博士生英语全册配套完整课件3

博士生英语全册配套完整课件3ENGLISHFORACADEMICPURPOSESFORPHDSTUDENTS

Class1–Orientation;ChoosingaResearchTopicContents4Orientation:Self-Intro1235Orientation:SyllabusChoosingaResearchTopicSelf-IntroductionMyhometownisWuhan,Hubei.IearnedaBAdegreeinEnglishforScienceandTechnologyfromauniversityinmyhometown.Whichuniversity?Followingthat,IcametoTsinghuaandearnedanMAdegreeinEnglishforSpecificPurposes.Self-IntroductionItaughtEnglishformanyyearsatTsinghuauntil2005.ThenIquitmyjobfordoctoralstudiesatHarvard,whereIreceivedmydoctorate

(inQuantitativePolicyAnalysisinEducation)in2012.SELF-INTRODUCTIONInterviewyourclassmatesforthefollowinginformation:NameInstitute/DepartmentResearchinterestFindoutwhetherthereareclassmateswithasimilarresearchinteresttoyou.Contents4Orientation:Self-Intro1235Orientation:SyllabusChoosingaResearchTopicCONTACTINFOEmail:guoqian@Cellffice:文南楼（黄松益楼）227OfficeHour:2:30-4:30pmWednesday(byappointment)QQGROUP342387026/博士生英语1357申请加入时请告诉我你的姓名和院系加入后请将群昵称改成姓名-院系的格式（e.g.,郭茜-外文）CoursePurposes

Feature:integratingEnglishlearningwithresearchAcademicwriting:journal/conferencepaperbasedoncurrentorpreviousresearchprojectsconductandreportonyourown(oryourco-author’s)originalresearchNotapaperalreadypublished

Academicspeaking:simulationofaconferencepresentation自己英语很差，四级400多分，没想过博一就能完成一篇文章。好好听郭老师上课讲的方法，跟着把作业好好完成，非常有收获。在写论文的过程中，你可能会觉得很痛苦（尤其是像我这种英语level比较low的），但你一定要坚持下去，因为最痛苦的时候也是你进步最快的时候。加油，当你最后看到你的finalpaper的时候，你会觉得你所有的努力都是值得的！TEXTBOOK(AVAILABLEONCOURSEWEBSITE)Swales,J.M.,&Feak,C.B.(2004).Academicwritingforgraduatestudents(2ndedition).COURSEASSESSMENTAttendanceandParticipation:

10%Writing:

55%5writingassignments30%Finalpaper15%Peerreview10%ListeningandSpeaking:

35%Listening10%Researchtopicintroduction10%Finalpaperpresentation15%WRITING5assignmentsIntroduction,methods,results,discussionandconclusions,abstractandtitleFinalpaperRewardforimprovementPeerreviewWRITING,CONTINUEDAssessmentbasedonpaperstructureandformat,completenessandclarity,logicofcontent,propercitations,grammar,andacademiclanguageShortone-on-oneconsultationexpectedaroundWeeks9-12todiscusshowtoimproveyourwritingLISTENINGTwotalkseachweek:OpenForum(1-3),or6MinuteEnglish,orTEDtalksofyourownchoiceonecountedastwoiflongerthan10minutesexamplesListeningnotestosubmit2-3sentencesummary,andusefulphrases,…我有时候听听力，听了将近一个半钟，对于英语基础很差的我，单曲重复着一个听力，从一头雾水到逐渐的柳暗花明又一村，收获的是自信！老师课上留的听力作业要及时做，要是都攒到期末，连续听好多听力，写note，真的会后悔的SPEAKING2presentationsPresentation1:presentingyourresearchfieldtoageneralaudiencePresentation2:simulationofaconferencepresentationCOURSEASSESSMENTAttendanceandParticipation:

10%Writing:

55%5writingassignments30%Finalpaper15%Peerreview10%ListeningandSpeaking:

