2023-2024学年上海市上海中学高二年级上册期末考试英语试卷含详解

上海中学2023学年第一学期期末考试

英语试卷

I.ListeningComprehension

SectionA

1.A.Jobapplicants.B.Universitystudents.C.Newsreporters.D.Publicspeakers.

2.A.$36.B.$60.C.$24.D.$30.

3.A.nervous.B.excited.C.surprised.D.calm.

4.A.Theycanhardlyfindtimetodoexercise.

B.Bothofthemarefondofdoingexercise.

C.Doingexerciseisthelastthingthey'dliketodo.

D.Thewomandisagreestodoexercisewiththeman.

5.A.Studentandteacher.B.Guestandreceptionist.

C.Customerandshopassistant.D.Daughterandfather.

6.A.TheStudentUnion.B.TheTutoringServiceCenter.

C.Herprofessor^office.D.Hertutor5shome.

7.A.Thecoverageofnewspapers.B.Thenatureofhumans.

C.Theincreaseofcrimerate.D.Theimpactofmassmedia.

8.A.DoctorGreenisverybusyonMondays.

B.DoctorGreenforgottoputthemanontheschedule.

CAnunexpectedpatientvisitedDoctorGreenlastMonday.

D.PatientscanusuallyseeDoctorGreenonschedule.

9.A.Sheisdisappointedwithhisdecision.

B.Sheiscrazyaboutgoingcampinginthetropicaljungle.

C.ShetriestopersuadethemannottogowithJerry.

D.Shesuggeststhemanreconsiderhisplan.

10.A.Becausehefavorsgoodsinphysicalstores.

B.Becauseheenjoystheofflineshoppingexperience.

C.Becausehedoesn'thavemuchmoney.

D.Becausehedoesn'tliketheshoppingfestival.

SectionB

Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

11.A.Anumberofgiantratsarehiddeninthefieldsorforests.

B.Violentrobbersmaycomeoutandhurtinnocentcivilians.

C.Peoplemaystepontoalandmine（地雷）andgetinjured.

D.Otherroadshavealitterproblem,whichspoilsgoodmood.

12.A.Itisararespeciesofrat.B.Ithasagoodsenseofsmell.

C.Itsacrificesitslifetodetectdangers.D.Itisterrifiedofexplosivedevices.

13.A.13minutes.B.30minutes.C.40minutes.D.4days.

Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

14.A.Itbansthesalesofsaltyandunhealthyfood.

B.Itsresidentslosealtogether100,000kgby2020.

C.Everyoneweighshimselfongiantscalesinpublic.

D.Localdoctorsmakepersonalizeddietsforeveryone.

15.A.Localpeoplesharehealthydietwitheachother.

B.Thousandsofresidentskickfootballtokeepslim.

C.Localrestaurantsuseoliveoiltoreplacebutter.

D.Governmentofficialspersevereinphysicalexercise.

16.A.Studentsareencouragedtowalkorridetoschool.

B.Studentsareallowedtoridebicyclesinschoollibraries.

C.Parentsareoffereddevicestomonitorchildren'swalkingtime.

D.Fruitsareprovidedforthosewhoareaddictedtoonlinegames.

Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.

17.A.Neitherofthemcanfindasuitablegame.

B.Theyarebothenthusiasticaboutgames.

C.Goodgamescostalargeamountofmoney.

D.TheyoftengoDutchwhenbuyinggifts.

18.A.Itincludesfantasyrole-playing.B.Itdoesn'thaveanactualending.

C.Itisanexpensiveonlinegame.D.Itissomethinglikearacinggame.

19.A.Playershaveopportunitiestomakenewfriends.

B.Playerscanhaveface-to-facecommunication.

C.Playersmayberewardedwithdeliciousfood.

D.Playerscanstartthegameatanytimetheywant.

20.A.Addvarietytotherecommendedgame.B.Lookaroundtofindacheaperonlinegame.

C.Persuadethewomantochangehermind.D.Trytofindanextraordinaryonlinegame.

II.GrammarandVocabulary

SectionAMultipleChoice

Directions:BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

Choosetheanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.

1.1darethatwithoutyourhelp,wesomuchprogressinourwork.

