卓越研究生英语（人文篇）综合教程1 教案汇 B1U1-Minds-woven-in-ords-B1U3-Gems-of-the-earth

卓越研究生英语（人文篇）1卓越研究生英语（人文篇）1Unit1Mindswoveninwords教师用书11Unit1MindswoveninwordsUnitoverviewSettingSetting（核心议题）。ExploringExploring（ReadingA&Viewing论和心语假说这两种对语言和思维关系的不同学术见解。ReadingA阅读认知科学家的语言思维实验，了解语言是如何决定思维的。ReadingB阅读讨论汉语特点和中ProducingProducing国际应用语言学联合会正在组织青年论坛，邀请各国的年轻学者讨论语言对人类社会的影响。你将作为中国代表参加此次论坛，介绍汉语的独特性，向各国参会者展示汉语如何影响人类思维和社会发展。EvaluatingEvaluating学科知识目标：（Viewing）（ReadingA）、汉语及汉语思维特点（ReadingB）（Academiclisteningreadingskill）、展示汉语魅力的学术演讲（Academicspeakingskill）PAGEPAGE10LeadinginInfluencesexertedonindividuals:EnrichingworldviewandperspectiveShapingthoughtpatternsFacilitatingexpressionProvidingaccesstoknowledgeWinningcareeropportunitiesInfluencesexertedonsociety:PreservingcultureandheritagePromotinginternationaltradeCommunicatingculturalvaluesandcustomsAffectingpowerdynamicswithinsocietyFunctioninginvariousformsofmediaViewingPre-viewingNo,IhavenotnoticedwhatlanguageIamthinkingin.TherearetimeswhenIamawarethatIhaveaclearanddefiniteidea,butwhenitcomestoputtingitinlanguage,nomatterwhetherinmymothertongueormysecondlanguage,Ioftenfindthatlanguagefailstoputacrossfaithfullytheideathathasoccurredtome.Thelanguageinwhichpeoplethinkcanvary.Someindividualsmaypredominantlythinkintheirnativelanguageorthelanguagetheyusemostfrequently.Otherswhoarebilingualormultilingualmightswitchbetweenlanguagesdependingonthecontextorthelanguagetheyarerecentlyusing.It’simportanttonotethatthinkingisnotalwaysdependentonlanguagealone.Non-linguisticthoughts,suchasvisualimageryorabstractconcepts,canalsooccurwithouttheneedforspecificlinguisticrepresentation.Thenatureofthoughtanditsrelationshipwithlanguageisafascinatingtopicstudiedbypsychologists,linguists,andcognitivescientists.Itcontinuestobeanareaofongoingresearchandexploration,delvingintothecomplexinterplaybetweenlanguage,cognition,andperception.Script:Canwethinkcomplexthoughtswithoutlanguage?IfyoucanhearwhatI’msayingandunderstandme,youcanprobablyspeakEnglish.alsoverylikelythatyouthinkinEnglishaswell,right?mightbesayingtoyourself:Whenisthisguygoingtogettothepoint?ButifItookallofthosewordsoutoftheEnglishlanguage,wouldyoustillbeabletothinkthatthought?Ifyouknowfewerwords,canyouthinkfewerthoughts?Moreimportantly,canyouthinkcomplexthoughts?Accordingtothetheoryoflinguisticdeterminism,theanswerwouldbeno.Iflinguisticdeterminismholdstrue,reasonabletothinkthattheDanipeople,whohaveonlytwowordsfordescribingmiliandmola,whichmeandarkcolorsandlightcolorsrespectively,willnotbeabletomakedetaileddistinctionsbetweencolorslikewedo.Theyshouldonlybeabletodistinguishthemasdarkorlight.studiesshowthattheDanipeoplecanmakedistinctionsbetweendifferentcolorsjustfine,despitenothavingtermsforthem.Iftheycanmakethedistinctions,whydotheynothavedifferentwordsforthem?Itseemsthatthere’sacomplexandinterdependentrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture.Letmeputforthasimplifiedthoughtexperimentthatmayhelpclarifyourdilemma.Considertwohypotheticalcultures:CultureAandCultureB.Cultureflagismadeupofvariousshadesofgreenandtheyliveinaforest.CultureB’sflagismadeupofvariousshadesofblueandtheyliveneartheocean.Now,supposeIshowbothculturesalightergreenandadarkergreen.CultureAisfarmorelikelytomakeadistinctionbetweenthetwocolorsbecause,livinginaforestandseeingalotofgreen,theyvaluemakingthatdistinctionintheirlanguageandneedtomakethatdistinctiontocommunicatewithoneanother.Ontheotherhand,whenCultureBisaskedwhatcolorstheysee,theymayjustrefertotheminthesingular,green.Theydon’tvaluemakingthatdistinctionbecausetheydon’tneedto.Alanguagemaylackwordsforcolors,butitdoesn’tmeanitsspeakerscannotexperiencethatphenomenonorcreateanewwordforit.It’smorelikelyareflectionoftheirculture;theydon’tnecessarilyseetheworlddifferently,buttheyvaluedifferentthings.Stevenapsychologistandlinguist,putsforththeconceptof“mentalese”:aninnate“languageofthought.”Hestatesthat,“knowingalanguageisknowinghowtotranslatementaleseintostringsofwords,andviceversa.”Accordingtohim,youandIarenotthinkinginEnglish.Rather,wearethinkinginthe“languageofthought”andtranslatingthatintoourrespectivelanguagessothatwecancommunicatewithothers.Ingeneral,thoughtcomesfirstandlanguagecomesInsomesense,wecanlookatonelanguageandseeareflectionofthevaluesandthoughtsthatpeopleinthatculture“share”basedonthewordsthattheyhavechosentocreate.Analyticalviewing1thinkcomplexthoughtwithoutlanguageLinguisticdeterminismcomplexandinterdependentlanguage,thought,andcultureMentaleseLanguageisareflectionofvaluesandthoughts/ThoughtcomesfirstandlanguagecomesafterExercisesonline2Checkthecorrectinterpretationsofthegivenacademicconcepts.YoucanrefertotheAcademiclisteningskill.linguisticdeterminismThenotionthatlanguagedeterminesthought.Theconceptthatlanguagedeterminespersonality.C Thebeliefthatlanguageisdeterminedbythought.D Theassumptionthatwecannotthinkcomplexthoughtwithoutlanguage.mentaleseThelanguageofmind.Thecharacteristicsofmind.Thetheorythatsuggeststhoughthasaninnatelanguage.Thetheoryofmindthatadvocatesthoughtshapeslanguage.A,DA,CA,DA,C12Answerthefollowingquestions.1 WhatevidencefromtheDanipeople’slanguageandculturechallengesthetheoryoflinguisticdeterminismanddemonstratesthecomplexrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture?AccordingAccordingtoStevenPinker’sconceptof“mentalese,”howdoeslanguagefunctionasatranslationtoolforourinnate“languageofthought”?Howdoesthisperspectivecontributetotheunderstandingthatlanguagedoesnotsolelydetermineourabilitytothinkcomplexthoughts?ReferenceanswerThefactthattheDanipeoplecanmakedistinctionsbetweendifferentcolors,evenwithonlytwowordsfordescribingcolor(miliandmola),challengesthenotionthatlanguagedeterminesourabilitytoperceiveanddifferentiatecolors.Itsuggeststhatalthoughtheirlanguagelacksspecifictermsforvariouscolors,theycanstillexperienceanddiscerndifferentshades.Thishighlightstheinterdependentrelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture,whereculturalvaluesandenvironmentalfactorsinfluencelanguagedevelopmentandusage.Pinkersuggeststhatthereisanunderlyinguniversalcognitivesystem,independentofanyparticularlanguage,whichformsthebasisofhumanthinking.Pinkersuggeststhatthereisanunderlyinguniversalcognitivesystem,independentofanyparticularlanguage,whichformsthebasisofhumanthinking.Languageactsasameanstoexpressandcommunicatethesethoughtswithothers.Fromthisperspective,languagedoesnotsolelydetermineourabilitytothinkcomplexthoughts.Rather,itservesasamediumthroughwhichwetranslateourinternalthoughtsintocommunicablelanguage,allowingustoexpressandshareourcognitiveprocesseswithothers.Thisperspectiveemphasizestheroleoflanguageasatoolforcommunicationratherthanadeterminantofthoughtitself.Languagefocus(online)WordsandphrasesCompletethesentenceswiththecorrectformofthewordsorphrases.linguistic hypothetical psychologist viceversa interdependent phenomenon1The analyzedthesyntaxandgrammarofthelanguagetobetterunderstanditsstructure. regardingcognitivedevelopment. regardingcognitivedevelopment.3Inbilingualindividuals,Inbilingualindividuals,the oflanguageandthinkingishighlightedThestudyoflanguageand isaninvaluabletoolinunderstandinghowlanguageaffectsourthoughtsandbehaviors.Theemergenceofnewlanguagetrendsandshiftsincommunicationpatternsare thatreflectthedynamicnatureoflinguisticevolution.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandcognitionisatwo-waystreet;howweprocessthoughtscanshapelinguisticstructures,and .Answerlinguist(s)hypothesisinterdependencepsychologyphenomenaviceversaReadingAPre-readingIagreewithPinker,becausesomesimplethoughtscertainlycanexistwithoutlanguage.StevenPinker’sconceptof“mentalese”suggeststhatlanguageandthoughtareseparateentities,andthatthoughtcanexistindependentlyoflanguage.Accordingtothisview,languageisseenasamediumforcommunicationratherthanaprerequisiteforthoughtitself.IdisagreewithPinker,becausecomplexthoughtscanhardlydevelopwithoutthefullmasteryofalanguage.That’swhywehavenevercomeacrossagreatthinkerwhoisilliterate.TheSapir-Whorfhypothesisproposesthatlanguagedoesshapethewaywethinkandperceivetheworld.Itsuggeststhatthestructureandvocabularyofalanguageinfluencehowspeakersconceptualizeandinterpretreality.Whilethereisongoingdebateamongcognitivescientistsandlinguistsregardingtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought,evidencesuggeststhatlanguagecanindeedhaveanimpactoncognition.Researchinlinguisticrelativityhashighlightedexampleswheredifferentlanguagesstructureandemphasizecertainconceptsdifferently,influencingthoughtpatternsandculturalperspectives.It’simportanttonotethattheextenttowhichlanguageshapesthoughtmayvarydependingonvariousfactorssuchasindividualexperiences,culturalcontexts,andthespecificcognitiveprocessunderconsideration.LanguagepointsThequestiontouchesonamajorcontroversyinthestudyofmind,engagingscoresofphilosophers,anthropologists,linguists,andpsychologists.(Para.1)Meaning:Thequestionconcernsanimportantdebateinthestudyofmind.Itattractstheattentionofphilosophers,anthropologists,linguists,andpsychologists.touchontorefertoordiscussbriefly涉及Inhisspeechhewasonlyabletotouchonafewaspectsoftheproblem.engage:vt.