35%Listening10%Researchtopicintroduction10%Finalpaperpresentation15%Anyquestions?ASSIGNMENTSUBMISSION5writingassignments:coursewebsitepeerreview:myemailaccountTobesubmittedonedaybeforeawritingassignmentisdueBythepersonwhomakesthereviewFinalpaper:myemailaccountListeningnotes:myemailaccount/inpersonPOLICIESLateassignmentsLateassignmentswillbemarkeddown5%perdaylateuptoamaximumof10days.After10days:agradeofzero.CellphonesCellphonesshouldbeswitchedoffandkeptoutofsight.Usesofcellphonesorlaptopsfortextmessages,games,ordoinghomeworkforotherclasses/projectswillresultinapenaltytoparticipationgradesMajorIssuePlagiarismPLAGIARISM“apieceofwritingthathasbeencopiedfromsomeoneelseandispresentedasbeingyourownwork,withoutreferencetotheoriginalauthorandwork”Includescuttingandpastingsentencesorevenphrasesfromanothersourceslightlyrewritingorre-arrangingothers’wordsPLAGIARISMEXAMPLEOriginalPaper(2004):

Althoughearlierregistry-basedanalysesofsecondneoplasmsafterbreastcancer(BC)didnotdetectanincreasedriskofcutaneousmelanoma(CM),[1][2]severalmorerecentregistry-based[3][4]andhospital-based[5]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.SecondPaper(2009):

Recentregistry-based[1,2]andhospital-based[3,4]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.PLAGIARISMEXAMPLEOriginalPaper(2004):

Althoughearlierregistry-basedanalysesofsecondneoplasmsafterbreastcancer(BC)didnotdetectanincreasedriskofcutaneousmelanoma(CM),[1][2]severalmorerecentregistry-based[3][4]andhospital-based[5]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.SecondPaper(2009):

Recentregistry-based[1,2]andhospital-based[3,4]studieshavedocumentedastatisticallysignificantincreasedriskofCMafterBCwithstandardizedincidenceratios(SIRs)rangingfrom1.4to2.7.ANOTHEREXAMPLEOriginalVersion:ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.Hiseconomicalandunderstatedstylehadastronginfluenceon20th-centuryfiction,whilehislifeofadventureandhispublicimageinfluencedlatergenerations.(Source:Wikipedia)PlagiarizedVersion:ErnestHemingway’sthriftyandunderstatedstylestronglyinfluenced20th-centuryfiction.Hisaudaciouslifestyleandpublicimagealsoinfluencedlatergenerations.ANOTHEREXAMPLEOriginalVersion:ErnestMillerHemingway(July21,1899–July2,1961)wasanAmericanauthorandjournalist.Hiseconomical

andunderstatedstyle

hadastronginfluenceon20th-centuryfiction,whilehislifeofadventureandhispublicimageinfluencedlatergenerations.(Source:Wikipedia)PlagiarizedVersion:ErnestHemingway’sthrifty

