2024放射性物质危险量的确定

放射性物质危险量的确定II目次前言 II112语定义 13射景照途径 24虑健效应 35射物的性 46议的D值 57D值应用 14附录射物的性 15附录D的算法 18参考献 19PAGEPAGE10放射性物质危险量的确定范围本文件规定了在开展核与辐射应急准备的危害评价和应急准备分类时放射性物质危险量（D值）的确定。本文件适用于核与辐射应急准备期间开展危害评价和应急准备分类时，放射性物质危险基本量的确定。本文件没有规范性文件。下列术语和定义适用于本文件。3.1D值D-value放射性物质的数量，如果不加控制，可能导致受照射个人死亡或产生降低其生活质量的永久性伤害。3.2确定性效应deterministiceffect通常情况下存在剂量阈值的一种辐射效应，受到的剂量超过阈值时，剂量愈高则效应的严重程度愈大。（）“3.3照射途径exposurepathway辐射或放射性核素到达人体并引起照射的途径。DD1D2DD1D2D（RDD））表1确定D值时考虑的照射情景和照射途径器官或组织D1值非弥散物质D2值弥散物质口袋（I）房间（II）吸入（III）食入（IV）污染a（V）浸没（VI）红骨髓••••结肠••••肺区••••皮肤区••软组织•甲状腺••••眼晶体••生殖腺••a皮肤污染。D1（I）（II）D2（III）RDD），食入情景（IV）：（V）（VI）：DD红骨髓和结肠。红骨髓（造血系统）或结肠（胃肠道）肺区。对大多数放射性核素来说，吸入后肺部的照射是关键的，但这可能取决于吸入物质的物（（。皮肤区。对于皮肤受照的确定性效应，其临床表现始于红斑，根据剂量的不同，可随后出现脱超过100软组织。手或口袋携带无屏蔽源的外照射可导致局部坏死（组织死亡）。这是涉及失控（被盗-1000.50.10.2甲状腺。甲状腺受照后产生确定性健康效应的例子包括急性放射性甲状腺炎（眼睛晶状体。眼球晶状体对辐射特别敏感，随后晶状体内会产生混浊或白内障。白内障已被确胚胎和胎儿。胎儿受照的非致死确定性效应包括畸形和智力发育损害超过本底发生率。大多数100200mGy8-25100mGy或更高可能导致智力（IQ）的可证实的下降。孕妇胎儿发育的最敏感时期中发生辐射应急可能是非常罕D110D（LT，如α（LET）1mD1（252Cf）239Pu与BeCNOF239Pu/9Be241Am/9Be239Pu/9Be源，计算的D1（α，n）D2高能β，ββ的β（如D1Z（）计。因此，在计算D2α（α，D值。D此，要注意存在这些特殊放射性核素的D值。（D）D1D2值和D表2建议的D值核素D值（TBq）D1值（TBq）D2值（TBq）H-32.E+03ULb2.E+03cBe-71.E+001.E+001.E+03Be-103.E+013.E+023.E+01C-116.E-026.E-024.E+02C-145.E+012.E+055.E+01N-136.E-026.E-02ULF-186.E-026.E-023.E+01Na-223.E-023.E-022.E+01Na-242.E-022.E-022.E+01Mg-282.E-022.E-021.E+01Al-263.E-023.E-025.E+00Si-311.E+011.E+012.E+01Si-32+7.E+001.E+017.E+00P-321.E+011.E+012.E+01P-332.E+027.E+032.E+02S-356.E+014.E+046.E+01Cl-362.E+01d3.E+022.E+01dCl-385.E-025.E-021.E+01Ar-37ULeULULeAr-393.E+023.E+023.E+04Ar-415.E-025.E-023.E+00dK-40ULeULULeK-422.E-012.E-011.E+01K-437.E-027.E-023.E+01Ca-41ULeULULeCa-451.E+026.E+031.E+02Ca-47+6.E-026.E-021.E+01Sc-443.E-023.E-021.E+01Sc-463.E-023.E-024.E+01Sc-477.E-017.E-018.E+01Sc-482.E-022.E-023.E+01Ti-44+3.E-023.E-029.E+00V-482.E-022.E-023.E+01V-492.E+03UL2.E+03Cr-512.E+002.E+005.E+03Mn-522.E-022.E-022.E+01Mn-53ULeULULeMn-548.E-028.E-024.E+01Mn-564.E-024.E-022.E+01Fe-52+2.E-022.E-029.E+00Fe-558.E+02UL8.E+02Fe-596.E-026.E-021.E+01Fe-60+6.E-026.E-021.E+01dCo-55+3.E-023.E-022.E+02Co-562.E-022.E-022.E+01Co-577.E-017.E-014