(fml.)tosucceedinattractingandkeepingattentionandinterest吸引住（注意力、兴趣）Itisamoviethatengagesboththemindandtheeye.Datahavebeencollectedaroundtheworldsothatwehaveactualscientificevidencetoweighinonthisquestion.(Para.1)Meaning:havegatheredinformationfromallovertheworld.Throughitwehaveacquiredsoundandsolidevidencetogiveouropinionsonthisissue.weighinon:togiveopinionorviewpointonaparticularsubjectorissue参与讨论；（对…）发表意见ThePresident’spoliticaladvisersalsoweighedinontheplan.Simplyput,speakersoflanguageslikeKuukThaayorrearemuchbetterthanEnglishspeakersatstayingorientedandkeepingtrackofwheretheyare,eveninunfamiliarlandscapesorinsideunfamiliarbuildings.(Para.3)Meaning:Insimpleterms,speakersoflanguageslikeKuukThaayorrearereallygoodatmaintainingdirectionsandspatialawarenesseveninnewplaces.TheyarebetteratthisthanEnglishspeakers.oriented:a.beingawareofsb.’sdirectionalposition,esp.concerningthecardinaldirections有方向感的Shewasalwayswell-oriented,neverlosinghersenseofdirectioneveninunfamiliarsurroundings.keeptrackof:tohaveinformationaboutwhatishappeningorwheresb./sth.is了解…的动态Asadoctor,Mr.Blackneedstokeeptrackofthelatestdevelopmentinthefieldofmedicine.testthisidea,peopleweregivensetsofpicturesthatshowedsomekindoftemporalprogression(e.g.picturesofamanaging,acrocodilegrowing,orabananabeingeaten).Theirjobwastoarrangetheshuffledphotosonthegroundtoshowthecorrecttemporal(Para.4)Meaning:Toexaminetheconcept,participantsweregivensetsofimages.Eachsetillustratesachronologicalsequence,suchastheagingprocessofaman,thegrowthofacrocodile,ortheconsumptionofabanana.Theirtaskwastoarrangethesemixed-upimagesonthefloorinthecorrectorderoftime.temporalprogression:thesequentialadvancementordevelopmentofeventsorphenomenaovertime时间发展顺序Thestudyanalyzedthetemporalprogressionofsocietalnormsthroughanexaminationofhistoricaltextsandculturalartifacts.shuffle:vt.tomovepaperorthingsintodifferentpositionsoradifferentorder把（纸张等）变换位置，打乱次序Afterreviewingtheinitialdraft,theeditorsuggestedthattheparagraphsneededtobeshuffledtoimprovetheflowofthewriting.Beyondabstractorcomplexdomainsofthoughtlikespaceandtime,languagesalsomeddleinbasicaspectsofvisualperception–ourabilitytodistinguishcolors,forexample.(Para.6)Meaning:Languagesaffectsuchabstractorintricateareasofthoughtasspaceandtime.Besides,theyalsoinfluencebasicskillslikeidentifyingcolors.meddlein:tobecomeinvolvedinsththatdoesnotconcernyou管闲事；干涉；干预It’snotagoodideatomeddleinotherpeople’spersonalmatterswithouttheirconsent.Differentlanguagesdivideupthecolorcontinuumdifferently:Somemakemanymoredistinctionsbetweencolorsthanothers,andtheboundariesoftendon’tlineupacrosslanguages.