andunderstatedstylestronglyinfluenced20th-centuryfiction.His

audaciouslifestyleandpublicimagealsoinfluencedlatergenerations.CONSEQUENCESOFCOMMITTINGPLAGIARISM美国教育官员四分钟演讲被指抄袭丢工作inNorthAmerica,onecouldbeexpelledfromtheuniversity,dependingontheseverityoftheplagiarism8000名中国留学生去年被美国学校开除中国留学生学术不诚实的问题令人担忧。被开除的学生中，不乏许多GPA优秀的“好学生”，由于学术不诚实而被开除的占到77.27%，作弊和抄袭是这些学生最主要犯的错误。Academia:consequencesofplagiarismaredrasticandcanendone’scareerWHENWRITINGABOUTOTHERS’IDEAS/WORK…Youmustunderstandthematerialwellenoughtoputitinyourownwords!Workfrommemory.Drawyourownconclusions.Donotmimictheoriginalauthor’ssentencestructureorjustre-arrangetheoriginalauthor’swords.BUT,youcanuse…STANDARDPHRASEOLOGY&EXPRESSIONS(EXAMPLES)Theresultsfromthisexperimentseemtosuggestthat…Theresultsarestatisticallysignificant.Theincreasingpopularityof…isattributedto….TheincreasingpopularityofVoiceoverInternetProtocol(VoIP)isattributedtoitslowcost.Theincorporationof…in…hasbeenfacilitatedby…TheincorporationofcorpusdatainacademicwritingcourseshasbeenfacilitatedbytheavailabilityoflargecorporaontheInternet.PLAGIARISMVS.USEFULEXPRESSIONS以前看文献时觉得这个句子表达清楚，句式很好，就摘抄下来了，但没注明出处，久而久之，就忘记这件事情了。后来写摘要，没有想那么多，就用了这个句子。以后读文献看到有用的句子和内容时，一定会注明出处，以便查找调查结果：21.4%的中国在美留学生因为“学术不诚实”被校方开除。涉及的具体行为包括“不会引用文献”、“对美国严谨的文献引用体系不重视”和“即便学习过，但实际操作并不熟练”CONSEQUENCESOFCOMMITTINGPLAGIARISMFirsttime:agradeofzerofortheassignment,butwithachancetore-writetheassignmentSecondtime:anautomaticzeroWEEKLYSCHEDULEAnyquestionssofar?FINALNOTERelax!Iwantmystudentstodowellinmyclasses.Therefore,please:cometoclasseachweek;participateandmakeaneffort;handinyourhomeworkontime;andavoidplagiarism.Thenyouwillnotneedtoworryaboutyourgrade

课上轻松愉快，课下埋头苦干我从来没曾想过自己可以把这学期正在做的实验写出英文论文，特自豪，现在！感谢您的课啊，把我潜力激发出来了，deadline都不如这个给力Contents4Orientation:Self-Intro1235Orientation:SyllabusChoosingaResearchTopicChoosingaResearchTopic"Itisreallyimportanttodotherightresearchaswellastodotheresearchright.Youneedtodo'wow'research,researchthatiscompelling,notjustinteresting."--GeorgeSpringer,chairmanoftheaeronauticsandastronauticsdepartmentatStanfordUniversityChoosingaResearchTopicMostofthetime,youwillhaveageneralthemeyouareinterestedinexploring.Whenchoosinganareatoinvestigate:ChoosesomethingthatisofgenuineinteresttoyouChoosesomethingthatyouareorwillbecomecompetenttohandleChoosesomethingthatissignificantenoughtowarrantresearchIsTsinghuaUniversitybetterthanPekingUniversity?

六、如何选题?

1.首先要结合自己从事的工作，选择有科学价值、有创新和有现实意义的论题；

2.其次要善于从学科的边缘处或多学科的交叉处、结合部去选题；

3.多看行业期刊，多听学术报告、多与同行探讨，弄清研究现状和要解决的问题等；

4.发现感兴趣领域内尚未探讨过但很有意义的课题；

六、如何选题?

