现代语言学历年真题及答案

全国2011年1月自学考试现代语言学试题之南宫帮

珍创作

创作时间：二零二一年六月三十日

课程代码：00830

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatements

carefully.Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbest

completesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orD

inthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)

1.Thereisadifferencebetweenwhatweknow,whichis

ourlinguisticcompetence,andhoweusethisknowledge

inactualspeechproductionand______,whichisour

linguisticperformance.()

A.creationB.communication

C.comprehensionD.perception

2.Thesoundsthatbeginandend

thewordschurchandjudgeare

voicelessandvoiced

,respectively.()

A.affricatesB.stops

C.velarsD.palatals

3.Morphemeswhichrepresentsuchgrammaticalcategories

asnumber,tense,gender,andcasearecalled

morphemes.()

A.freeB.bound

C.derivationalD.inflectional

4.XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Phrasesthatare

formedofmorethanonewordusuallycontainhead,

andcomplement.()

A.modifierB.determiner

C.qualifierD.specifier

5.isconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthe

linguisticformwhiledealswiththerelationship

betweenthelinguisticelementandnon-linguisticworld

ofexperience.()

A.Reference,senseB.Sense,referent

C.Sense,referenceD.Referent,sense

6.AccordingtoJohnAustin'stheoryofspeechact,a(n)

actistheactofexpressingthespeaker's

intention.()

A.prelocutionaryB.locutionary

C.illocutionaryD.perlocutionary

7.Soundchangesmayincludethelossofasoundor

sounds.Theso-calledapocopereferstotheomissionofa

vowelsegment,()

A.inword-initialB.inword-middle

C.inword-finalD.insyllable-initial

8.IncontrasttoStandardAmericanEnglish,Black

EnglishisthedistinctvarietyofEnglishnativeto

blackpopulationsintheUSA.WeregardBlackEnglish

as.()

A.aregionaldialectB.asocialdialect

C.asituationaldialectD.anethnicdialect

9.Amongthelanguagecenters,isresponsiblefor

physicalarticulationofutterances.()

A.themotorareaB.Broca'sarea

C.Wernicke'sareaD.theangulargyrus

10.Thelanguageatstagebeginstoreflectthe

distinctionbetweensentence-types,suchasnegative

sentences,imperatives,andquestions.()

A.prelinguisticB.one-word

C.two-wordD.multiword

II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthe

followingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletter

ofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.Notethatyou

aretofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowed

tochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)

11.Aisoneofthedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguage,

whichmeansthereisingeneralnonaturalrelation

betweenmeaningsandsounds.

12.Amongthethreebranchesofphonetics,thestudyof

thephysicalpropertiesofthestreamsofsoundsproduced

inspeechisknownasaphonetics.

13.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguard

againstointhatdifferentwordsmayrequire

differentaffixestocreatethesamemeaningchange.

14.UniversalGrammarisasetofprinciplesandp

ofgrammarwhich,accordingtoChomsky,isinherited

geneticallybyallhumanbeings.

15.Thesynonymssuchaseconomical,thrifty,andstingy

aredifferentintheiremeaning.

16.Mostoftheviolationsofthefourmaximsunderthe

CooperativePrinciplegiverisetoconversational

i.

17.Whenthereisaneedtoreduceambiguityandincrease

communicativeclarityorexpressiveness,thenrule

eoccurs.

18.Apidginisamlanguagedevelopedasamediumof

trade,orthroughotherextendedbutlimitedcontact,

betweengroupsofspeakerswhohavenootherlanguagein

common.

19.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptual

functionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainis

called1.

20.Languageacquisitionisconcernedwithlanguage

developmentinhumans.Generallyspeaking,itrefersto

children'sdevelopmentoftheirflanguage.

III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthe

followingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrue

orFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeach

statement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmust

explainwhyyouthinkso.(2%X10=20%)

21.()“There'samotorcyclecoming"isseenas,

outofcontext,astatementthatamotorcycleiscoming.

Butinaparticularcontext,itmightbeawarningtoa

pedestriannottostepontoaroad.Whenthestudyof

meaningisconsideredinthecontextofuse,itbecomesa

branchoflinguisticscalledpragmatics.

22.()Todistinguishbetweenphonemesandphones,

linguistsuseslashes//forphoneticsegmentsandsquare

brackets[]forphonemicsegments.

