英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学)

Chapter5Morphology(形态学,词法学)Internalstructuresofwordsandrulesofwordformationcarefulwonderfulsuccessfulbeautiful

widendeepenshortenfastensharpenImpossible,incorrect,improper,illegal,report,importexporttransportsupportporterrespectinspectexpectsuspectprospectboysgirlstoysbookstablesbottles

working,thinkingspeaking,cutting,hitting

the,to,for,bird,leg,air,captain.suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectionalsuffixes,freerootSemantically:root(词根)andaffixaffix(词缀):prefix(前缀),suffix(后缀);derivationalaffixes(派生词缀)andinflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)Structurally:freemorphemes(自由词素,即自由词根)andboundmorphemes(粘着词素)5.1whatismorphologyMorphologystudiestheinternalstructures(内部结构)ofwordsandwordformationrules.Itdividedintotwofields:inflectionalmorphology(屈折词法)andderivational/lexicalmorphology(派生词法).Itstudiesthedifferentcategoriesofmorphemes(bound,free,derivationalandinflectional)morphologicalrules5.2morpheme(词素,语素)Morphemeisaminimalmeaningfulgrammaticalunitinalanguage.1minimal:smallest,itcannotfurtherbedivided.{un},{bird}butnotblackboard=black+boarddisagree=dis+agree2meaningful:cannotbefurtherdividedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaningcap+tain,man+age==manage3,grammatical:notonlylexicalmorphemeslike{bird,leg,table},butalsogrammaticalones,like{to,for,-s,ed,-er,theaan}international=inter+nation+altourists=tour+ist+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+sClassificationofmorphemesFreemorphemes:thosethatcanexistasindividualwords:the,toforcapshoeLexicalmorphemes:nouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.Openclass,largepartofvocabulary实词Functionalmorphemes:prepositions,conjunctions,articles,pronouns.Closedclass.虚词Boundmorphemes(粘着词素):thosethatcannotoccuraloneasseparatewords.-ful,-less,re-de,tele-vis-ion,un-happyRoots(词根),themostimportantpartofawordthatcarriestheprincipalmeaning:receive,conceive,deceive,Respect,expect,suspect,diction,contradictionbirdleghandAffixes(词缀):thosethatlexicallydependonrootsanddonotconveythefundamentalmeaningofwords.Interralation:allfreemorphemes(likebird)arerootsbutnotallrootsarefreemorphemes.(likespect).Allaffixesareboundmorphemesbutnotallboundmorphemesareaffixes(likeceive)affixesPosition:prefixes,suffixesandinffixes(中缀)dislike,disagree,discourage;movement,encouragementspokesman,townspeopleFunction:affixescanbedividedinto:inflectionalaffixesandderivationalaffixesInflectionalaffixes:indicategrammaticalfunction,donotproducenewwordsorcauseachangeingrammaticalclass.Number,gender,tense,aspect,caseanddegree(8个:-s,-s,’s,-ing,-ed,-en,-er,estP60)Derivationalaffixes:producenewwords,somechangegrammaticalclassesofwords.dis-,un-,re-,in-,-ly,-y,ful,-er,ment,tion,(P61)root:thebasicpartofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalysedwithouttotallossofitsidentitybase:theformthataderivationalaffixisattached,disagree+ment=disagreemenstem:theformthataninflectionalaffixisattached:reopen+ing=reopening.eat+ing=eating(stem)eat+able=eatable(base)eat+er=eaterincorrect,impossibleillegalirregularinexactimpracticleillegibleirrelevantinaccurateimproperinefficient{in}---/in/,/im/,/il/,/ir/enlargeembodyensureempowerenrich{en}---/en/,/em/Morpheme,morph,allomorphMorphemesaretheminimalmeaningfulunitsinagrammaticalsystemofalanguage.{ing}MorphsaretherealizationsofmorphemesingeneralandaretheactualformsusedtorealizemorphemesAllomorphs(词素变体):therealizationsofaparticularmorpheme./in/,/il//ir/,/im/{d}:/t/aftervoicelessconsonantsexcept/t/;hoped,looked,stopped,finished/d/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/d/;loved,lived,realized/id/after/t/and/d/.Visited,stated,headed{z}:/s/:aftervoicelessconsonantsexcept/s/,//,and//,books,mapsstreets;/z/aftervowelsandvoicedconsonantsexcept/z/,//,//.bags,carskeys/iz/after/s/,/z/,//,//,//,//.sizes,bridgesbosses,matches{haus}---/haus/:house,housework,housewife;or/hauz/:houses{waif}----/waif/wife,housewifeor/waiv/wives{naif}---/naif/knife,or/naiv/knivesMorphsarerelatedtomorphemesingeneralandallomorphsarerelatedtoaspecificmorpheme.