(Para.6)Meaning:Variouslanguagescategorizecolorsdifferentlyalongaspectrum.Somelanguageshavemorecolordistinctionsthanothers.Thesedistinctionsmaynotalignconsistentlyacrossdifferentlanguages.colorcontinuum:theentirerangeofcolors,oftendepictedinalinearorcircularformattorepresenttheirrelationshipandtransitionsfromonehuetoanother色谱Artistsoftenexplorethesubtleshiftswithinthecolorcontinuumtocreatecaptivatingandharmoniouspalettesintheirpaintings.lineuptobeinthecorrectpositioninrelationtosth.else对齐；一致Thebooksontheshelfdonotlineupneatlybecauseoftheirdifferentsizes.Evenwhatmightbedeemedfrivolousaspectsoflanguage,orflukesofgrammar,canhavefar-reachingsubconsciouseffectsonhowweseetheworld.(Para.8)Meaning:Someelementsoflanguagemayseeminsignificantoraccidental.Buttheycandeeplyinfluenceoursubconsciousperceptionsoftheworld.deem:vt.tohaveaparticularopinionaboutsth.认为；视为；相信Thenewpolicywasdeemedbythemanagementteamagreatsuccessinimprovingworkplaceproductivity.fluke:n.[C](infml.)sth.luckyorunusualthathappensbyaccident,notbecauseofplanningorskill偶然；侥幸；意外Thediscoveryoftheoldfamilyrecipebookintheatticwasasheerfluke.A

语言如何塑造思维方式7,000种语言，它们之间的差异数不胜数。这就引出了一个问题：我们所说的语言是否塑造了我们的思维方式？人们一直在思考这个古老的问题。据说查理大帝曾说过，会说另一种语言就等于拥有了第二个灵魂。这是语言决定现实的有力论断。但另一方面，莎士比亚借朱丽叶之口说：“姓名本来是没有意义的；我们叫作玫瑰的这种花，要是换了个名字，它的香味还是同样芬芳。”。这表明，语言并不能塑造现实。这个问题触及了思维研究中的一个重大争议，吸引了许多哲学家、人类学家、语言学家和心理学家。然而，尽管人们一直在关注和争论这个问题，就此展开的实证研究却少之又少，直到最近，斯坦福大学和麻省理工学院（MIT）实验室的研究才帮助人们重新审视这个问题。我们收集了世界各地的数据，借助切实的科学证据来参与对这个问题的讨论。澳大利亚北部约克角西海岸上有一个名为波姆普罗的小型原住民社区，居住在这里的库塔人谈论空间的方式很独特。库塔人和许多其他原住民群体一样，不使用英语中常用的“前、后、左、右”等词来描述观察者自己所处的空间，而是使用“东、西、南、北”等基本方向词。在大大小小的情况中都是如此。例如，他们会说“你的东南腿上有只蚂蚁”或“把杯子往西北偏北一点”。使用这种语言的显而易见的结果是，库塔人始终保持方向感，否则就无法正常交谈。库塔人的常用问候语是“你去哪儿？”回答大致是“东南偏南，中等距离。”如果不知道自己面朝哪个方向，你连招呼都打不了。结果是，使用以绝对参照系为主的语言（如库塔语）的人与使用相对参照系的语言（如英语）的人在导航能力和空间认知方面存在巨大差异。简而言之，说库塔语等语言的人比说英语的人更善于保持方向感，更明确知道自己所处的位置，甚至在陌生的地形或陌生的建筑物内也是如此。让他们具备这种能力的正是他们的语言。通过这种注意力训练，他们完成了一次次曾被认为超出人类能力的导航壮举。由于空间只是思维的一个基本领域，人们对空间的思维差异还不止于此。人们依赖空间认知建立其他更为复杂和抽象的表征。那么，如果库塔人对空间的思考方式与众不同，对时间等其他事物的思考方式是否也与众不同呢？为了验证这一想法，我们给受试者们分发了几组显示某种时间顺序的图片（例如，显示一组人类衰老、鳄鱼成长或香蕉被吃掉的图片），他们的任务是把地上打乱次序的照片按时间顺序排好。每个人分两次接受测试，每次都朝向不同的方位。如果让使用英语的受试者摆放，他们会把卡片从左到右按时间顺序排列。而使用希伯来语的受试者则倾向于从右到左排列卡片，这说明语言的书写方向起着一定的作用。那像库塔人这样不使用“左”和“右”的人呢？他们会怎么做？库塔人从左到右排列卡片的次数并不比从右到左的次数多，朝向身体摆放的次数也不比远离身体的次数多。但他们的排列并不是随意的：排列有其规律，只是不同于使用英语的受试者。他们不是从左到右排列时间顺序，而是从东到西排列。也就是说，面南而坐时，卡片从左到右排列。面朝北方时，卡片从右到左排列。面朝东方时，卡片则朝向身体，以此类推。即使没有告诉受试者朝向哪个方向，情况也是如此。库塔人不仅早就知道自己的朝向，而且还自发地利用空间方位来构建时间表征。除了空间和时间等抽象或复杂的思维领域外，语言还干预视觉感知的基本方面——例如我们分辨颜色的能力。不同的语言对色谱的划分各不相同：有些语言对颜色的区分比其他语言要多得多，而且不同语言对颜色的区分往往并不一致。为了检验色彩语言的差异是否会导致色彩感知的差异，我们比较了俄语和英语使用者辨别蓝色深浅的能力。在俄语中，没有一个词能涵盖所有被英（голубой，发音为goluboy）和深蓝色（синийsiniy）。这种区分是否意味着，对于讲俄语的人来说，深蓝与浅蓝的区别会更明显？实际上，数据显示确实如此。相较于对两种蓝色不做区分的情况，俄语使用者能够更快地区分深蓝和浅蓝，这两种蓝色在俄语中有不同的名称（siniy和goluboy）。即使是看上去无关紧要的语言现象或语法上的偶然现象，也会潜移默化地深刻影响着人们看待世界的方式。以语法性别为例，在西班牙语和其他罗曼语中，名词要么是阳性，要么是阴性。这意味着说话者需要根据名词的性别来改变代词、形容词、动词词尾、所有格和数词等。例如，在描述“钥匙”（在德语中是阳性词，在西班牙语中是阴性词）时，德语使用者更倾向于使用“坚硬”“沉重”“锯齿状”“金属”“锯齿状”和“有用”等词，而西班牙语使用者则更倾向于使用“金色”“精巧”“小”“可爱”“闪亮”和“小巧”等词。总之，这些研究结果表明，语言加工在大多数基本思维领域中无处不在，以多种不同的方式潜移默化地塑造着我们。语言是人类独有的天赋，是我们作为人类的核心体验。认识到语言在构建精神生活中的作用，就离理解人类的本质更近了一步。