5.总结争论性很强的问题，反复比较研究方法和结论，从中发现切入点；

6.善于抓住科研生产过程中遇到的难题，发现思维的闪光点；

7.别人没写过的内容，也许不是因为别人没想到，而是因为没有意义或者没有可能性。

博士生在国外SSCI期刊上面发表文章的一些经验在最开始找研究课题的时候，读文献的目的一是看看前人的研究究竟包含哪些方面有没有什么漏洞，这时候就不用精读所有的文章，只要把一个领域的经典文章细读一下，其它的扩展了解个大概就可以了。导师让我最初的做法是用文字写下每一篇文章的研究课题是什么，创新的地方在哪里，结论是什么，漏洞在哪。其实这里面前三部分都还好说，最令我为难的是找出漏洞在哪。我读硕士研究生的时候有一门课叫做"批判性思维"，练的就是这个，最开始应用起来也不是很容易，不过后来越来越顺利了，后来才知道导师其实是在训练我把自己摆在审稿人的角度来看文章。几周下来，脑子中对自己要研究的领域的研究成果已经差不多了解了，对这个领域中很热但是还没有解决的问题也了解个大概，这时候再找研究的课题就会简单很多。TIPSFROMANELSEVIEREDITORTomakeacontributiontoagapinthecurrentknowledgebaseofyourfieldWhat’sHot?TopcitedinElsevierpublicationsScienceDirectTop25ArticlesAfter-ClassReadings/naturejobs/science/articles/10.1038/nj7354-129a

《自然》：怎样快速撰写高水平的学术论文/blog-288924-690830.htmlHomework,Part1Findonewell-written,publishedresearchpaperinyourarea,preferablyapaperthatyoucanciteand/oruseasamodelforyourwriting.Preparetomakea3-to5-minutepresentationonthepapernextweek(preferablywithPPT).Avoidtechnicallanguage,explainverygenerallyWhatistheproblemaddressedbythepaper?Whyisitimportanttosolvethisproblem?Doestheresearchprovidesolutionstotheproblem?Ifyes,howandwhat?Listening:twotalksHomework,Part2HaveanIDcard(about13cmby8cm)readynextweek:name,department,hometown,hobbies,topicofresearch+recentphoto.汤姆·克鲁斯DepartmentofChemistryHometown:Syracuse,NYHobbies:Volleyball,flyingMyresearchfocusesondevelopinganewcatalystforsynthesizingdiamondsfromcoal.Ihavepublished__papersinEnglishand__inChinese.Homework,Part3UpdateyourcontactinfoatWebLearning.GetaphotocopyofAcademicWritingforGraduateStudents(2nded.)SupplementaryShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicWhenphrasingyourresearchtopic,keepinminditwillusuallyincludeatleasttwoaspectsormainideas(oftenreferredtoasconcepts).Forexample,youmayhavechosenlawasyourgeneralsubject,inparticularcriminaljustice.ShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicAftersomepreliminaryresearchandbackgroundreading,youmightdiscoverthatonemajorareaofdebateisthedeathpenaltyandwhetherornotitprovidesadeterrenttoviolentcrime.Whatareyourtwoconcepts?deathpenalty&violentcrimeratesShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicThetwo(oroftenthree)conceptsofaresearchtopiccanoftenbephrasedinrelationtoeachotherasfollows:Theeffectofconcept#1onconcept#2.Theroleofconcept#1inconcept#2.Theuseofconcept#1inconcept#2.ShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicTherefore,aplausibleresearchtopicis:

"Theeffectofthedeathpenalty[concept#1]onviolentcrimerates[concept#2]intheUnitedStates.”ShapeyoursubjectintoaspecifictopicResearchtopicsareoftenstatedintheformofaquestion.Forexample,"HowdoesillegalimmigrationaffecttheUnitedStateseconomy?"Rewordthetopicintheformofaquestion:"Theeffectofthedeathpenalty[concept#1]onviolentcrimerates[concept#2]intheUnitedStates.”

"HowdoesthedeathpenaltyaffectviolentcrimeratesintheUnitedStates?”GraduatesCelebratingWithToolsoftheTrade–WhichSchools?EnglishforAcademicPurposesforPhDStudentsClass2–LiteratureSearch;ResearchPaperStructureContents4Presentation:Paper1235LiteratureSearchResearchPaperStructureSGPresentation:ResearchPaperInyourgroup,presenttheresearchpaperthatyouhaveread.Trytocoverthefollowingelements:

Whatistheproblemaddressedbythepaper?Whyisitimportanttosolvethisproblem?Doestheresearchprovidesolutionstotheproblem?Ifyes,howandwhat?(Isthereanygap?)Uselanguagethatyourpeerstudentscanunderstand.