A.say;can'tmakeB.tosay;couldn,tmake

C.say;couldn'thavemadeD.tosay;shouldn'thavemade

2.Butforthefactthatshedance,Iwouldinvitehertotheparty.

A.couldn'tB.can'tC.mustn'tD.shouldn't

3.Youcan'timaginethatagentlemansorudelytoanoldlady.

A.shallhavebehavedB.shouldhavebehaved

C.couldhavebehavedD.mighthavebehaved

4.Thedoorwon'tfromtheinside,soyoucalltherepairman.

A.open;maywellB.beopened;maywell

C.open;mayaswellD.beopened;mayaswell

5.breakfastearlier,Iwouldhavehadenoughtimetotakecareofdomesticchores.

AHadIB.IfIhadC.WereItohaveD.HadIhad

6.IfamanlivingintheMiddleAgesforwardintime,heamazedbytoday'stechnologicallandscape.

A.traveled;wouldhavebeenB.wastotravel;couldbe

C.weregoingtotravel;mustbeD.hadtraveled;wouldbe

7.Ifyouthehighlightsof2008SummerOlympics,youwouldmostlikelyfindthattheywereallmarkedby

sportsmanship.

A.weretoexamineB.hadexaminedC.wouldexamineD.havetoexamine

8.Heboardedtheairplaneasifheanexperiencedtraveller,yethehadneverlefttownbefore.

A.isB.wereC.hasbeenD.hadbeen

9.一Hefailedhisdrivingtest.

一Whatapity!Ifonlyhewhathisdrivinginstructorhadbeentellinghim.

A.listenedtoB.wouldlistentoC.hadlistenedtoD.shouldlistento

10inthefuturetobridgethegendergapanddiversityinthescientificfield?

A.DoyousuggestwhatwecandoB.Whatdoyousuggestthatweshoulddo

C.DoyousuggestwhatcanwedoD.Whatdoyousuggestwedo

11.ontheblackboardthewordswe511learninthisperiod.

A.Beingwritten;areB.Written;are

C.Writing;isD.Writing;are

12.Atnotimeduringthatconversationbytheattacker9swords.

A.wasanybodythreatenedB.didanybodythreaten

CanybodywasthreatenedD.didnobodythreaten

13.Hardlyheardofus,letalonebeeninfluencedbyourlives.

A.anybodyhasB.nobodyhas

C.hasanybodyD.hasnobody

14.——IwasborninChinaandIneverlearnedJapanese.

A.SowasSandraB.NeitherdidSandra

C.SoitwaswithSandraD.NeitheritdidwithSandra

15.ThescientificresearchthatDengJiaxianhaddevotedhislife_______hisdeath.

A.tocausingB.tocausedC.tohavingcausedD.tohavebeencaused

16.Fourofthefivebedroomsmakethemostoftheviewsthroughglassbalconiesthatthesea.

A.overlookB.overseeC.overheadD.overcoat

17.Weneedartistsandfilmmakerstopeoplearoundtheworldtotheclimatedisasterahead.

A.wakeB.wakenC.awakeD.awaken

18.Theaward-winningfilmthedirectortoanoutstandingfigureintheindustry.

A.elevatedB.assignedC.devotedD.credited

19.Theywanderingalongtheriverafterworktoappreciatethespectacularsunset.

A.takeonB.takeupC.taketoD.takein

20.1wearabrightorangejacketwhilebicyclingbecauseitmakesmehighlytocardrivers.

A.vigorousB.vitalC.visibleD.visual

21.Thisstudyhelpstotheurgentneedtobettermanagepatientssotheysurvivelongerfollowingtheirdiagnosis.

A.emergeB.highlightC.weakenD.outperform

SectionB

Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthere

isonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.replaceB.trustworthyC.apparentlyD.pick

E.oweAB.expressingAC.landAD.ironically

AEversionBC.positionBD.challenging

WhatIs2023'sWordoftheYear,AccordingtoDictionaries?

Whatworddefinedthepastyearforyou?Findoutifyouranswermatchestheactualwordoftheyearfromfourfamous

dictionaries.

