英美文学各章学习重点

ColonialLiterature

(1}APeriodthatrecordedandcreatedhistory.

(2)MarkingtheBeginningofAmericanMainstreamLiterature

2.Majorcharacteristics:

(1)NarrationoftheadventuresofthecolonialistscrossingtheAtlantic.

(2)ThedepictionofthenaturalenvironmentofNorthAmerica.

(3)Examinationoftheculturaltraditionofthecolonialresidents.

(4)Therecordoftheactivitiesofthepuritans.

IV.AmericanPuritanism

1.Generalintroduction

・Puritanismasareligioustenet:

A.God-chosenpeoplecomingtoablessedland

togetthelastchancetosavethemselves.

(2)Puritanismaspartofthenationalculture.

Acodeofvalues.

Aphilosophyoflife.

DominantfactorinAmericanlife.

Astateofmind.

(3)Symbolisminseeingtheworld

・SymbolismasdistinctlyAmerican.

Thephysical.phenomenalworldisnothingbutsymbolofGod.

・Physicallifeissimultaneouslyspiritualandevery

•passageoflifepossessedadelegatedmeaning.

AmericanRomanticism

1,Romanticismcelebratethetriumphoffeeling

andintuitionoverreason.

2,romanticismexaltedtheindividualover

society,thusshowingastrongdislikingfor

thebondageofconventionsandcustoms.

3,Natureisbelievedtobethesourceof

goodnessandtheantithesisofsocietytends

tobecorrupt.

4,Theproudbeliefinone'sownculturalgeniusand

heritage-isalsoastrikingcharacteristicsofromanticism.

TheinfluenceofAmericannationalismtoAmericanRomanticism：

First,AmericanromanticismdidnothavethepoliticalradicalismasseeninEuropeanRomanticists.

second,theromanticcelebrationofnaturalbeautywasinspired

inpartbyadesiretoestablishanoriginalrelationshipwrththe"new"landscape.

Third,theUnitedStatesasayoungcountrycouldnotbequitefreeofasenseofinferiorityof"colonialcomplex11inthefaceof

Europe.

EarlyRomanticPeriod

WashingIrving(1783-1859)

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'sMajorWorks

Irving'scontribution

Irving'sStyle

AkindheartedfarmerRipVanWinklewhohelpedastrangerdistributewineonamountainslope.Hedrankalittleandsoonfellasleep.Whenhe

wokeandwentbacktothevillage,itwas20yearslater.

Everythinghadchanged.

ThemostimportantchangewastheWarofIndependencehadbeenwonandtheportraitofKingGeorgeofBritainwasreplacedbyAmerican

PresidentGeorgeWashington.

Setting

ThestoryofRipVanWinklebeginsaboutfiveorsixyearsbeforetheAmericanRevolutionwhenundertheDutchcolonizationandends

twentyyearslater.

TheactiontakesplaceinavillageineasternNewYork,neartheHudsonRiverandtheCatskillMountains.

Atthefootofthesefairymountains,thevoyagermayhavedescriedthelightsmokecurlingupfromavillage,whoseshingle-roofsgleamamong

thetrees,justwherethebluetintsoftheuplandmeltawayintothefreshgreenofthenearerlandscape.Itisalittlevillageofgreatantiquity,

havingbeenfoundedbysomeoftheDutchcolonists,

Inthatsamevillage,andinoneoftheseveryhouses,therelivedmanyyearssince,whilethecountrywasyetaprovinceofGreatBritain,a

simplegood-naturedfellowofthenameofRipVanWinkle.

ThegreaterrorinRip'scompositionwasaninsuperableaversiontoallkindsofprofitablelabor.

Iflefttohimself,hewouldhavewhistledlifeawayinperfectcontentment;buthiswifekeptcontinuallydinninginhisearsabouthisidleness,his

carelessness,andtheruinhewasbringingonhisfamily.

RipVanWinkle

TheLegendofSleepyHollow

辛WashingtonIrving

Thestoryissetabout1790intheDutchsettlementofTarryTown,inasecludedglencalledSleepyHollow.IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane,a

schoolmaster,whocompeteswithAbraham（《圣经》中人物）"BromBones”VanBrunt,thetownrowdy（好争吵的）man,forthehandof18-year-old

KatrinaVanTassel,thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer,BaltusVanTassel.

AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight,heispursuedbytheHeadlessHorseman（无头骑士）,whois

supposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduring"somenamelessbattle"oftheAmerican

RevolutionaryWar,andwho"ridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead".

Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown,leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones,whowasutolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryof

Ichabodwasrelated".AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation,thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreally

BromBonesindisguise（化勺）.