Analyticalreading1spacetemporalprogression(arrange)fromeasttowestarecalledbydifferentnamesvisualperceptiongrammaticalgenderadjectivesassociatedwithfemalequalitiesLinguisticprocessesarepervasiveinmostfundamentaldomainsofthoughtandconstructourmentallivesExercisesonline2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.Differencesinlinguisticcategorizationsofcolorscanleadtovariationsincolorperceptionbetweendifferentlanguagespeakers.Linguisticprocesseshavenoimpactonourunderstandingofgrammar-relatedconcepts.Speakersoflanguagesrelyingprimarilyonabsolutereferenceframes,likeKuukThaayorre,havebetternavigationalabilityandspatialknowledgethanthoserelyingonrelativereferenceframes,likeEnglish.Hebrewspeakersarrangepicturesshowingtemporalprogressionfromrighttoleftduetothewritingdirectionintheirlanguage.TheKuukThaayorrearrangepicturesshowingtemporalprogressionfromwesttoeast,basedontheirspatialorientation,regardlessofthedirectiontheyarefacing.AnswerTFTTF3Answerthefollowingquestions.Inwhatwaydoeslanguageinfluenceourperceptionandrepresentationoftime?ProvideexamplesfromoroutsidethetexttosupportyourTheauthorhasdiscussedhowlanguagesshapethewaywethinkaboutspace,time,color,andobjects.Whichpartofdiscussionimpressesyoumost?Why?Accordingtotheauthor,“Beyondabstractorcomplexdomainsofthoughtlikespaceandtime,languagesalsomeddleinbasicaspectsofvisualperception.”(para.6)Inwhatotherdomainsoraspectsdoyouthinklanguageshapesourthinking? ReferenceanswerLanguageinfluencesourperceptionandrepresentationoftimebyshapinghowwearrangetemporalprogressionandconceptualizethesequencingofevents.Inthetext,anexampleisgivenofEnglishspeakersarrangingpicturesinaleft-to-rightprogressiontodepictthetemporalHebrewspeakers,ontheotherhand,tendtoarrangepicturesfromrighttoleftduetothewritingdirectionintheirlanguage.TheKuukThaayorrepeople,whousecardinaldirectionsinsteadofrelativereferenceframes,arrangethepicturesalwaysfromeasttowestinspiteoffacingdifferentdirections.Theseexamplesdemonstratehowlanguagecaninfluencethespatialorientationanddirectionalityinwhichweperceiveandrepresenttheflowoftime. Foranotherinstance,ChinesePutonghuaspeakershaveaverticalmetaphorfortime(e.g.,thenextmonthisthe“downmonth”(下个月)andthelastmonthisthe“upmonth”(上个月).PutonghuaspeakerstalkabouttimeverticallymoreoftenthanEnglishspeakersdo,andtheytendtothinkabouttimeverticallymoreoftenthanEnglishspeakersdo.ThishasbeenprovedbyanexperimentdonebyacognitivescientistatUniversityofCalifornia,LeraBoroditsky,whereshestandsnexttoaparticipantoftheexperimentandpointstoaspotinspacedirectlyinfrontofhim/her,andaskswherehe/shewouldputtomorrowifthespothereistoday.WhenEnglishspeakersareaskedtodothis,theynearlyalwayspointhorizontally.ButPutonghuaspeakersoftenpointvertically,aboutsevenoreighttimesmoreoftenthanEnglishspeakers.WhatimpressesmemostishowtheKuukThaayorre’slanguageandrelianceoncardinaldirectionsforspatialorientationaffecttheirnavigationalabilityandspatialknowledge.Theiruniquelinguisticsystemenablesthemtostayorientedallthetime,eveninunfamiliarlandscapes.Thishighlightstheprofoundinfluenceoflanguageoncognitionandchallengestheassumptionthatcertaincognitiveabilitiesareuniversallyfixed.Itshowstheintricaterelationshipbetweenlanguage,thought,andculture,emphasizingtheroleoflanguageinshapingourperceptionofspaceandnavigationskills.Accordingtotheauthor,languageshapesourthinkinginvariousdomainsoraspectsbeyondabstractorcomplexthought.Forinstance,differentlanguagesdivideupthecolorcontinuumdifferently,leadingtovariationsincolorperceptionanddiscrimination.GrammaticalgenderinlanguageslikeSpanishandGermanalsoinfluenceshowspeakersdescribeobjects,withdifferentassociationsandcharacteristicsattributedbasedonthegenderednatureofnouns.languagelikelyplaysaroleinshapingourthinkingaboutconceptslikesocialrelationships,emotions,andculturalpractices.Theseexampleshighlighthowlanguagehaspervasiveeffectsondiverseaspectsofourthinkingandperception.ThinkingbeyondIagreewithWilliamLabov’sviewpointontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languageandsocietyareindeedintertwined,andlanguagebothreflectsandshapessocialrealities.Here’sapositiveexplanationofLabov’sviewpoint:Languagereflectssocialrealities:Languageisnotadetachedsystembutratherisdeeplyinfluencedbysocialfactors.Thewaypeoplespeak,thewordstheyuse,andtheirlinguisticvariationsareoftentiedtotheirsocialidentities,suchastheirsocialclass,ethnicity,andgender.Byanalyzinglanguagepatterns,wecangaininsightsintothesocialstructures,culturalpractices,andpowerdynamicswithinasociety.Languageshapessocialrealities:Languageisapowerfultoolthatshapessocialinteractions,behaviors,andculturalnorms.Theuseoflanguagecanreinforceorchallengesocialhierarchies,expresspolitenessorsolidarity,andconveyculturalvalues.Throughlinguisticchoices,individualsactivelyparticipateinconstructingandnegotiatingtheirsocialrealities,influencinghowtheyareperceivedandtreatedbyothers.Languagechangeswithsocialchanges:Languageisnotstaticbutevolvesalongsidesocietalchanges.Languagevariationsandinnovationsoftenemergeasaresponsetosocialshifts,culturalinfluences,andcontactwithotherlanguages.Languagechangecanalsocontributetosocialchangebychallengingexistingsocialnormsorreflectingevolvingsocialattitudes.Thisdynamicrelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietyensuresthatlanguageremainsalivingandrelevantaspectofhumanculture.Onthewhole,Iagreewithhim,butstillhavesomereservations:Labov’sperspectiveoversimplifiesthecomplexinteractionsbetweenlanguageandsociety.Languageisjustoneaspectofhumanbehaviorandsocialdynamics,anditisinfluencedbyamultitudeoffactorsbeyondsocialstructuresalone.Otherfactors,suchasindividualcognition,psychology,andculturalinfluences,alsoplayasignificantroleinshapinglanguageuseanddevelopment.