23.()Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestemand

alsochangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.

24.()Inadditiontosentencesandclauses,a

syntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoalexicalcategory

oraphrasalcategorythatperformsaparticular

grammaticalfunction.

25.()Theword“flower"and"flour”,whichare

identicalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,

arehomophones.

26.()Astheprocessofcommunicationis

essentiallyaprocessofconveyingmeaninginacertain

context,pragmaticscanberegardedasakindofmeaning

study.

27.()Themeaningrepresentationofwordsmay

change,becomingbroader,narrower,orshifted.Theword

knightoncemeant“youth”,butwaselevatedinmeaning

intheageofchivalry；WhenJuliettellsRomeo,"I'm

toofond."SheisnotclaimingshelikesRomeotoo

much.Shemeans“Iamtoofoolish."Thesearetwo

examplesofsemanticbroadening.

28.()Insociolinguistics,speechcommunity

referstoagroupofspeakerswhoconstituteacommunity

andsharethesamelanguageoraparticularvarietyof

language.SpeakersofEnglishingeneralmightbe

treatedassuchacommunity.

29.()Generallyspeaking,thelefthemisphereof

thebraincontrolsvoluntarymovementsof,andresponds

tosignalsfrom,therightsideofthebody.

30.()TheoptimumageforSLAalwaysaccordswith

themaximof'"theyoungerthebetter”.

IV.Directions:Explaninthefollowingtermsandgive

examplesforillustrationwhereappropriate.(3%X

10=30%)

32.voicing

34.finiteclause

35.componentialanalysis

38.speechvariety

39.linguisticrelativism

40.thenativistviewoflanguageacquisition

V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.

(10%X2=20%)

41.Whatisthedistinctionbetweenlangueandparole?

WhydidSaussuremakesuchadistinction?

42.Whatarethedifferencesbetweensentencemeaningand

utterancemeaning?Andgiveexamplestoillustratethem.

2011年1月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底

全国2010年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatements

carefully.Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbest

completesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,orD

inthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)

1.ThepurposeofChomsky'sdefinitionistofocus

attentiononthepurelypropertiesoflanguage,

andthesepropertiescanbestudiedfroma

mathematicallyprecisepointofview.

A.lexicalB.grammaticalC.semanticD.structural

2.Werefertothelimitedrangeofsoundsasthephonic

mediumoflanguageandindividualsoundswithinthat

rangeas.

A.vowe1sB.consonantsC.soundsD.speechsounds

3.A(n)referstotheexistingformtowhicha

derivationalaffixcanbeadded.

A.rootB.stemC.affixD.morpheme

4.Allsentencesinalllanguagescanberepresentedby

constituentstructuretrees,andallhavesyntactic

rulesthatdeterminethelinearorderofwordsand

theirstructure.

A.linearB.hierarchicalC.constituentD.syntactic

5.Insemanticanalysisofasentence,a(n)isa

logicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidentical

withthenominalelementinasentence.()

A.argumentB.subjectC.objectD.predicate

6.SpeakerA:Canyouanswerthetelephone

SpeakerB:I'minthebath.

SpeakerBisviolatingthemaximof.()

A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.manner

7.Newwordsmaybeformedfromexistingwordsbythe

removalofasuffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

Suchaprocessiscalled,e.g.,caretakefrom

caretaker.

A.back-formationB.clippingC.blendingD.abbreviating

8.Itisinsultingtoawomantobecalledaspinster,

butitisnotinsultingtoamantobecalleda

bachelor.Thereisnothinginherentlyaboutthe

wordspinster.Theconnotationsreflectthesexist

viewssocietyhasaboutanunmarriedwomanasopposed

toanunmarriedman.

A.importantB.unusualC.pejorativeD.commendatory

9.Humanlinguisticabilitydependsprimarilyonhuman

.()

A.brainB.vocalcordsC.tongueD.articulatoryorgans

10.Inthestage,childrenbegintoproducelonger

utteranceswithmorecomplexgrammaticalstructures.

()

A.prelinguisticB.one-wordC.two-wordD.multi-word

II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthe

followingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletter

ofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.Notethatyouare

tofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedto

changethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)

11.Dlinguisticsisthesystematicdescriptionand

elucidationofalllinguisticchangesthroughtime.It

studiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageovera

periodoftime.Forexample,astudyofthechanges

EnglishhasundergonesincethetimeofShakespeare

wouldbeadiachronicstudy.