Eachpersonhas3-5minutes.Contents4Presentation:Paper1235LiteratureSearchResearchPaperStructureFindingandRetrievingInformationLibraryCatalogue

Databasese.g.,WebofKnowledge,JSTOR,GoogleScholarMostdatabasescanbesearchedbykeywords,author’sname,subjects,journaltitle,andarticletitle.Mostwillallowyoutolimityoursearchbydate,typeofpublication,andlanguage.StepsforDevelopingaSearchStrategyDivideyourRQintoconcepts(mainideas).Identifysynonymousorrelatedtermsforeachconcept.

CombinetermsusingBooleanoperators(AND,OR,NOT).Conductasearchofthedatabaseinthekeywordmode.Considertruncationifapplicable.e.g.,Truncatingcensorshiptocensor?willretrievecensorship,censor,censors,censoredetc.Truncatinglibrariestolibrar?willretrievelibrary,libraries,librarianetc.RevisingaSearche.g.,InternetANDprivacyANDsecurityTobroadenthesearch

(InternetORnetORWebOR

WWW)

ANDprivacyAND

(securityORencryptionORcryptography)Tonarrowthesearch(InternetORnetORWebORWWW)ANDprivacyAND(securityORencryptionORcryptography)AND

law

(InternetORnetORWebORWWW)ANDprivacyAND(securityORencryptionORcryptography)NOT

emailOrganizingtheRelatedLiteratureWheretostart?Beginreadingthemostrecentstudiesinthefieldandthenworkbackwardthroughearliervolumes.Whichpartofapapertoreadfirst?

Readtheabstractorsummarysectionsofareportfirsttodeterminewhetheritisrelevanttothequestion.Beforetakingnotes,skimthereportquicklytofindthosesectionsthatarerelatedtothequestion.OrganizingtheRelatedLiteratureMakenotesonfilecards,inawordprocessingprogram,orinsomeformatthatcanbeaccessedeasilyormovedaroundtoclusterwithothernotesonrelatedresearch.Writeoutaseparatecompletebibliographicreferenceforeachwork.

author,title,publisher,year,issueandvolumenumbers,webaddressOr:EndNoteOrganizingtheRelatedLiteratureTofacilitatesortingandorganizing,putonlyonereferenceoneachpage,entry,orcard.Besuretoindicatewhichpartsofthenotesaredirectquotationsfromtheauthorandwhichareyourownparaphrases.Ifyousearchedonlinedatabases,keepthesearchstrategies(oftencalled“searchhistories”)onfile.Alittlemore…看了这个你敢说你会读文献吗?LiteratureReview(listening)Contents4Presentation:Paper1235LiteratureSearchResearchPaperStructureBeforewegetdowntowork,wemaybenefitfromothers’experience!ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong如何提高英文的科研写作能力如何提高专业英文阅读能力ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“科研论文不同于读者来信，有其专业特点、甚至是固定格式。”“要写好科研论文，必须先养成读英文文章的习惯”：报纸新闻