.E+02Co-587.E-027.E-027.E+01Co-58m+7.E-027.E-022.E+02Co-603.E-023.E-023.E+01Ni-591.E+03dUL1.E+03dNi-636.E+01UL6.E+01Ni-651.E-011.E-012.E+01Cu-643.E-013.E-014.E+01Cu-677.E-017.E-013.E+02Zn-651.E-011.E-013.E+02Zn-693.E+018.E+013.E+01Zn-69m+2.E-012.E-012.E+01Ga-675.E-015.E-014.E+02Ga-687.E-027.E-021.E+01Ga-723.E-023.E-022.E+01Ge-68+7.E-027.E-022.E+01Ge-711.E+036.E+051.E+03Ge-77+6.E-026.E-021.E+01As-724.E-024.E-029.E+01As-734.E+014.E+011.E+02As-749.E-029.E-023.E+01As-762.E-012.E-011.E+01As-778.E+008.E+004.E+01Se-752.E-012.E-012.E+02Se-792.E+02UL2.E+02Br-763.E-023.E-022.E+02Br-772.E-012.E-017.E+02Br-823.E-023.E-027.E+01Kr-813.E+013.E+017.E+02Kr-853.E+013.E+012.E+03Kr-85m5.E-015.E-013.E+01Kr-879.E-029.E-024.E+00Rb-811.E-011.E-012.E+03Rb-831.E-011.E-015.E+01Rb-847.E-027.E-022.E+01Rb-867.E-017.E-012.E+01Rb-87ULeULULeSr-826.E-026.E-025.E+00Sr-851.E-011.E-017.E+01Sr-85m+1.E-011.E-013.E+02Sr-87m2.E-012.E-019.E+01Sr-892.E+012.E+012.E+01Sr-90+1.E+004.E+001.E+00Sr-91+6.E-026.E-022.E+01Sr-92+4.E-024.E-021.E+01Y-87+9.E-029.E-022.E+02Y-883.E-023.E-022.E+01Y-905.E+005.E+001.E+01Y-918.E+008.E+002.E+01Y-91m+1.E-011.E-012.E+02Y-922.E-012.E-011.E+01Y-936.E-016.E-011.E+01Zr-88+2.E-022.E-023.E+01Zr-93+ULeULULeZr-95+4.E-024.E-021.E+01Zr-97+4.E-024.E-029.E+00Nb-93m3.E+022.E+033.E+02Nb-944.E-024.E-023.E+01dNb-959.E-029.E-026.E+01Nb-971.E-011.E-012.E+01Mo-93+3.E+02d2.E+033.E+02dMo-99+3.E-013.E-012.E+01Tc-95m1.E-011.E-016.E+01Tc-963.E-023.E-023.E+01Tc-96m+3.E-023.E-022.E+02Tc-97ULeULULeTc-97m4.E+012.E+024.E+01Tc-985.E-025.E-021.E+01dTc-993.E+01UL3.E+01Tc-99m7.E-017.E-017.E+02Ru-973.E-013.E-015.E+02Ru-103+1.E-011.E-013.E+01Ru-105+8.E-028.E-022.E+01Ru-106+3.E-013.E-011.E+01Rh-991.E-011.E-011.E+02Rh-1013.E-013.E-011.E+02Rh-1023.E-023.E-023.E+01Rh-102m1.E-011.E-014.E+01Rh-103m9.E+029.E+021.E+04Rh-1059.E-019.E-018.E+01Pd-103+9.E+019.E+011.E+02Pd-107ULeULULePd-1092.E+012.E+012.E+01Ag-1051.E-011.E-011.E+02Ag-108m4.E-024.E-022.E+01Ag-110m2.E-022.E-022.E+01Ag-1112.E+002.E+003.E+01Cd-1092.E+012.E+013.E+01Cd-113m4.E+014.E+024.E+01Cd-115+2.E-012.E-012.E+01Cd-115m3.E+003.E+002.E+01In-1112.E-012.E-011.E+02In-113m3.E-013.E-015