CambridgeDictionary's22for2023ishallucinate.Thecommondefinitionofhallucinateis“toseeorhear

thingsthatarenotreallytherebecauseofillnessordrugs."In2023,however,tohallucinatecanmeansomethingdifferent,

thankstoALAccordingtoCambridge'salternatedefinitionofhallucinating,46whenanartificialintelligencehallucinates,it

producesfalseinfdrmation."Sure,usingAIcanbefunforcreatingdogselfiesorcouldevenhelpyou23ajob,but

ifsHkelytoproducemisleadingormade-upfacts一or“hallucinating.”

Thosedictionarypeopleare24allonthesamepage.SimilartoCambridge,CollinsDictionary'swordofthe

yearisthebroadertermAI.ChatGPTwasreleasedinlate2022,withcompaniesattemptingtouseittocutcosts,worrying

employeesthatitwould25theirjobs.AIpioneersandcreatorsbegan26concernsthatAIcouldbe

“dangerous“andoperatedby“badactors.^^PresidentBidenevenissuedanexecutiveorderonusafe,secureand27

artificialintelligence.

WithMerriam-Webster'swordauthentic,wehaveanAItrifecta（三连胜）！Whileitscoremeaningisthesame一"not

falseorimitation^^一itshould28itspopularityin2023toAI,withtheriseindeepfakevideosandthepotentialuse

ofAIinentertainment.However,beingauthenticisalsoaboutbeing“truetoone'sownpersonality,spiritorcharacter.^^Are

thepublicfiguresyoulookuptobeingtruetothemselves?Aspeoplesearchforauthenticity,Merriam-Websternotes,

“29.with'authenticcontentcreatorsauthenticityhasbecomeaperfbrmance.^^

Oxfordslidesinatthelastminutewithatotallydifferentwordoftheyearfor2023:rizz.Thisnounmeans“style,charm

orattractiveness^^.It'sbelievedtobeashortened30ofthewordcharisma,aspecialmagneticcharmorappeal.It

alsohintsatachangingattitudein2023."It'sinterestingtoseeacontrastingwordlikerizzcometotheforefront,perhaps

showingthatthisyearmoreofusareopeningourselvesafterafew31yearsandfindingconfidenceinwhowe

are,“notesCasperGrathwohl,presidentofOxfordLanguages.

III.ReadingComprehension

SectionACloze

Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C

andD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpolitical

problemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainand

simple32.

Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe33dowithit?Wegossip.Aboutothers9

behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout一andwhy;howtodealwith

difficult34situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.

Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural35.ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotabout

nothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessor

RobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipis

oneofthesereally36issues.

Dunbar37thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopment

inordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabout

theiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofour

timegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar38,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallyto

allowustogossip.

Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe39ofthehigherprimates（灵长类动物）likemonkeys.By

meansofgrooming-cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyfor

supportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor40fromoutsideit.

Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar41thatatonetimein

ourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe42

itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto

43thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.

Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe44

tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore45kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasa

kindofvocalgroomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformation

overawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one46contact.

32.A.gestureB.gossipC.descriptionD.recognition

33.A.occasionallyB.habituallyC.discreetlyD.originally

34.A.historicalB.naturalC.socialD.cultural

35.A.wastersB.usersC.mastersD.owners

36.A.wittyB.vividC.vitalD.worthless

37.A.supposesB.rejectsC.highlightsD.outlines

38.A.onthecontraryB.forinstanceC.inadditionD.asaresult

39.A.comprehensionB.appearanceC.motivationD.behaviour

40.A.contactB.attackC.assistanceD.trick

41.A.concludesB.recallsC.requiresD.confesses

42.A.protectionB.prospectC.responsibilityD.promise

43.A.echoB.blameC.easeD.preserve

44.A.establishedB.extendedC.earnedD.consumed

45.A.efficientB.scientificC.considerateD.common

46.A.regularB.independentC.widespreadD.physical

SectionB

Directions:ReadpassageA,B,andC.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinished

statements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoices.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtothe

informationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

(A)

OurculturehascausedmostAmericanstoassumenotonlythatourlanguageisuniversal,butthatthegesturesweuse

areunderstoodbyeveryone.Wedonotrealizethatwavinggood-byeisthewaytoaskapersonfromthePhilippinestoone's

side,orthatinItalyandsomeLatin-Americancountries,curlingthefingertooneselfisasignoffarewell.

ThoseprivatecitizenswhosentpackagestoourtroopsoccupyingGermanyafterWorldWarIIandmarkedthemGIFT

toescapedutypaymentsdidnotbothertofindoutthat"Gift"meanspoisoninGerman.Moreover,weliketothinkofourselves

asfriendly,yetweprefertobeatleast3feetoranarm'slengthawayfromothers.LatinsandMiddleEasternersliketocome

closerandtouch,whichmakesAmericansuncomfortable.

Ourlinguisticandculturalblindnessandtheinformalitywithwhichwetakenoticeofthedevelopedtastes,gestures,

customsandlanguagesofothercountries,arelosingusfriends,businessandrespectintheworld.

EvenhereintheUnitedStates,wemakefewcompromisestotheneedsofforeignvisitors.Therearenoinformation

signsinfourlanguagesonourpublicbuildingsormonuments;wedonothavemultilingualguidedtours.Veryfewrestaurant

menushavetranslations,andmultilingualwaiters,bankclerksandpolicemenarerare.Ourtransportationsystemshavemaps

inEnglishonlyandoftenweourselveshavedifficultyunderstandingthem.

Whenwegoabroad,wetendtoclusterinhotelsandrestaurantswhereEnglishisspoken.Theattitudesandinformation

wepickupareconditionedbythosenatives一usuallythericher一whospeakEnglish.Ourbusinessdealings,aswellasthe

nation'sdiplomacy,areconductedthroughinterpreters.

Formanyyears,AmericaandAmericanscouldgetbywithculturalblindnessandlinguisticignorance.Afterall,America

wasthemostpowerfulcountryofthefreeworld,thedistributorofneededfundsandgoods.

Butallthatispast.Americandollarsnolongerbuyallgoodthings,andweareslowlybeginningtorealizethatourproper

roleintheworldischanging.A1979Harrispollreportedthat55percentofAmericanswantthiscountrytoplayamore

significantroleinworldaffairs;wewanttohaveahandintheimportantdecisionsofthenextcentury,eventhoughitmay

notalwaysbetheupperhand.

47.ItcanbeinferredthatAmericansbeingapproachedtoocloselybyMiddleEasternerswouldmostprobably.

A.standstillB.screamoutC.stepforwardD.drawback

48.TheauthorgivesmanyexamplestocriticizeAmericansfortheir.

A.culturalself-centerednessB.casualmanners

C.indifferencetowardsforeignvisitorsD.blindnesstonativeculture

49.Incountriesotherthantheirown,mostAmericans

A.areisolatedbythelocalpeople

B.arenotwellinformedduetothelanguagebarrier

C.tendtogetalongwellwiththenatives

D.needinterpretersinhotelsandrestaurants

50.Theauthor'sintentioninwritingthisarticleistomakeAmericansrealizethat

A.itisdangeroustoignoretheirforeignfriends

B.itisimportanttomaintaintheirleadingroleinworldaffairs

C.itisnecessarytouseseverallanguagesinpublicplaces

D.itistimetogetacquaintedwithothercultures

(B)

Shippingcontainersaregainingpopularityasanalternativetotraditionalhouses.These20-or40-footcontainerscanbe

obtainedforaslittleasseveralhundredUSdollarsapiece,andifsnotsurprisingthatsomeindustryprofessionalsandeven

cityplannersconsiderthemthefutureofhomebuilding.Belowaredetailsofsomeamazinghomesmadeoutofshipping

containers.

LondonContainerCity(IandII)

London5sContainerCityfirstsprangupintheheartofthedocklandsin2001.Ittookjustfivemonthstocompletethe

original12workstudios.Shortlyafterthat,afourthfloorofstudiosandlivingapartmentswasbuiltontopofthese.Thefirst

containercitywassosuccessfulthatanother——ContainerCityII——wasaddedtoit.

中LosAngelesRedondoBeachhouse

Withitsmodernlinesandappealingspaces,theaward-winningRedondoBeachHouseisaluxurybeachsideshowpiece

builtfromeightrecycledsteelshippingcontainers,alongwithsometraditionalbuildingmaterials.Accordingtothearchitects,

themodifiedcontainersare“nearlyindestructible^^.