专业杂志“写科研论文，最重要的是逻辑。逻辑的形成来自对实验数据的总体分析。必须先讨论出一套清晰的思路，然后按照思路来做图（Figures），最后才能执笔。”ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“具体写作时，先按照思路（即Figures）写一个以subheading为主的框架，然后开始具体写作。第一稿，切忌追求每一句话的完美，更不要追求词语的华丽，而主要留心逻辑（logicflow），注意前后句的逻辑关系、相邻两段的逻辑关系。写作时，全力以赴，尽可能不受外界事情干扰（关闭手机、座机），争取在最短时间内拿出第一稿。还要注意：一句话不可太长。”ExampleofLogicFlowAnincreasingnumberofruralpeoplemigratingtocitiesinChinaresultsinanincreasingnumberofchildrenlivingawayfromparents,sinceabout80%…(Zhaoetal.,2014).DuanandZhou(2005)estimatedthisgroupofchildrenat19.81millionin2000,basedon….Thenumberrocketedto58.16millionin2005,…(Duan&Yang,2008).Itfurtherincreasedto61.03millionin2010….Giventhelargenumberofchildrenleftbehindinruralareas…,akeyissueiswhatfactorsmightimpacttheir…,includingeducationandhealth.Children'shealthstatusnotonly….Thehealthofchildrenmaybeaffectedby…ExampleofLogicFlowAnincreasingnumberofruralpeoplemigratingtocitiesinChinaresultsinanincreasingnumberofchildrenlivingawayfromparents,sinceabout80%…(Zhaoetal.,2014).DuanandZhou(2005)estimatedthisgroupofchildrenat19.81millionin2000,basedon….Thenumberrocketedto58.16millionin2005,…(Duan&Yang,2008).Itfurtherincreasedto61.03millionin2010….Giventhelargenumberofchildrenleftbehindinruralareas…,akeyissueiswhatfactorsmightimpacttheir…,includingeducationandhealth.Children'shealthstatusnotonly….Thehealthofchildrenmaybeaffectedby…ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“学会照葫芦画瓢。没有人天生会写优秀的科研论文，都是从别人那里学来的。学习别人的文章要注意专业领域的不同，有些领域有它内在的写作规律。科研文章里的一些话是定式，比如“Toinvestigatethemechanismof…,weperformed…”,“Theseresultssupporttheformer,butnotthelatter,hypothesis…”,“Despiterecentprogress,how…remainstobeelucidated…”等等。用两次以后，就逐渐学会灵活运用了。”ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“在向别人学习时，切忌抄袭。在美国一些机构，连续7个英文单词在一起和别人的完全一样，原则上就被认为抄袭（plagiarism）。”“第一稿写完后，修改第二稿。还是以逻辑为主，但对每一句话都要推敲一下，对abstract和正文中的关键语句要字斟句酌。学会用“Thesaurus”（同义词替换）以避免过多重复。第二稿的修改极为关键，再往后就不会大改了。”ExperienceofProf.ShiYigong“第二稿以后的修改，主要注重具体的字句，不会改变整体逻辑了。投稿前，一定要整体读一遍，对个别词句略作改动。记住：学术期刊一般不会因为具体的语法错误拒绝一篇文章，但一定会因为逻辑混乱而拒绝一篇文章。”这些人感觉怎么都那么猛。。。一点小的逻辑问题都看的出来。。。很多逻辑问题这些人都能看出诶。。。我感觉理工科的文章很讲究逻辑性“固定格式”“写作规律”……StructuredFormatReadershavetheexpectationthatinformationwillbepresentedinastructuredformatthatisappropriatefortheparticulartypeoftext.Evenshortpiecesofwritinghaveregular,predictablepatternsoforganization.Youcantakeadvantageofthesepatterns,sothatreaderscanstillfollowevenifyoumakesomelanguageerrors.ResearchPaperStructureThemostcommonformatforwritingscientificpapersdescribingoriginalresearchistheIMRaDformat:introduction,methods,results,anddiscussionOverallShapeofaResearchPaperOverallShapeofaResearchPaperWHYHOWWHATSOWHAT学习英语论文写作课程有感英文写作不用愁，遵循套路似盖楼。