.E+01In-114m8.E-018.E-011.E+00In-115m4.E-014.E-013.E+01Sn-113+3.E-013.E-015.E+01Sn-117m5.E-015.E-014.E+01Sn-119m7.E+017.E+011.E+02Sn-121m+7.E+011.E+027.E+01Sn-1237.E+007.E+002.E+01Sn-1251.E-011.E-018.E+00Sn-126+3.E-023.E-027.E+00dSb-1221.E-011.E-012.E+01Sb-1244.E-024.E-021.E+01Sb-125+2.E-012.E-013.E+01Sb-1262.E-022.E-022.E+01Te-1211.E-011.E-013.E+01Te-121m+1.E-011.E-018.E+00Te-123m6.E-016.E-019.E+00Te-125m1.E+012.E+011.E+01Te-1271.E+011.E+014.E+01Te-127m+3.E+001.E+013.E+00Te-1291.E+001.E+002.E+01Te-129m+1.E+001.E+002.E+00Te-131m+4.E-024.E-022.E-01Te-132+3.E-023.E-028.E-01I-1235.E-015.E-013.E+01I-1246.E-026.E-024.E-01I-1252.E-011.E+012.E-01I-1261.E-011.E-012.E-01I-129ULeULULeI-1312.E-012.E-012.E-01I-1323.E-023.E-026.E+00I-1331.E-011.E-013.E-01I-1343.E-023.E-022.E+01I-1354.E-024.E-022.E+00Xe-1226.E-026.E-024.E+00Xe-123+9.E-029.E-025.E+00Xe-1273.E-013.E-012.E+01Xe-131m1.E+011.E+017.E+02Xe-1333.E+003.E+002.E+02Xe-1353.E-013.E-012.E+01Cs-1293.E-013.E-011.E+03Cs-1312.E+012.E+012.E+03Cs-1321.E-011.E-011.E+02Cs-1344.E-024.E-023.E+01Cs-134m+4.E-024.E-021.E+04Cs-135ULeULULeCs-1363.E-023.E-022.E+01Cs-137+1.E-011.E-012.E+01Ba-131+2.E-012.E-011.E+02Ba-1332.E-012.E-017.E+01Ba-133m3.E-013.E-012.E+02Ba-140+3.E-023.E-021.E+01La-1372.E+012.E+015.E+02dLa-1403.E-023.E-022.E+01Ce-1396.E-016.E-012.E+02Ce-1411.E+001.E+002.E+01Ce-143+3.E-013.E-011.E+01Ce-144+9.E-019.E-019.E+00Pr-1421.E+001.E+002.E+01Pr-1433.E+018.E+013.E+01Nd-147+6.E-016.E-014.E+01Nd-149+2.E-012.E-011.E+01Pm-1432.E-012.E-012.E+02Pm-1444.E-024.E-023.E+01Pm-1451.E+011.E+014.E+02Pm-1474.E+018.E+034.E+01Pm-148m3.E-023.E-023.E+01Pm-1496.E+006.E+002.E+01Pm-1512.E-012.E-013.E+01Sm-145+4.E+004.E+002.E+02Sm-147ULeULULeSm-1515.E+02UL5.E+02Sm-1532.E+002.E+004.E+01Eu-1472.E-012.E-011.E+02Eu-1483.E-023.E-023.E+01Eu-1492.E+002.E+005.E+02Eu-150b2.E+002.E+003.E+01Eu-150a5.E-025.E-024.E+02Eu-1526.E-026.E-023.E+01Eu-152m2.E-012.E-012.E+01Eu-1546.E-026.E-022.E+01Eu-1552.E+002.E+001.E+02Eu-1565.E-025.E-023.E+01Gd-146+3.E-023.E-028.E+00Gd-1484.E-01UL4.E-01Gd-1531.E+001.E+008.E+01Gd-1592.E+002.E+003.E+01Tb-1571.E+021.E+021.E+03dTb-1589.E-029.E-025.E+01dTb-1606.E