12.Thephonemesofalanguagecannotbestrungtogether

inanyrandomordertoformwords.Thephonological

systemdetermineswhichphonemescanbeginaword,end

aword,andfolloweachother,inotherwords,there

aresrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsina

particularlanguage.

13.Morphologycanbedividedintotwosub-branches:

inflectionalmorphologyanddmorphology.

14.Syntaxconsistsofasetofabstractrulesthatallow

wordstobecombinedwithotherwordstoform

grammaticalsentences.Itisuniversallyfoundthat

syntacticrulescompriseaspeaker'ssystemof上

linguisticknowledgeknownaslinguisticcompetence.

15.Pairsofwordswhichexhibitthereversalofa

relationshipbetweenthelexicalitemsarecalledr

opposites.

16.Pragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudies

ofm,butwhatdistinguishesthemiswhetherthe

contextofuseisconsidered.

17.InOldEnglishthewordorderisdifferentfromthat

ofModernEnglish,andtherearetwonegatives,"ne"

("not")and"n缶fre"("not"+"ever"="never").

SodruleisoneofthegrammaticalrulesinOld

English.

18.Whenapidgincomestobeadoptedbyacommunityas

itsnativetongueandislearnedbychildrenastheir

firstlanguage,itbecomesc.

19.Thecagefortheacquisitionofthefirstlanguage

coincideswiththeperiodofbrainlateralization.

20.Insecondlanguagelearning,instrumentalmotivation

occurswhenthelearner'sgoalisf,andintegrative

motivationoccurswhenthelearner,sgoalissocial.

III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowing

statementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFfor

falseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.If

youthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhy

youthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.(2%

X10=20%)

21.()Languageisarbitrarybynature.Anditis

entirelyarbitrary.

22.()Inproducingstopsorplosives,the

obstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansis

totalorcomplete,withtheobstruction

audiblyreleasedandtheairpassingout

again,suchasEnglishstops[p]and[t]in

pit.Inproducing[p]and[t]theflowofair

isblockedthroughthemouthonly.

23.()Fromthesemanticpointofview,themeaning

ofacompoundisalwaysperceivedfromthe

meaningsofitscomponents.

24.()Accordingtothe“principles-and-

parameterswtheory,“principles“referto

highlyabstractpropertiesofgrammarwhich

areappliedtolanguageingeneralandwhich

generatephrasesandatthesametime

restrainthepowerofMovea,while

“parameters“allowgeneralprinciplesto

operateincertainrestrictedways,according

towhichparticulargrammarsofnatural

languagesvary.

25.()Indiscussingthesenserelationsbetween

sentences,YisaprerequisiteofX.SoifY

istrue,Xmustbetrue.

26.()AccordingtoAustin,sclassificationof

perlocutionaryacts,speechactsfallinto

fivegeneralcategories,whichare

representatives,directives,commissives,

expressivesanddecalrations.

27.()ForsomespeakersofAmericanEnglish,the

wordaskispronounced[geks],buttheword

askingispronounced[sesklij].Itis

interestingthatinOldEnglishtheverbask

wasaksian,withthe/k/precedingthe/s/.This

meansthatahistoricalmetathesisrule

switchedthesetwoconsonants,producingask

inmostdialectsofEnglish.Metathesisis

thephonologicalprocessthatreorders

segments,oftenbytransposingtwoadjoining

soundsegments.

28.()Languagevarietiesmaybestandardand

nonstandard.Nonstandardvarietiesare

regardedassubstandardlanguages.Only

standardvarietiesareregardedastheonly

correct,logicalandpure,andareeffective

inexpressingideasincommunication.

29.()Languageistheonlymeansofexpressing

thought.

30.()TheErrorAnalysisapproachshowsthatthere

arestrikingsimilaritiesinthewaysin

whichdifferentL2learnersacquireanew

language.

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingtermsandgive

examplesforillustrationwhereappropriate.(3%X

10=30%)31.descriptivelinguistics32.diphthong33.

morphologicalrules34.casecondition35.collocational

synonyms36.declarations37.Grimm'sLaw38.registers39.

languagecenters40.formalinstruction

V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%X

2=20%)

41.Explainsyntacticmovement,NP-movementandWH-

movementwithexamples.