论文框架多沟通，先粗再精一气成。

引言三步按序走，技术方法需讲透。

结果讨论要细致，最终结论把口收。

致谢文献后补充，摘要关键懒莫偷。

文章素材时积累，图表格式按要求。

勤做笔记重细节，动脑思考问不休。

精美之作夺眼球，享乐科研占鳌头。HomeworkDecideonyourresearchtopicandfindabout10researchpapersonit.Preview:ReadtheIntroductionoftheresearchpapersyoufindandanalyzethegeneralpatternofdevelopmentinthepapers.ListeningSupplementaryExercise1Pickthebestsetofkeywordstobeginsearchingforinformationonglobalwarming.risingoceanlevels,airpollution,greenhousegasesbiodiversity,atmospherictemperature,ozonelayerglobalclimatechange,greenhouseeffect,atmosphericcarbondioxideenvironmentalsustainability,alternativeenergy,biofuelsExercise2Ifyouwereinterestedintheeffectofteachers’stereotypingontheachievementofgirlsinmathclasses,whataresometermsforwhichyoumightsearch?(Female?)AND(TeacherAttitude?)AND(MathematicsInstructionORMathematicsEducationORMathematics).SexDiscriminationorSexStereotypesmightalsobeusedsuccessfully.(Math?)RecommendedOrderforWritingMethodsThemethodscanbewrittenwhileyouareperformingtheresearchor,forcertainstandardprotocols,beforeithasevenbegun.ResultsTodeterminehowyourresultsrelatetoyourhypothesis,andwhattheyactuallyshow.Itispointlesswritingtheintroductionpriortothisstagebecausetheresultsyouobtainwilldeterminehowthepaperneedstobe‘framed’,thatis,whatcontexttheresultsaredescribedin.RecommendedOrderforWritingIntroductionToprovidethecontext(i.e.,whyitisimportanttoconductyourresearch)DiscussionTodescribetherelevanceofyourfindingswithinthatcontextTitleAbstractRecommendedOrderforWritingMethodsResultsIntroductionDiscussionTitleAbstractThankYou!EnglishforAcademicPurposesforDoctoralStudentsClass3–Introduction;CitationsOnlineEnglishDictionaries在线词典释义较简单搭配同义/反义词（thesaurus）词义辨析语料库例句网

址Cambridge

/Longman

/Oxford

/

Macmillan

/Collins

/Webster

/ContentsIntroduction1Citations2IntroductionYourchancetoconvincereadersoftheimportanceofyourwork.GoodNews:easiertowritethanyoumayrealize!FollowsafairlystandardformatTypically3paragraphslonginSCIwritingRecommendedrange:2to5Notanexhaustivereviewofgeneraltopicintroducethemainscientificpublicationsonwhichyourworkisbasedfocusonyourspecifichypothesis/aimOverallShapeofaResearchPaperWHYHOWWHATSOWHATIntroductions:ThreeMovesestablishtheterritorystateagapstatethepurposeMovesinResearchPaperIntroductionsMove1:Establishingaresearchterritorya.byshowingthatthegeneralresearchareaisimportant,central,interesting,problematic,orrelevantinsomeway(optional)b.byintroducingandreviewingitemsofpreviousresearchinthearea(obligatory)MovesinResearchPaperIntroductionsMove2:Establishinganiche*byindicatingagapinthepreviousresearchorbyextendingpreviousknowledgeinsomeway(obligatory)* ajoboractivitythatyouaregoodatandthatisverysuitableforyou适合自己的位置（一隅，一席生存空间，商机）MovesinResearchPaperIntroductionsMove3:Occupyingthenichea.byoutliningpurposesorstatingthenatureofthepresentresearch(obligatory)b.bylistingresearchquestionsorhypotheses(PISF**)c.byannouncingprincipalfindings(PISF)d.bystatingthevalueofthepresentresearch(PISF)E.byindicatingthestructureoftheRP(PISF)**PISF=probableinsomefields,butrareinothersIntroductions:ThreeMovesestablishtheterritorystateagapstatethepurposeRecurringPhrasesforMove1…hasbeenextensivelystudied……therehasbeengrowinginterestin…Recentstudieshavefocusedon……hasbecomeamajorissue……remainsaseriousproblem……therehasbeenincreasingconcern……hasbeeninvestigatedbymanyresearchers.…hasbecomeanimportaspectof…argue,demonstrate,indicateindicate&