Plotsummary

4.WashingtonIrving'sSignificance:

hisliteraryinnovations

OI）authoroffirstmodernAmericanshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.Itwashimwhointroducedthefamiliaressayfrom

EuropetoAmerica.

。2）Herankedamongthefirstofthemodemmenofletterstowritehistoryandbiographyasliteraryentertainment.

V3）Hewasoneoftheleadersoftheworld-wideRomanticMovement.

SummitofAmericanRomanticism

RalphWaldoEmerson

WhatisTranscendentalism?

♦3Transcendentalismwasaliterarymovementthatflourishedduringthemiddle19,hCentury（1836-I860）.

*ItbeganasarebellionagainsttraditionallyheldbeliefsbytheEnglishChurchthatGodsupersededtheindividual.

CoreBeliefsofTranscendentalism

寺Findingitsrootintheword'transcend；'Transcendentalistsbelievedindividualscouldtranscendsahigherbeingofexistenceinnature.

寺Godislocatedinthesoulofeachindividual.

+Humanity'spotentialislimitless.

*Experienceisvaluedoverscholarship.

超验主义的核心观点:

超验主义的核心观点是主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，认为人类世界的切都是宇宙的一个缩影「世界将其向身缩小成为滴露水

"(爱默生语)。超验主义者强调万物本质上的统万物皆受"超乂"制约，而人类灵魂与“超况"•致。这种对人之神圣的肯定使超验主义者蔑

视外部的权威与传统，依赖自己的直接经验。"相信你自己••这句爱默生的名言，成为超脸主义者的座右铭。这种超验主义观点强调人的主观能

动性，有助于打破加尔文教的■•人性恶"、"命定论”等教条的束缚，为热情奔放，抒发个性的浪漫主义文学奠定了思想基础。

Features

A.EmphasisonSpirit(Oversoul)(超灵)

against"worldismadeofmatter";

against"neglectingofspirituallifeincapitalistworld"

B.Emphasisonindividuals

OldPuritanviews:self-relianceandself-improvement

ThroughcommunicationwithOversoul,humanbeingcanbedivine.

against"totaldepravity"inOldPuritandoctrines

againstdehumanizationofcapitalistworld

C.TakingnatureasthesymboloftheSpirit(Oversoul)

encouragingpeopletofindgoodnessandbeautyfromnature

againstmaterialisminthesocietyandtheactionswhichbroketheharmonybetweenhumanandnatureonlyforprofits

D.Brotherhoodofman(equalandliberty)

interestedinsocialreforms;endeavortocreateanidealsociety;against"everythingformoney"inthecapitalistworld

RalphWaldoErnerson(1803-1882)

OanAmericanessayist,philosopher,poet,andleaderofthetranscendentalistmovementintheearly19thcentury.Histeachingsdirectly

influencedthegrowingNewThoughtmovementofthemid1800s.

Life

borninaclergyman'sfamilyinNewEngland

OgraduatedfromHarvard

OaUnitarianminister

。abandonedUnitarianismandwenttoEuropesearchingfortruth

。foundedaTranscendentalists'Clubandpublishedajournal

。traveledandgavelectures;quiteinfluential

Majorworks

。NatureabookwhichdeclaredthebirthofTranscendentalism

OSomeotheressayspreachinghisthoughts:"ThePoef,"Self-reliance''andTheAmericanScholar(American'sDeclarationofIntellectual

Independence)

QuotefromNature(1)

。Whyshouldnotwealsoenjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse?Whyshouldnotwehaveapoetryandphilosophyofinsightandnotof

tradition,andareligionbyrevelationtous,andnotthehistoryoftheirs?

❖“我们为什么不可以也跟宇宙建，工种R接的关系呢？为什么不能有一种凭宜觉而不是依靠传统的诗歌与哲学？为什么不能有一种不是依据他们

的历史传统而是直接启示我们的宗教呢?”

❖这实际上是在宣布一种独立精神。

QuotefromNature(2)

。Everyman'sconditionisasolutioninhieroglyphictothoseinquireshewouldput.

❖“每个人自身的状貌便是对他提出的疑难所做的形象的答&"

♦：♦这句话给他的观点“人是自己的神"做了恰当的注解。以独立的、全新的眼光看待自然界”

QuotefromNature(3)

*Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.

❖从哲学角度考虑，认为宇宙由自然界和精神组成。

QuotefromNature(4)

*Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.

*为了寻得孤身独处，人有必要走出书斋，退出社会，回归自然

♦%大自然具有干富意蕴。爱默生眼中的自然都是人的精神化身，欢乐的自然呈现着欢乐，哀愁的自然则又显得哀愁

QuotefromNature(5)

。theintegrityofimpressionmadebymanifoldnatureobjects.