AmsterdamKeetwonen

Amsterdam'smassiveKeetwonencomplexhouses1,000studentsanditisthelargestcontainercityintheworld.The

housingprojectisaroaringsuccessandfeaturesunitsthatarequietandcomfortable.Eachresidentenjoysabathroom,a

kitchenandseparatesleepingandstudyingquarters.Thecomplexevenhascentralheatingandhigh-speedinternetaswellas

areasforparkingbikes.

MexicoM2ATKContainerHouse

M2ATKdesignedthisuniquecontainerhouseforanartist.Ifsfullyequippedwithheatingandcooling,akitchenand

bathroom.Onthebottomfloorofthehouseare"publicspaces“suchasthekitchenandlivingroom.Thesecondfloorare

bedrooms,andthetopfloorisastudiospaceinwhichtowork,readand“letflytheimagination^^.

51.Comparedtotraditionalhouses,containerhousesare.

A.easiertomaintainB.lessexpensivetobuild

C.morecomfortabletoliveinD.morefashionableinstyle

52.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAmsterdam'sKeetwonencomplex?

A.Itisthefirstcontainercityintheworld.B.It'sequippedwithmodemfacilities.

C.Itfeaturesaluxuryanduniquestyle.D.Itincludeslivingspaceandcarparks.

53.Anarchitectisdesigningacontainerhouseforafamilyconsistingofamarriedcoupleandtheirfiveschool-agechildren

inCanada.Thefamilyrequiresbothpublicspacesandseparatequarters.Whichcontainerhomecanthearchitectreferto?

A.LondonContainerCity(IandII)B.LosAngelesRedondoBeachhouse

C.AmsterdamKeetwonenD.MexicoM2ATKContainerHouse

(C)

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjective

researcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequently

followsanunclearandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelife

experience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience.Opportunitiesformisinterpretationareeverywhere.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasearlyformsofscienceandarefullofpotential.Butittakes

collectiveinspectionandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,

throughwhichtheindividualresearcher^me,here,nowbecomesthecommunity'sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective

knowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.Butthecommunitytakescontrolof

whathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editors

andreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirown

purposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.

Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandbattlebetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsabout

thescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual'sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity'scrediblediscovery.

Twoproblemsexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofcurrent

knowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesrepetitionandconfirmationofwhatisalready

knownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcredible

discoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationor

contradictionbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologist

AlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.^^

Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimes

yearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility"happens“toadiscoveryclaim——aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaier

hasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.t4Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother'sreasoningand

eachother?sconceptionsofreason.

54.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits.

A.uncertaintyandcomplexityB.misconceptionandfalsehood

C.logicalityandobjectivityD.systematicnessandregularity

55.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires.

A.strictinspectionB.sharedeffortsC.individualwisdomD.persistentinnovation

56.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat.

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallengesB.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustifiedD.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

57.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDiscoveryB.CollectiveInspectioninScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScienceD.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

SectionC

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Each

sentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.

WhatMakesaNobelLaureate?

ArethereanypredictorsthatpointtowhowillbeselectedasNobellaureates?

Isbrillianceinchildhoodapredictor?Whenthe2006chemistrylaureate,RogerKornberg,wasaskedwhathewanted

forChristmas,hesaid,CUAweekinthelab."58.MarioCapecchi(medicine,2007)wasanabandonedchildonthe

streetsofwartimeItaly.

59.FiveofEnricoFermi's(physics,1938)postdoctoralstudentswentontowintheNobelPrize.Otto

Warburg(medicine,1931)advisedanAmericandoctoralstudent,<6Ifyouwishtobecomeascientist,youmustaska

successfulscientisttoacceptyouinhislaboratory.^^

Expertsoftenrecommendthatpeoplespecializeinonefieldofworkorresearchtomaximizetheirchancesofsuccess.

60IfyoulookatthecareersofNobelPrizewinners,you911findthattheyareunusuallylikelytobe"'creative

polymaths.9,Thatis,theypurposelyintegrateformalandinformalexpertisefromwidelyvarieddisciplinestoyieldnewand

usefulideasandpractices.

Thereremainsonequalitythatisessential