demonstrate:factthatcannotbearguedargue:one’sstandpointe.g.,MaryWollstonecraft_____thatwomenshouldhaveequalaccesstoeducation.indicated:pointingoutaclearfact,noemotioninvolveddemonstrated:showingreasons(implication:reasonsmoreimportantthanherview)argued:herviewargue,demonstrate,indicateEinstein_____thatatcertaintimes,lightbehavesasindividualparticles.indicated(?)No:notpointingoutanobviousfactdemonstrated(?)No:theoreticalresearchargued(?)Yesargue,demonstrate,indicate“argue”:maypreventreadersfromhavingdoubtsaboutresearchfindingsmayindicate

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maysuggest/maydemonstrate

argue:陈述

与读者共享的观点或诠释Theresultsmayindicatethatclimaticchangecausedtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.读者可能会对此感到半信半疑Wearguethatclimaticchangecausedtheextinctionofthedinosaurs.显得更加明确有力mentionDoNOTusethisword.mention:towriteorspeakabout(something/somebody),withoutgivingmuchinformationNotaboutsomethingimportantWordsandphrasesforMove2104Tothebestofourknowledge,…OptionsforMove2A.counter-claiming(somethingiswrong)B.indicatingagap(somethingismissing)C.raisingaquestionormakinganinference(somethingisunclear)D.continuingatradition(somethingcanbeadded)StrongWeakOptionsforMove2A.counter-claiminglikelyonlyincontestedareassuchasPhilosophyandLawB.indicatingagapwidelyusedinmanyfieldsC.raisingaquestionormakinganinferenceD.continuingatraditiontypicallychosenbyresearchgroupsinsciencesandengineeringrefinementsandextensionsofpreviouswork:“addinganotherbricktothewallofknowledge”Swales&Feak(2012),p.349,Task12VariantsforMove3Tomakeanoffertofillthegap(orextendthetradition)thathasbeencreatedinMove2byindicatingthemainpurpose(s);orbydescribingthemainfeatureoftheresearchSwales&Feak(2004),pp.262-263,Task12Nowlet’stakealookatasampleintroduction,with2paragraphs.Introduction,Example1(Para.1)Exposurestosecondhandtobaccosmoke,roadvehicletraffic,anddietaresomeofthemostprevalentmodifiableriskfactorsforasthmainchildren.Theeffectofparentalsmokingonwheezingillnessanddiagnosedasthmainchildreniswellestablished(1,2),butevidencethattheseoutcomesaremorecommoninchildrenlivingclosetoamainroad(3–5)hasnotbeenconfirmedinallstudies(6,7).Severaldietaryfactorshavebeenlinkedtoasthma(8),andoneofthemostconsistentobservationsisofaninverseassociationwithfruitintake(9–13).Introduction,Example1(Para.1)Exposurestosecondhandtobaccosmoke,roadvehicletraffic,anddietaresomeofthemostprevalentmodifiableriskfactorsforasthmainchildren.Theeffectofparentalsmokingonwheezingillnessanddiagnosedasthmainchildreniswellestablished(1,2),butevidencethattheseoutcomesaremorecommoninchildrenlivingclosetoamainroad(3–5)hasnotbeenconfirmedinallstudies(6,7).Severaldietaryfactorshavebeenlinkedtoasthma(8),andoneofthemostconsistentobservationsisofaninverseassociationwithfruitintake(9–13).1:WhatisknownIntroduction,Example1(Para.1)Exposurestosecondhandtobaccosmoke,roadvehicletraffic,anddietaresomeofthemostprevalentmodifiableriskfactorsforasthmainchildren.Theeffectofparentalsmokingonwheezingillnessanddiagnosedasthmainchildreniswellestablished(1,2),butevidencethattheseoutcomesaremorecommoninchildrenlivingclosetoamainroad(3–5)hasnotbeenconfi