emptymorphandzeromorphemptymorph:amorphwhcuhasformbutnomeaning.children=child+r+enoxen=ox+enzeromorph:amorphwhichhasmeaningbutnoform.TheyworkinNanjing.work=work+//sheep(plural)=sheep+//ICanalysisMorphemicanalysis:toanalysethenumberofmorphemesandtherelationshipsbetweenthemorphemes.linearorderofmorphemes:thehorizontal(水平)orderorthesequentialcharacteristicsofmorphemesinaword:meanings=mean+ing+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+shierarchicalorder:theinternalstructureorrelationshipsofthemorphemes.Immediateconstituentanalysis(ICanalysis)todividethemorphemesofawordintotwogroupsandthendividethemintosub-groupsandsoon,untiltheirreducibleconstituentsorthemorphemesareobtained.

replacementsreplacement+sreplace+ment

re+place

ultimateconstituents(最后成分):re,place,ment,simmediateconstituents:constituents:alltheformsexcepttheoneatthetop(word)

replacementsre+placementsplacement+splace+ment

disagreementsdis+agreementsagreements+sICanalysismustconformtothemorphologicalrules:therulesthatdeterminehowmorphemesarecombinedintonewwords.每次切分所得的词素都必须有意义,反映词构成的先后顺序.

un+truly,unman+ly

5.6word-formationprocesses1coining(创造新词):thefirst-timecreationofnon-complexwordswhoseformandmeaningiscompletelyunmotivatedandarbitrary.Cloneaspirin,nylon,zipper,dacron,Kleenex,雷人2borrowing:takingoverwordsfromotherlanguages.

borrowedwords,borrowingsorloanwordsfallinto4categories:aliens(非同化词):elite(精英),coupd’etat(政变)coupe(汽车);denizens(同化词):get,theater,socio(French)+logy(Greek).translation-loan(译借词):blackhumour(humournoir),mothertongue(linguamaterna).semanticborrowings(借义词):gift(thepriceofwifeinOldEnglish)---”giftorpresent”fromtheScandinavianterm“gift”word-formationprocesses:therule-governedprocessesofformingnewwordsonthebasisofalreadyexistinglinguisticresources.productiveones:derivation(派生),conversion(转换)andcompounding(复合);lessproductiveones:blending(拼缀法),clipping(截短法),backformation(逆成法),acronymy(首字母法)Derivation:aprocessinwhichoneormoreaffixesareattachedtoarootorabasetoproduceanewwordknownasderivedwords.Derivationwilloftenchangethepartofspeechorgrammaticalclassoftherootorbase.happy—happily.Itisthemostcommonword-formationprocess,includingprefixationandsuffixation.compounding:aprocessinwhichtwoormorefreemorphemesarecombinedtoformanewwordcalledcompoundwordorcompound.sleepwalk,forget-me-not,water-bed.3types:hyphenatedcompounds:linkedbyahyphen.father-in-law,baby-faced,whistle-blowing,let’s-make-a-deal.Asolidcompound:twowordsarewrittentogether:fingerprint,sunburndoorknob.Opencompound:thewordsarewrittenseparately:AprilFool’sday,Bostonterrier.AcompoundmaybepermanentortemporaryConversion:aprocesstoturnaowrdintoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofaffix.It