硕士医学英语生殖系统

硕士医学英语生殖系统

Thereproductivetractdevelopsincloseassociationwiththeurinarytract、Infemales,thetwosystemsbeepletelyseparate,whereasthemalereproductiveandurinarytractsshareamonpassage,theurethra、Thus,thetwosystemsarereferredtotogetherasthegenitourinary(GU)orurogenital(UG)tract(泌尿生殖道),andurologists(泌尿科医师)arecalledontotreatdisordersofthemalereproductivesystemaswellasoftheurinarysystem、TheMaleReproductiveSystem:TheTestes(睾丸):<testis,单数>

Themalegermcells(生殖细胞),thespermatozoa(spermcells),areproducedinthepairedtestes(singular,testis)thataresuspendedoutsideofthebodyinthescrotum(阴囊)、Althoughthetestesdevelopintheabdominalcavity,theynormallydescendthroughtheinguinalcanal(腹股沟管)intothescrotumbeforebirthorshortlythereafter、Frompuberty(青春期)on,spermatozoaformcontinuouslywithinthetestesincoiledseminiferoustubules(精小管)、TheirdevelopmentrequirestheaidofspecialSertolicellsandmalesexhormones,orandrogens(男性荷尔蒙),mainlytestosterone(睾丸酮)、

Thesehormonesaremanufacturedininterstitialcells(睾丸间质细胞)locatedbetweenthetubules、Inbothmalesandfemales,thegonadsarestimulatedbythehormonesfolliclestimulatinghormone(促卵泡成熟激素)(FSH)andluteinizinghormone(LH)(促黄体生成激素),releasedfromtheanteriorpituitarygland(垂体前叶)beneaththebrain、Althoughthesehormonesarethesameinbothmalesandfemales,LHiscalledinterstitialcell-stimulatinghormone(ICSH)(促间质细胞激素)inmales、TransportofSpermatozoa:Aftertheirmanufacture,spermcellsarestoredinamuch-coiledtubeonthesurfaceofeachtestis,theepididymis(附睾)、Heretheyremainuntilejaculation(射精)propelsthemintoaseriesofductsthatleadoutofthebody、Thefirstoftheseisthevasdeferens(输精管)、Thisductascendsthroughtheinguinalcanalintotheabdominalcavityandtravelsbehindthebladder、Ashortcontinuation,theejaculatoryduct(射精管),deliversthespermatozoatotheurethraasitpassesthroughtheprostategland(前列腺)belowthebladder、Finally,thecells,nowmixedwithothersecretions,travelintheurethrathroughthepenis(阴茎)tobereleased、Thepenisisthemaleorganthattransportsbothurineandsemen、Itenlargesatthetiptoformtheglanspenis(龟头),whichiscoveredbylooseskin,theprepuce(包皮)orforeskin、Surgerytoremovetheforeskiniscircumcision(包皮环切术)、Thismaybeperformedformedicalreasons,butismostoftenperformedelectivelyinmaleinfantsforreasonsofhygiene,culturalpreferences,orreligion、FormationofSemen:Semenisthethick,whitishfluidinwhichspermatozoaaretransported、Itcontains,inadditiontospermcells,secretionsfromthreetypesofaccessoryglands、Thefirstofthese,thepairedseminalvesicles(精囊,精囊腺),releasetheirsecretionsintotheejaculatoryduct、Thesecond,theprostategland,secretesintothefirstpartoftheurethrabeneaththebladder、Asmenage,enlargementoftheprostateglandmaypresstheurethraandcauseurinaryproblems、Thetwobulbourethralglands(尿道球腺)secreteintotheurethrajustbelowtheprostategland、Togethertheseglandsproduceaslightlyalkalinemixturethatnourishesandtransportsthespermcellsandalsoprotectsthembyneutralizingtheacidityofthefemalevaginaltract(阴道)、IRootsPertainingtoMaleReproductionROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLETest/oTestis,testicletesticularPertainingtoatesticleOrchi/o,orchid/otestisanorchismAbsenceofatestis(无睾)Semin-semeninseminateTointroducesemenintoawoman(人工受精)Sperm/i,spermat/oSemen,spermatozoaoligospermiaDeficiencyofspermatozoa(精子减少)Epididym/oepididymisepididymitisInflammationoftheepididymis(附睾炎)Vas/oVasdeferens;alsovesselvasorrhaphySutureofthevasdeferens(输精管缝合术)Vesicul/oSeminalvesiclevesiculographyRadiographicstudyoftheseminalvesicle(精囊造影术)IRootsPertainingtoMaleReproductionROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEProstat/oprostateprostatometerInstrumentformeasuringtheprostate(前列腺测量器)Osche/oscrotumoscheomaTumorofthescrotum(阴囊瘤)Scrot/oscrotumscrotoplastyPlasticrepairofthescrotum(阴囊成形术)FemaleReproductiveSystem:

TheOvaries:

