环境学智慧树知到期末考试答案章节答案2024年西安建筑科技大学

环境学智慧树知到期末考试答案+章节答案2024年西安建筑科技大学Atpresent,extinctionandbiodiversitylossareamajorconsequenceofhumandominationoftheearth.（）

答案:对Benthicistheorganismthatliveontheoceansurface.（）

答案:错Externalcostsarethecoststosocietyforwastedisposal,pollutionandhealthduetoenvironmentalproblems.（）

答案:对Pioneercommunityisthecollectionoforganismsthatcanbecomeestablishedandsurviveininhospitableplacessuchasbarerockorsand.（）

答案:对Environmentalscienceisaninterdisciplinaryareaofstudythatincludesbothappliedandtheoreticalaspectsofhumanimpactontheworld.（）

答案:对Trophicleveliseachstepintheflowofenergythroughanecosystem.（）

答案:对Habitatmanagementisthehabitatmodificationsmadetoenhancethesuccessofaspecies.（）

答案:对Herbivoreistheanimalthateatotheranimals.（）

答案:错Resourceisanythingthatcontributestomakingdesiredgoodsandservicesavailableforconsumption.（）

答案:对Negligibleriskistheriskatapointthereisreallynosignificanthealthorenvironmentalimpact.（）

答案:对Nitrogen-fixingbacteriaisveryimportantfornitrogencycles.（）

答案:对Environmentalresistanceisthecombinationoffactorsthatsetsthecarryingcapacityforanarea,suchastheavailabilityofrawmaterialsandenergy,theaccumulationofwasteproducts,andinteractionsamongorganisms.（）

答案:对Thecompetitiveexclusionprinciplemeansthatnotwospeciescanoccupythesameecologicalnicheinthesameplaceatthesametime.（）

答案:对Threatenedspeciesarethespeciesthatcouldbecomeextinctifacriticalfactorintheirenvironmentwerechanged.（）

答案:对Probabilityisamathematicstatementabouthowlikelyitisthatsomethingwillhappen.（）

答案:对Mutationsarechangesinthegeneticinformationofanorganism.（）

答案:对Biodiversityprotectionmeasurementsincludelegalprotectionandsustainablemanagementofwildanimals.（）

答案:对Limitingfactorisaparticularfactorasakeycomponentthatlimitsthesizeofapopulation.（）

答案:对Someimportantcharacteristicsofpopulationinclude___________.()

答案:sexratioandagedistribution,###natalityandmortality###genetics###densityandspatialdistribution.Speciationistheproductionofnewspeciesfrompreviouslyexistingspecies.（）

答案:对Thenutrientcyclesbetweenthelivingandnonlivingpartsofanecosystemarecalled______________.（）

答案:BiogeochemicalCyclesThreedifferentkindsofsymbioticrelationshipsinclude___________.()

答案:mutualism###parasitism###commensalismAcomplexsetofinteractionsbetweenanorganismanditssurroundingsisanorganism’s_______________().

答案:ecologicalnicheTheEcologymeansthestudyoftheways_____________interactwitheachotherandwiththeirsurroundings.()

答案:organismsBiodiversityisthediversityof_______________inaregion.()

答案:species###ecosystem###geneTherearethreetypesoforganisminteractions,namely___________.()

答案:competition###predation###symbioticrelationshipsEcologyisthestudyofthewaysorganismscompetewitheachotherandwiththeirnonlivingsurroundings.（）

答案:对Speciationistheproductionofnewfrompreviouslyexistingspecies_________.（）

答案:speciesEcosystemdirecteconomicvaluesdon’tinclude______________()

答案:Habitat/RefugesThemainproducersinecosystemsinclude______________.（）

答案:plantsandalgaeClimaxcommunityistherelative______________communitythattheresultofsuccession.()

答案:stableandlong-lastingThemaindecomposersinecosystemsinclude______________.（）

答案:bacteriaandfungusOneexampleofpredator-preyrelationshipincludescatandmouse,,andsoforth.__________.（）

答案:birdsandwormsSuccessionthatbeginswithbaremineralsurfacesorwaterandtotallackoforganismsiscalled____________.()

答案:primarySuccessionTwomainnon-biologicalfactorsdeterminingbiomesare____________.()