42.Explaintheterm“euphemism“withexamples.

Describetheuseofeuphemismsinsocialcommunication.

Whatwillresultineuphemisticcliches?

2010年10月全国自考现代语言学参考谜底

全国2010年1月自学考试现代语言学试题

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatements

carefully.Decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbest

completesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,C,

orDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)

1.Thelanguagebehaviorofparticularpersonson

particularoccasionsisdeterminedbymanyotherfactors

overandabovetheirlinguistic.()

A.systemB.structureC.competenceD.performance

2.Whenwepronouncethelongvowels[i:]or[u:],our

,whichisabonystructureattheendofthe

windpipe,isinastateoftension.()

A.larynxB.hardpalateC.glottisD.vocalcords

3.Theword“manuscript“isatwo-morphemecluster

whichcontains.()

A.tworootsB.arootandaprefixC.arootandasuffix

D.arootandafreemorpheme

4.Thegrammaticalknowledgeisrepresentedthrough

PhraseStructureRules,whichstateexplicitlyalland

onlythepossiblecombinationsoftheofa

language,forexample,inEnglish,NP-*(Det)(Adj)

N(PP)(S).()

A.phrasesB.clausesC.sentencesD.constituents

5.Theviewthatthemeaningofalinguisticformis

definedastheusituationinwhichthespeakerutters

itandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”was

proposedby.

A.PlatoB.OgdenandRichardsC.JohnFirthD.Bloomfield

6.AccordingtoJohnAustin,stheoryofspeechact,a(n)

actisthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.

"()

A.prelocutionaryB.locutionaryC.illocutionaryD.

perlocutionary

7.In1786,SirWilliamJonessuggestedthatbore

toGreekandLatinastrongeraffinitythancould

possiblyhavebeenproducedbyaccident.()

A.GermanicB.PersianC.SanskritD.Lithuanian

8.Theexistenceoftaboowordsandtabooideas

stimulatesthecreationofeuphemism,whichshowsthata

wordorphrasenotonlyhasalinguisticdenotative

meaningbutalsohasa.()

A.conceptualmeaningB.connotativemeaningC.cultural

meaningD.socialmeaning

9.Dichoticlisteningresearchtellsusasignalcoming

intheleftearwillfirstgotothehemisphere,

fromwhereitistransferredtotheleftsideofthe

brainforprocessing.

A.rightB.leftC.frontD.back

10.Studiesoftheeffectsofformalinstructionon

secondlanguageacquisitionsuggestthatformal

instructionmayhelplearnersperformsomeofthe

followingtypesoftasksexcept.A.planned

speechB.writingC.casualandspontaneous

conversationD.career-orientedexamination

II.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthe

followingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletter

ofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.Notethatyouare

tofillinONEwordonly,andyouarenotallowedto

changethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)

11.Doubleareferstothepropertyoflanguagewhich

meanslanguageiscomposedofdiscreteunitsattwo

levels.Atthelowerlevelthereisastructureof

sounds,whicharemeaningless.Atthehigherlevel

therearemorphemesandwords,whicharemeaningful.

12.Intheproductionofv,thebackofthetongueis

broughtintocontactwiththesoftpalate,orvelum,

e.g.,[k]incat,[g]ingetand[H]insting.

13.Morphologicalrulesaretherulesthatgovernwhich

affixcanbeaddedtowhattypeof

Wtoformanewword.

14.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthat

usuallycomprisesanumberofwords.Aphrase

structuretreediagramassignsahstructureto

sentences.

15.Thewordssuchas"pop”meaningacertainsoundand

"pop"meaningpopularareinrelationshipofc

homonyms.

16.Thecviewinthediscussionofsemanticsisoften

consideredastheinitialefforttostudymeaningina

pragmaticsense.

17.Extensivechangesinrulesofmorphologyhave

occurredinthehistoryofEnglish.Englishhaslost

mostofitsiendings,bywhichitisnolonger

possibletoidentifythefunctionalrolesofnouns.

18.Diglossiadescribesanystablelinguisticsituation,

inwhichthereexistsastrictf

differentiationbetweenalow-varietyorL-varietyand

ahighvarietyorH-variety.

