初中英语语法结构

初中英语语法结构句句基本结构(5种)1)主语+谓语(S+V)2)主语+连系动词+表语(S+L+P)3)主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+0)4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语(S+V+O+C) 【句成分】包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语和插入语。即：(定语)主语(同位语)+(状语)谓语+(定语)宾语(同位语)+(宾补)(状语)(一)主语(Subject):一般位于句首，在therebe结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后，由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassar7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(二)谓语：谓语一般是动词、动词短语以及复合动词1)回顾动词分类：(引导学生自己总结)助动词情态动词实义动词系动词(be动词)2)谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。(三)表语(Predicative)说明主语性质、特征、状态与身份，位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican2.Isityours?3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.4.Thespeechisexciting5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词2)持续系动词表示继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand3)表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look4)感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,5)变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"结果是；证明是"(四)宾语(Object)表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink(that)heisfitforh宾语种类：宾语种类：(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.接不定式做宾语：ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等接动名词做宾语：admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mindpractise,suggest等既接不定式，也接动名词做宾语：mean,stop,try,remember,forget,regret等。(五)宾语补足语(ObjectComplement),用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell,let,help,teach,ask,see,haveorder,make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.4.Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisn(六)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语(Attribute)。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.(名词)5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)(七)修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句，说明动作或状态特征的句成分，叫做状语(Adverbial)。可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.9种状语种类如下：9种状语种类如下：2.Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.4.MrSmithlivesonthethird5.SheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcareShecameinwithadict6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheis9.Iamtallerthanheis.对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster(九)插入语(Parenthesis)对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe---)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon'tquiteagreewithyou.【总结】句成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句说的是什么人或什么名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组宾语表示动作