用预防和控制措施，没有提到限制医院储备抗生素。因此，

答案为D。

5.B虽然目前还没有发现更有效的新抗生素，但文中提到在许多国家对耐药性微生物的控制取得了很

大成功，而且目前的预防手段仍然能够有效减少耐药微生物的传播。因此，答案为B

完型填空新增文章（共4篇）

目录：

第二篇（C级）：Influenza

第七篇（B级）：Exercise

第八篇(B级)：FoodSafetyandFoodborneIllness

第十二篇(A级):PandemicMINI2009

Influenza

Influenzahasbeenwithusalongtime.According(1)someGreekwritersonmedicalhistory,

theoutbreakof412B.C.wasofinfluenza.Thesamehasbeensuggestedofthesicknessthatswept

throughltheGreekarmy(2)Syracusein395B.C.Fluisadiseasethatmovesmostquicklyamong

people(3)incrowdedconditions,hence,itislikelytoattackarmies.

Duringthenineteenthcenturytherewerefivewidespread(4)ofinfluenza.Thelastofthe

five(5)in1889andmarkedthebeginningofthestoryofinfluenzainourtime.Liketherecent

outbreak,(6)startedinAsia.

Formorethanfortyyearsbeforethatoutbreak,influenzahadsteadily(7)andwasbelieved

tobedyingout.2Anewgroupofoutbreakswasintroducedbythegreatoutbreakof1889-1890and

forthenextquarterofacenturyflu(8)aconstantthreat.

InApril1918flubrokeout3amongAmericantroopsstationedinFrance.Itquicklyspread

throughallthearmiesbutcausedrelatively(9)deaths.Fourmonthslater,(10),asecond

outbreakstartedwhichprovedtobeakiller.Itkillednotonlytheoldandalreadysickbut

also(11)youngadults.Itwentthrough4everycountryintheworld,onlyafewdistantislands

intheSouthAtlanticandthePacificremaining(12).Itbroughtthelifeofwholecountries

(13),foodsuppliesstoppedandworklosswasverygreat.Beforethegreatoutbreakended,

it(14)atleast15millionpeople.Thereaftertherehavebeenseveralgreatoutbreaksthroughout

theworld.Itisthus(15)thatinfluenzaisaterribleinfectionthatwehavetopaymoreattention

to.

词汇：

Influenzan.流行性感冒constantadj.经常发生的

outbreakn.爆发troopn.(常用复数)军队，部队

Syracusen.叙拉古(意大利西西里岛东南部•海港)stationvt.驻扎

Atlanticadj.大西洋的；n.(theAtlantic)大西洋

Widespreadadj.普遍的，散布很广的

Pacificadj.太平洋的；n.(thePacific)太平洋

Steadilyadv.稳定地

Quartern.四分之一thereafteradv.此后,其后

注释：

1.sweepthrough：席卷,横扫

2.dieout：消失，不复存在

3.breakout：突然发生;爆发

4.gothrough：走遍

练习：

1.AatBtoCinDfrom

2.AbeingattackedBhavingbeenattackedCattackedDattacking

3.AsittingBstandingClivingDappearing

4.AoutbreaksBincidentsCaccidentsDcases

5.AchangedBhappenedCariseDdescend

6.AitBtheyCwhichDthose

7.AenlargedBstrengthenedCdecreasedDincreased

8.AwasnolongerBwentoutofCceasedtobeDremained

9.AfewBmanyCcountlessDinnumerable

10.AinadditionBhoweverCthereforeDmoreover

11.AweakBdisabledCsickDhealthy

12.AtouchingBtouchedCuntouchedDhavingtouched

13.AstopBstoppingCstoppedDtostop

14.AkilledBhaskilledChadkilledDhasbeenkilling

15.AclearBstrangeCuncertainI)questionable

答案与题解：

l.B四个选项中、只有t。可以与according连用，意为“根据，按照”，与上下文意思吻合。

2.D四个选项中只有attacking合适。attack是及物动词，用它的现在分词作为army的定语，后面

还带有它的宾语Syracuse,其他三个选项都是表示被动的意思，不仅语法上无法使用，意思上也说不通。

3.C从语法上看，四个选项都可以使用，但从意思上分析，只仃C项最符合逻辑，最恰当。

4.A四个选项中,B、C、D的意思分别为“（小）事件”、“（意外）事故”和“病例，案例”,显然不

符合上下文意思，只有A项（“爆发”）恰当。

5.B四个选项中A、C、D的意思分别为“改变，变化”、“上升，升高”和“下降”,均与上下文意

思不符，只有B项（“发生”）恰当。

6.A上面说到，”这五次大爆发的最后一次出现于1889年……像最近一次大爆发一样，它起源于亚洲

”,此空白处从语法上分析，应该是•个能够代替那次爆发的主语，it是最恰当的;用which就不恰当，因

为这里不可能是一个非限制性定语从句，况且which是指therecentoutbreak还是指thelastofthefive

也不明确，因此绝对不能