答案:temperatureandprecipitationCommunityisanassemblageofallinteracting_______________oforganismsinanarea.()

答案:speciesHabitatcanbestbedefinedas________________.()

答案:TheplaceanorganismlivesAcommunityisanassemblageofalltheinteractingpopulationsof_______________inanarea.（）

答案:differentspeciesoforganismsPopulationarealltheorganismsofthe__________kindwithinaspecificgeographicregion.（）

答案:sameThefollowingtermsthatarenotrelatedtotheecologyinclude______________________.（）

答案:resourceWildernesisanareaswith_______________humaninfluence.()

答案:minimalNatalityreferstothenumberofindividualsaddedtothepopulationthrough_______________overaspecifictimeperiod.()

答案:reproductionThemainactivitiesofpreservingbiodiversitydon’tinclude______________()

答案:huntingandfishingEvolutionarypatternsdon‘tinclude_______________().

答案:predationThedifferentspeciesusingthesameresource.Thisis________________.()

答案:interspecificcompetitionEcologycanbestbedefinedas().

答案:ThestudyofhoworganismsinteractwitheachotherandwiththeirenvironmentCommensalismistherelationshipbetweenorganismsinwhichoneorganismbenefitswhiletheotheris___________.()

答案:notaffectedTheIUCN(国际自然保护联盟)estimatesthatabout80to90percentofthreatenedspeciesareunderthreatbecauseof______________()

答案:habitatlossorfragmentationBenefitsofRecycling__________.（）

答案:conservesresourcesforourchildren'sfuture###createsjobs###stimulatesthedevelopmentofgreentechnologies###suppliesvaluablerawmaterialstoindustry###savesenergy###reducestheneedfornewlandfillsandincinerators(about30%oftheMSWisdisposedthroughrecycling)###preventsemissionsofmanygreenhousegasesandwaterpollutantsTheadvantagesofincinerationincludesthattheamountandvolumeoftheMSWcanbereducedsignificantly.Disadvantagesofincinerationincludereleasehundredsoftoxicchemicalsintotheatmosphere,disposaloftheash,andhighlyrelatedtotheeconomiccondition.（）

答案:对Solidwastemeansanygarbageorrefuse,sludgefromawastewatertreatmentplant,watersupplytreatmentplant,orairpollutioncontrolfacility,andotherdiscardedmaterial,includingsolid,semi-solidresultingfromindustrial,commercial,mining,andagriculturaloperations,andfromcommunityactivities.（）

答案:对Thesuitable(suchaskitchenvegetablescraps,paperandyardtrimmings)materialscanbeturnedintocompostin8to24weeks.（）

答案:对Methodsofwastedisposalinclude_________.（）

答案:allofaboveCompostinguses_________processestotransformorganicmaterialintocompost.（）

答案:biologicalSourcereduction,alsoknownaswastepreventionorpollutionprevention,istheeliminationorreductionofwastebeforeitiscreated.Itinvolvesthedesign,manufacture,purchaseoruseofmaterialsandproductstoreducetheamountortoxicityofwhatisthrownaway.（）

答案:对Amodernsanitarylandfillisaself-containedunitthatisseparatedfromthesoilbyimpermeablemembranesandsealedwhenfilled.Methanegasandgroundwaterarecontinuouslymonitoredtoensurethatwastesarenotescapingtotheairorthegroundwater.（）

答案:对_________hasbeenthecheapestmethodsofsolidwastedisposal.（）

答案:landfillSolidwasteinclude_________.（）

答案:allofaboveForwastedisposal,sourcereductionfirst,recyclingandcompostingsecond,anddisposalinlandfillsorwastecombustorslast.（）

答案:对Incinerationistheprocessofburningrefuseinacontrolledcondition.（）

答案:对Coarseparticlescanirritaterespiratorypassagesandaccumulatedeepinthelungs,andreducetheabilityofthelungstoexchangegases.（）

答案:错TheprimarypollutantsincludingCO,VOCs,PM,SO2,andNOxisverystableaftertheyaredischargedintotheopenair.（）