19.Thelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptual

functionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrainis

calledL

20.Iisthelanguagethatalearnerconstructsata

givenstageofsecondlanguageacquisition.

III.Directions:Judgewhethereach,ofthefollowing

statementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorF

forfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.

Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplain

whyyouthinksoandthengivethecorrectversion.

(2%X10=20%)

21.()AccordingtoHall(1968),languageis"the

institutionwherebyhumanscommunicateand

interactwitheachotherbymeansof

habituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrary

symbols.Mostlinguiststodayaccepttheview

oflanguageasasetof“habituallyused

symbols.〃

22.()Intonationreferstoadistinctivepatternof

tonesoverstretchofspeechinprinciple

longerthanaword,inotherwords,whenpitch,

stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothe

sentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,

theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.

23.()Suffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,

duringtheprocessofwhichtheymodifythe

meaningoftheoriginalwordbutusuallydo

notchangeitspartofspeech.

24.()Whenwesayasentencehastwolevelsof

structure,D-structureandS-structure,wedo

notmeanthatthesyntacticrepresentations

ofthesetwolevelsmustbedifferent.Since

syntacticmovementoccurstoallsentences,

sotherepresentationsofthetwo

levelslookdifferent.

25.()“HehasbeentoNewYork“presupposes”He

hasbeentoAmerica”.

26.()JohnSearlemadeadistinctionbetweenwhat

hecalled“constatives”and

“performatives”.

27.()Regularizationofexceptionalpluralformsof

nounsconstantlyoccurs.Byanalogyto

foe/foes,anddog/dogs,Englishspeakers

startedsayingcowsasthepluralofcow

insteadoftheearlierpluralkine.This

analogicalchangedoesnotoccurwhenwords

areborrowedfromforeignlanguages.

28.)ThecommonEnglishaddresstermsareFirst

Name(e.g.,John),LastName(e.g.,Smith),

Title+LastName(e.g.,Dr.Green),Title+

Title(e.g.,Mr.President),Titlealone(e.g.,

Sir)andKinterm(e.g.,Dad).Andoutsideof

markedsettings,betweenfriends,neighbours

andcolleagues,firstnamesarealways

preferred.

29.)Thankstocerebralplasticity,people

sufferingdamagetothelefthemisphereare

abletotransfertheirlanguagecenterstothe

righthemisphereandtoreacquirethelost

linguisticskillswithrelativelylittle

disruption.

30.()Theearliestsoundsproducedbyinfantscanbe

consideredasearlylanguage

IV.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingone

ortwoexamplesforillustration,ifnecessary.(3%

X10=30%)31.designfeatures32.narrow

transcription33.boundmorphemes34.deepstructure35.

hyponymy36.commissives37.soundassimilation38.

idiolect39.Wernicke5sarea40.interference

V.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestions.(10%

X2=20%)

41.Pleaseillustratethesyntacticandsemanticfeatures

ofcompoundsinEnglishlanguagewithexamples.

42.Pleaseexplicatehowlanguageandthoughtdevelopand

blendeachotherinordertounderstandthe

relationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.

全国2009年10月自学考试现代语言学试题

I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowing

statementscarefully.Decidewhichoneofthefour

choicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,

B,C,orDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)

1.Saussureusedtorefertotheabstract

linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeech

community.()

A.performanceB.paroleC.langueD.competence

2.InEnglish,aphonememayberepresentedbytwoor

moreallophones.Thechoiceoftheallophoneis.

()

A.randomB.rule-governedC.haphazardD.unpredictable

3.Inword-formation,aisthesmallestmeaningful

unitoflanguage.()

A.phonemeB.wordC.compoundD.morpheme

4.Acategoryusuallyreferstoawordorphrase

thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction,such

asthesubjectorpredicateinasentence.()

A.lexicalB.phrasalC.syntacticD.phonetic

5.Inthefollowingpairsofwords,areapairof

relationalopposites.()

A.“buy”and"sell"B."male"and"female"C.

"hot"and"cold"D."alive"and"dead"

6.Theillocutionarypointofhasthe

characteristicthatthesuccessfulperformanceofan

actofthiskindbringsaboutthecorrespondence

betweenwhatissaidandreality.

A.directivesB.declarationsC.