-026.E-023.E+01Dy-1596.E+006.E+005.E+02Dy-1653.E+003.E+002.E+01Dy-166+1.E+001.E+002.E+01Ho-1662.E+002.E+002.E+01Ho-166m4.E-024.E-023.E+01dEr-1692.E+022.E+032.E+02Er-1712.E-012.E-012.E+01Tm-1676.E-016.E-012.E+02Tm-1702.E+012.E+012.E+01Tm-1713.E+023.E+024.E+02Yb-1693.E-013.E-013.E+01Yb-1752.E+002.E+001.E+02Lu-1724.E-024.E-026.E+01Lu-1739.E-019.E-012.E+02Lu-1748.E-018.E-011.E+02Lu-174m+6.E-016.E-016.E+01Lu-1772.E+002.E+001.E+02Hf-172+4.E-024.E-026.E+00Hf-1752.E-012.E-013.E+01Hf-1811.E-011.E-011.E+01Hf-182+5.E-025.E-02ULeTa-178a7.E-027.E-024.E+03Ta-1796.E+006.E+006.E+02Ta-1826.E-026.E-023.E+01W-1789.E-019.E-016.E+02W-1815.E+005.E+002.E+03W-1851.E+027.E+021.E+02W-1871.E-011.E-013.E+01W-188+1.E+001.E+008.E+00Re-1848.E-028.E-023.E+01Re-184m+7.E-027.E-022.E+01Re-1864.E+004.E+001.E+01Re-187ULeULULeRe-1881.E+001.E+003.E+01Re-1891.E+001.E+001.E+01Os-1851.E-011.E-017.E+01Os-1912.E+002.E+009.E+01Os-191m+1.E+001.E+007.E+02Os-1931.E+001.E+003.E+01Os-194+7.E-017.E-019.E+00Ir-1891.E+001.E+002.E+02Ir-1905.E-025.E-026.E+01Ir-1928.E-028.E-022.E+01Ir-1947.E-017.E-012.E+01Pt-188+4.E-024.E-029.E+01Pt-1913.E-013.E-013.E+02Pt-1933.E+031.E+053.E+03Pt-193m1.E+011.E+014.E+02Pt-195m2.E+002.E+003.E+02Pt-1974.E+004.E+005.E+01Pt-197m+9.E-019.E-012.E+01Au-1936.E-016.E-011.E+03Au-1947.E-027.E-024.E+02Au-1952.E+002.E+001.E+02Au-1982.E-012.E-013.E+01Au-1999.E-019.E-013.E+02Hg-194+7.E-027.E-029.E+00Hg-195m+2.E-012.E-011.E+01Hg-1972.E+002.E+003.E+01Hg-197m+7.E-017.E-012.E+01Hg-2033.E-013.E-012.E+00Tl-2005.E-025.E-022.E+02Tl-2011.E+001.E+001.E+03Tl-2022.E-012.E-012.E+02Tl-2042.E+017.E+012.E+01Pb-201+9.E-029.E-028.E+02Pb-202+2.E-012.E-016.E+01dPb-2032.E-012.E-012.E+02Pb-205ULeULULePb-210+3.E-014.E+013.E-01Pb-212+5.E-025.E-029.E+00Bi-2054.E-024.E-027.E+01Bi-2062.E-022.E-025.E+01Bi-2075.E-025.E-024.E+01Bi-210+8.E+005.E+018.E+00Bi-210m3.E-016.E-013.E-01Bi-212+5.E-025.E-021.E+01Po-2106.E-028.E+036.E-02At-2115.E-015.E-011.E+01Rn-2224.E-024.E-029.E+04fRa-223+1.E-012.E-011.E-01Ra-224+5.E-025.E-023.E-01Ra-225+1.E-013.E-011.E-01Ra-226+4.E-024.E-027.E-02Ra-228+3.E-023.E-024.E-02Ac-2259.E-023.E-019.E-02Ac-227+4.E-022.E-014.E-02Ac-2283