答案:错________layerinatmosphereistheplacewherewearelivingin?（）

答案:TropospherePhotochemicalsmog,isapollutantsmixtureincluding________________,________________,and_____________fromtheinteractionofnitrogendioxide,nitrogenmonoxide,andVOCswithsunlightinawarmenvironment.（）

答案:aldehydes###Ozone###peroxyacetylnitratesOver70%ofSulfurdioxidereleasedintotheatmosphereisfrom_________.（）

答案:PowerplantThestratospherecontainsallthewatervaporoftheatmosphere.（）

答案:错Thetemperaturedeclines________℃inaverageforeverykilometerabovethesurface.（）

答案:6Waterpollutionoccurswhensomethingenterswaterthatchangesthenaturalecosystemorinterfereswithwaterusebysegmentsofsociety.Ingeneral,waterpollutantscanbedividedintoseveralbroadcategories.Theyare__________.（）

答案:nutrients###toxicchemicals###disease-causingorganisms###dissolvedorganicmatters###physicalparticlesHumanactivitiescansignificantlyimpactevaporation,runoff,andinfiltration.Whenwaterisusedforcoolinginpowerplantsortoirrigatecrops,therateofevaporationisincreased.Accordingtothissituation,weshouldstopirrigationorusingindustrialcirculatingcoolingwaterinsocietytoreducetheinfluenceofhumanactivitiesonhydrologiccycle.（）

答案:错Muchofthewaterusedforirrigationislosttoevaporationandevapotranspirationorisremovedwiththecropwhenitisharvested.Therefore,muchofthewaterwithdrawnforirrigationisconsumed.（）

答案:对Watersuppliesaredistributedunevenlyaroundtheworld,withsomeareascontainingabundantwaterandothersamuchmorelimitedsupply.Inwaterbasinswithhighwaterdemandrelativetotheavailablerunoff,waterscarcityisagrowingproblem.Sowateravailabilitywillbeoneofthemajorchallengesfacinghumansocietyandthatlackofwaterwillbeoneofthekeyfactorslimitingdevelopment.（）

答案:对Alllivingorganismsarecomposedofcellsthatcontainatleast60percentwater.Furthermore,theirmetabolicactivitiestakeplaceinawatersolution.（）

答案:对Thegreatertheporosity,themorewatersoilcancontain.（）

答案:对Theoceans,whichcoverapproximately__________percentoftheearth’ssurface,containover__________percentofitswater.However,__________cannotbeconsumedbyhumansorusedformanyindustrialprocesses.（）

答案:7097saltwaterGlobalfreshwaterresourcesarenotthreatenedasagingpopulationsneedlesswaterfordrinking,hygiene,sanitation,foodproductionandindustry.（）

答案:错Municipalwaterpollutionconsistsofthreesources:__________,__________and__________.（）

答案:storm-waterrunoffindustrialwastewaterdomesticwastewater__________percentofwaterusedbyindustryisforcooling.Ifthewaterheatedintheindustrialprocessisdischargeddirectlyintoawatercourse,itsignificantlychangesthe__________.（）

答案:90watertemperatureAconfinedaquiferisboundedonboththetopandbottombylayersthatareimpervioustowaterandissaturatedwithwaterunderlower-than-atmosphericpressure.（）

答案:错Soilconservationpracticesinclude__________.（）

答案:contourfarming###windbreaks###terracing###conservationtillage###stripfarming###waterwaysRegularadditionsoforganicmatterimprovesoilstructure,enhancewater-andnutrient-holdingcapacity,protectsoilfromerosionandcompaction,andsupportahealthycommunityofsoilorganisms.Themethodsthatincreaseorganicmatterincludeusingnutrient,leavingcropresiduesinthefield,applyingmanureorcompost,usinglow-orno-tillagesystems,andmulching.（）

答案:对Onverysteepland,theonlypracticalmethodofpreventingsoilerosionistoconstructterraces.Terraceisakindofstripterraceorwavycross-sectionfieldbuiltalongthecontourlineonthehillyandhillsideland.（）

答案:对Someconservationpracticesincludecontourfarming,stripfarming,terracing.（）

答案:对Soilprofileisaseriesof__________layersofdifferentchemicalcomposition,physicalproperties,particlesize,andamountoforganicmatter.（）