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandsocietymaybemoreunidirectional.Languageprimarilyreflectsandisdeterminedbysocialrealities,ratherthanactivelyshapingthem.Languageisseenasaproductofsocialfactors,ratherthananindependentforcethatshapesbehaviorsandsocialinteractions.Languagevariationandchangeareinfluencedbyavarietyoffactorsbeyondsocialstructures,includinghistorical,geographic,andlinguisticfactors.Thesefactorscaninteractincomplexways,makingitdifficulttoattributelanguagevariationsolelytosocialfactors.Therefore,itmaybeoverlysimplistictoassumethatlanguagereflectsandshapessocialrealitiesexclusively.Labov’sviewpointmaynotadequatelyaccountforindividualagencyandcreativityinlanguageuse.Whilesocialfactorscertainlyinfluencelanguage,individualsalsohavethecapacitytoinnovate,createnewlinguisticforms,andchallengeexistingsocialnormsthroughlanguage.Thisindividualagencycancontributetolanguagechangeandshapesocialdynamicsinwaysthatmaynotalignneatlywithsocialstructures.Languagefocus(online)Bankedclozearray subconscious orientation discriminate intricateperception possessive proceed feat flukerandom continuum controversy domain resideanguageandmindareintricatelyconnected,operatingwithinthearray subconscious orientation discriminate intricateperception possessive proceed feat flukerandom continuum controversy domain resideanguageandmindareintricatelyconnected,operatingwithinthe1) ofumancognition.Language,oneoftheremarkable2) ofhumanLhingenuity,enablesustocommunicate,expressthoughts,andexploretheworldofideas.Itisanessentialtoolforourcognitiveprocesses,shapingourviewandunderstandingoftheworld. towardlanguage,capableofcomprehendingandproducingcomplexLanguageisnota(n)3) assemblageofwords;itisorganizedandstructured,allowingustoconveymeaning towardlanguage,capableofcomprehendingandproducingcomplexlinguisticstructures.Throughlanguage,welinguisticstructures.Throughlanguage,wecan5) betweenvariousconcepts,categorizeinformation,andmakesenseoftheconcepts,categorizeinformation,andmakesenseofthevast6) ofThe7) surroundinglanguageandmindcentersontheextenttowhichlanguageshapesourthoughtsandviceversa.Somearguethatlanguagedeterminesourcognitiveprocesses,influencinghowwe8) andinterprettheworld.Otherscontendthatlanguageisareflectionofourthoughts,merelyameansofexternalizingourmentalstates.eachotherineachotherina(n)9) complexrelationship.Ourcognitiveprocessesshapethewayweuselanguage,whileshapethewayweuselanguage,whilelanguage10) toshapeandAnswerdomainfeatsrandomorienteddiscriminatearraycontroversyperceiveintricatelyproceedsTranslatethesentencesintoEnglishusinginfinitives.Model:Charlemagneisreputedtohavesaidthattospeakanotherlanguageistopossessasecondsoul.学习一门新语言，便打开了通往不同文化和思维方式的大门。参与有意义的对话，意味着要交换思想并拓宽思维。教授语言技能，是为了赋予个人以表达思想、与不同人群沟通的能力。翻译文学作品，就是要弥合文化差异，保留思想的丰富性。创意写作旨在探索心灵深处，表达独特观点。Referenceanswerlearnanewlanguageistoopenagatewaytodifferentculturesandwaysofthinking.engageinmeaningfulconversationsistoexchangeideasandbroadenthemind.3.teachlanguageskillsistoempowerindividualstoexpressthoughtsandconnectwithdiversecommunities.translateliteratureistobridgegapsbetweenculturesandpreservetherichnessofthought.writecreativelyistoexplorethedepthsofthemindandexpressuniqueperspectives.ReadingBPre-readingHerearesomemajorcharacteristicsoftheChineselanguageandtheirimplications:LogographicWritingSystem:Chinesecharacters,orHanzi,formalogographicsystemwher