.E-023.E-021.E+02Th-227+8.E-022.E-018.E-02Th-228+4.E-025.E-024.E-02Th-229+1.E-022.E-011.E-02Th-230+7.E-02d9.E+027.E-02dTh-2311.E+011.E+013.E+02Th-232+ULeULULeTh-234+2.E+002.E+002.E+00Pa-230+1.E-011.E-019.E-01Pa-231+6.E-028.E-016.E-02Pa-2334.E-014.E-018.E+00U-230+4.E-024.E+004.E-02U-232+6.E-02d7.E-026.E-02dU-2337.E-02f7.E-02f7.E-02d,fU-234+1.E-01f1.E-01f1.E-01d,fU-235+8.E-05f8.E-05f8.E-05fU-2362.E-01dUL2.E-01dU-238+ULeULULe天然UULeULULe贫化UULeULULe富集度10-20%的U8E-04f8E-04f8E-04f富集度>20%的U8E-05f8E-05f8E-05fNp-2351.E+021.E+022.E+02Np-236b+7.E-037.E-03f7.E-03fNp-236a8.E-018.E-017.E+00Np-237+7.E-023.E-01f7.E-02dNp-2395.E-015.E-016.E+01Pu-2361.E-011.E+001.E-01Pu-2372.E+002.E+006.E+01Pu-2386.E-023.E+02f6.E-02Pu-2396.E-021.E+00f6.E-02Pu-2406.E-024.E+00f6.E-02Pu-241+3.E+002.E+03f3.E+00Pu-2427.E-02d,f7.E-02d,f7.E-02d,fPu-244+3.E-04d,f3.E-04f3.E-04d,fAm-2416.E-028.E+006.E-02Am-242m+3.E-011.E+00f3.E-01Am-243+2.E-014.E-012.E-01Am-2449.E-029.E-029.E+01Cm-2403.E-011.E+003.E-01Cm-241+1.E-011.E-017.E+00Cm-2424.E-022.E+034.E-02Cm-2432.E-016.E-012.E-01Cm-2445.E-021.E+04f5.E-02Cm-2459.E-02f9.E-02f9.E-02fCm-2462.E-016.E+00f2.E-01Cm-2471.E-03f1.E-03f1.E-03fCm-2485.E-035.E-037.E-02dBk-2478.E-028.E-02f8.E-02fBk-2491.E+011.E+014.E+01Cf-248+1.E-011.E+021.E-01Cf-2491.E-012.E-011.E-01Cf-2501.E-014.E-011.E-01Cf-2511.E-017.E-011.E-01Cf-2522.E-022.E-021.E-01Cf-2534.E-011.E+014.E-01Cf-2543.E-043.E-042.E-03239Pu/9Be6.E-02g1.E+00f,g6.E-02g241Am/9Be6.E-02g1.E+00g6.E-02g注：D“+”要来源。“UL”——无限制数量。H-3ICRP71HTO污染的1/3。涉及这些数量放射性核素的应急情况可能导致空气中的浓度超过假定的对生命或健康造成直接危险的水平。涉及大量这些放射性核素的应急情况可能导致空气中的浓度超过假定的对生命或健康造成直接危险的水平。D值是在考虑临界限值的基础上得出的。ɑPu-239Am-241D（）D1D2D27.3对于核设施，可通过D210000D2110D220.01D23D1值D2（），D1D2D1D2D1D2式中,

𝐴/𝐷=𝛴𝐴𝑖ATBq；D放射性物质混合物的DAii，TBq；Di为每一个放射性核素iD7.6D1值和D2附录A（）A.1临界在确定D值时，还根据临界准则对各种情景下危险初始活度的质量进行评估，可确定临界活度限值（Ac）。许多原子序数（Z）大于87的放射性核素能够支持裂变链式反应。在次临界质量的限值下，同位素可以安全使用而没有临界风险。表3列出了核素质量临界限值Mc及其转换的活度临界限值Ac。表3临界限值核素用于D值的临界准则质量，Mc(g)活度，Ac(TBq)Rn-2221.5E+018.5E+04Ra-2231.5E+012.9E+04Ra-2241.5E+018.8E+04Ra-2251.5E+012.2E+04Ra-226ULULRa-2281.5E+011.5E+02Ac-227ULULAc-2251.5E+014.0E+01Ac-2281.5E+011.2E+06Th-2271.5E+011.7E+04Th-228ULULTh-229ULU