答案:horizontalSoilerosionistheremovalandtransportationofsoilby__________.（）

答案:waterandwindSoilisanorganizedmixtureof__________.（）

答案:allofaboveThefactorstoexplainhowsoilsformedandtopredictwheredifferentsoilsmayoccurincludeparentmaterial,climate,topography,biologicalfactors,andtime.（）

答案:对Weatheringprocessisveryimportantforsoilformation.Twokindsofweatheringprocessinlcude__________.（）

答案:mechanicalweatheringandchemicalweatheringA“good”agriculturalsoilisabout45%mineral,25%air,25%water,and5%organicmatter.（）

答案:对Generally,soilerosioncandividedinto__________.（）

答案:winderosionandwatererosionMostplantsgrowwellinsoilswithapHbetween8and9.（）

答案:错Claysoilleadstoextremeleaching.Andwaterdrainsfromthiskindofsoilveryquickly.（）

答案:错Protectionofbiodiversitytypicallyinvolvestwokindsofactivities:legalprotectionandmanagementoftheuseofspeciesandecosystemsatsustainablelevels.（）

答案:对Extinctionisthedeathofspecies,theeliminationofalltheindividualsofaparticularkind.（）

答案:对Endangeredspeciesarethespeciesthathavesuchsmallnumbersthattheyareinimmediatejeopardyofbecoming__________.（）

答案:extinctDesertificationistheprocessofconvertingaridandsemiaridlandtodesertbecauseofimproperusebyhumans.（）

答案:对Thevaluesofbiodiversityinclude__________()

答案:directeconomicvalues###ethicalvalues###biologicalandecosystemservicevaluesTheprimarycausesofbiodiversitylossarehabitatlossbyhumansconvertingecosystemstoagricultureandgrazing,overoverexploitationbyharvestingspeciesatunsustainablelevels.（）

答案:对Biodiversityisthe__________ofgenes,species,andecosysteminaregion.（）

答案:diversityDeforestationmeansforest-protectionactivities.（）

答案:错Exponentialgrowthphaseisthestageonatypicalpopulationgrowthcurvewhentheoffspringofaspeciesbegintomateandhaveyoungwhiletheparentsmaybeproducingasecondsetofoffspring,whichresultsinapopulationincreaseata(an)_______________rate.()

答案:acceleratingK-strategistsareorganismsthattypicallyreachastablepopulationasthepopulationreachesthecarryingcapacity.（）

答案:对Agedistributionisthenumberofindividualsofeachageinthepopulationwhichinfluencesgreatlytherateofpopulationgrowth.（）

答案:对Totalfertilityrateisthenumberofchildrenbornperwomaninherlifetime.（）

答案:对r-strategistsareorganismsthattypicallyexploitsunstableenvironments.（）

答案:对Apopulationcanbedefinedasagroupofindividualsofthe____________speciesinhabitinganarea.()

答案:same____________isthenumberofindividualsofaspeciesthatcanbemaintainedinanarea,overtime,withoutharmingthehabitat.()

答案:CarryingcapacityPopulationdensityisthetotalofpeopleinacountry,whichdoesnotrelatethesizeofthepopulationtotheresourcesavailable.()

答案:错Commensalismistherelationshipbetweenorganismsinwhichoneorganismbenefitswhiletheotheris___________.（）

答案:notaffectedClimaxcommunityistherelative________________communitythattheresultofsuccession.（）

答案:stableandlong-lastingAnecosystemapproachisimportanttodealingwithenvironmentalproblems.（）

答案:对Successionistheconceptthatcommunitiesproceedthroughaseriesofrecognizable,predictablechangesinstructureovertime.（）

答案:对Nicheisthefunctionalroleanorganismhasinitssurroundings(itsprofession).（）

答案:对Naturalselectionistheprocessthatdetermineswhichindividualswithinaspecieswill______________________thenextgeneration.（）

答案:reproduceandpasstheirgenestoAcommunityistheabioticportionofanecosystemthatisasettingofinteractingpopulationsoforganisms.（）

答案:错Keystonespeciesarethespeciesthathaveacriticalroletoplayinthemaintenanceofspecificecosystems.（）

答案:对Riskassessmentistheuseof________________toestimatetheprobabilityofharmtohumanh