Thefemalegonadsarethepairedovaries(singular,ovary)(卵巢)thatareheldbyligaments(韧带)inthepelviccavity(盆腔)oneithersideoftheuterus(子宫)、Itiswithintheovariesthatthefemalegametes,theeggsorova(singular,ovum),develop、Everymonthseveralovaripen,eachwithinaclusterofcellscalledagraafianfollicle(格拉夫氏泡,囊状卵泡)、Atthetimeofovulation(排卵),usuallyonlyoneovumisreleasedfromtheovaryandtheremainderoftheripeningovadegenerate、Thefollicleremainsbehindandcontinuestofunctionforabout2weeksifthereisnofertilizationoftheovumandforabout2monthsiftheovumisfertilized、TheOviducts,Uterus,andVagina:Afterovulation,theovumtravelsintoanoviduct(输卵管)(alsocalledtheuterinetubeorfallopiantube),oneofthetwotubesattachedtotheupperlateralportionsoftheuterus、Thesetubesarchabovetheovariesandhavefingerlikeprojections(fimbriae,菌毛)thatsweepthereleasedovumintotheoviduct、Iffertilizationoccurs,itusuallytakesplaceintheoviduct、Theuterusistheorganthatnourishesthedevelopingoffspring、Itispear-shaped,withanupperroundedfundus,atriangularcavity,andalowernarrowcervix(子宫颈)thatprojectsintothevagina(阴道)、大家学习辛苦了，还是要坚持继续保持安静Theinnermostlayeroftheuterinewall(子宫壁),theendometrium(子宫内膜),hasarichbloodsupply、Itreceivesthefertilizedovumandbeespartoftheplacenta(胎盘)duringpregnancy、Theendometriumisshedduringthemenstrualperiod(经期)ifnofertilizationoccurs、Themusclelayeroftheuterinewallisthemyometrium(子宫肌层)、Thevaginaisamusculartubethatreceivesthepenisduringintercourse,functionsasabirthcanal,andtransportsthemenstrualflowoutofthebody、TheMammaryGlands:Themammaryglands,orbreasts,areposedmainlyofglandulartissue(腺组织)andfat、TheirPurposeistoprovidenourishmentforthenewborn、Themilksecretedbytheglandsiscarriedinductstothenipple、IIRootsPertainingtotheFemaleReproductiveSystemROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEGyn/o,gynec/owomangynecologyStudyofdiseaseofwomanMen/o,mensMonth,menstruationpremenstrualBeforeamenstrualperiodooOvum,eggcelloocyteCellthatgivesrisetoanovumOv/oOvum,eggcellovulationReleaseofanovumfromtheovaryOvari/oovaryovarianPertainingtoanovaryOophor/oovaryoophorotomyIncisionofanovaryIIIRootsfortheOviducts,Uterus,andVaginaROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESalping/oOviduct,tubesalpingectomyExcisionofanoviduct(输卵管切除术)uter/outerusuterinePertainingtotheuterusMetr/o,metr/iuterusmetrorrhagiaAbnormaluterinebleeding(子宫出血,崩中漏下)Hyster/outerushysteroscopyEndoscopicexaminationoftheuterus(子宫镜监察术)Cervic/oCervix,neckendocervicalPertainingtotheliningofcervixVagin/ovaginavaginoplastyPlasticrepairofthevagina(阴道成形术)Colp/ovaginacolpoceleHerniaofthevagina(阴道脱垂,阴道疝)IVRootspertainingtoPregnancyandBirth:ROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEamnioAmnion(羊膜)diamnioticDevelopinginseparateamnioticsacs(双羊膜腔得)Embry/oEmbryo(胚胎)embryonicPertainingtotheembryoFet/oFetus(胎儿)fetoscopeEndoscopeforexaminingthefetus(胎儿镜)toclaboreutociaNormallabor(顺产)Dystocia(难产)Nat/ibirthneonateNewborn(初生婴儿)Lact/omilklactationSecretionofmilk(分泌乳汁)galact/omilkgalactogogueAgentthepromotestheflowofmilk(催奶剂)IVRootspertainingtoPregnancyandBirth:ROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEGravida(孕妇)PregnantwomanmultigravidaWomanwhohasbeenpregnanttwoormoretimes(经产孕妇)paraWomanwhohasgivenbirthnulliparaWomanwhohasnevergivenbirth(未产妇)ClinicalAspectsofMaleReproductiveSystem:Infection:Mostinfectionsofthemalereproductivetractaresexuallytransmitteddiseases(STDs)、ThemostmonSTDintheUnitedStatesiscausedbythebacteriumChlamydia(衣原体),which,inmales,mainlycausesurethritis、Thissameorganismalsocauseslymphogranulomavenereum(性病淋巴肉芽肿),anSTDassociatedwithlymphadenopathy(淋巴结病),whichisrareintheUnitedStates、Bothformsofthesechlamydialinfectionsrespondtotreatmentwithantibiotics、

Gonorrhea(淋病)iscausedbyNeisseriagonorrhoeae(淋病奈瑟氏菌),thegonococcus(GC)(淋菌)、Infectionusuallycentersintheurethra,causingurethritiswithburning,apurulentdischarge(排脓),anddysuria、Untreated,thediseasecanspreadthroughthereproductivesystem、Gonorrheaistreatedwithantibiotics,buttherehasbeenrapiddevelopmentofresistancetothesedrugsbygonococcuus、AnothermonSTDisherpes(疱疹)infection,causedbyavirus、Mumps(腮腺炎)isanon–sexuallytransmittedviraldiseasethatcaninfectthetestesandleadtosterility(不孕)、Othermicroorganismscaninfectthereproductivetractaswell,causingurethritis,prostatitis,orchitis,orepididymitis、CancerofProstate:CanceroftheprostateisthemostmonmalignancyinmenintheUnitedStates、Onlylungcancerandcoloncancercausemorecancer-relateddeathsinmenwhoarepastmiddleage、Prostaticcancermaymetastasizerapidlyandisdifficulttoremovesurgically、Othermethodsoftreatmentincludera