❖自然界即外界多种事物给予的完整的印象。

❖表明爱默生视大千世界为一有机整体的浪漫主义自然观。他主张修心养性，只有在孤身独处时人的各种内在天赋才可得到充分发展。

❖他主张人应回到原始物质状态去，单纯地观察世界。

QuotefromNature(6)

OStandingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomea

transparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBeingcirculatethroughme;IampartorparticleofGod.

❖我站在空地匕头沐浴在和煦的空气里，仰望着无垠的太空，小我的一切都消失了，我变成了一只透明的眼球;本身不复存在;我洞察一切;上帝的精

气在我周身循环;我成为上帝的一部分。

❖这是表明爱默生超验主义观的名言，强调人与自然界的和谐•致。这是爱默生浪漫主义思想的上体，也是《论自然》一文的钥匙。

NathanielHawthorne

NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)

。Romanticnovelist,short-storywriter

FirstgreatAmericanwriteroffictiontoworkinthemoralistictradition.CombinedtheAmericanromanticismwithpuritanmoralism

LifeIntroduction

VHawthornewasbornonthefourthofJuly.1804inSalem,Massachusetts,intoaprominentPuritanfamilyandadeclinedaristocraticfamily

aswell.

Hisfather,aseacaptain,diedofyellowfeverin1808,leavingatSalemawidowandthreechildreninpoverty.Withthefinancialsupportfromhis

moreprosperousmaternalrelationships,Hawthornewasabletoreadsomebooksofthoseliterarymasterminds,suchasShakespeare,Spenser,

whichwereessentialforhisformationasawriter.

MajorWorks

OTheHouseofSevenGables《有七个尖角阁的房子》

。YoungGoodmanBrown《好小伙子布郎》

*MossesfromanOldManse《古屋青苔》

。TheScarletLetter《红字》

*ArtisticFeatures

thestructuresandtheformofhiswritingarealwayscarefullyworkedout.

hisnovelisthoughtful,fullofmentalactivities,withhisspecialinterestinthepsychologicalaspectofhumanbeings,thereisn'tmuchaction

whileheisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.

^^Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism.Thesymbolcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting..

ThematicConcerns

。evil,guilt,sin

空Mostofhisworksdiscusstheimportantissuesthatconcernthemorallifeofmanandhumanhistory.

。Hawthorne'sviewofmanandhumanhistoryoriginates,toagreatextent,inPuritanism.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritan

ancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.Heoftenwonderedifhemighthaveinheritedsomeoftheirguilt.Thissensibility

ledtohisunderstandingofevilbeingattheverycoreofhumanlife.

Structureofthenovel

❖Structure:compactinatinyframeandimpregnatedwithmeaning.24chaptersarecloselyknittedtogetherbythescaffoldscenesappearing

threetimes.

•>TheCustomhouse:introductorypart

❖Chapter1:Theprisondoor

❖Chapter2:marketplace

Chapter3:therecognition

Chapter4:theinterview

❖Chapter5:HesteratherNeedle

Chapter6:Pearl

Chapter23therevelationofthescarletletter

Chapter24:conclusion

CharactersIntroduction

Characterization

HesterPrynne:

strong-willed,contemplative;independent;

maternal;intelligent

ArthurDimmesdale

loving,conscientious,reluctanttorepent.

Emotionalandeloquentinpreaching

RogerChillingworth

cold;indifferent;revenged;evil;malevolent

Pearl

innocent,perceptive,insightful

TheConnotationoftheName

。HesterPrynne:First,HesterremindsthereaderHestier—theGoddessofBeautyinGreekfairy,showingtheauthor'spraisetoHester's

beautyandsaint,Goddess-likebeauty.Second,thepronunciationofHesterisveryclosetohastier(thecomparativedegreeformofhasty),

heretheauthorimpliesthathermarriageishaste,herlovewithDimmesdaleishaste,andtotheextreme,herjoywiththepriestishaste.

ArthurDimmesdale

。First,ArthurremindsthereaderofAdam,humanbeingsancestorwhocommittedtheOriginalSinwithEveintheGardenofEden,Arthur

Dimmesdale,theinitialsADarethebeginningof“Adultery”；

。Secondly,41Dim"meanslackoflight,"dale"Meansvalley,whichsymbolizestheministersdinvinteriorworldofhisloveandtheshadowofsin

andguiltyofhismind.ArthurDimmesdalemeanssomeonewhocommittedadulterybutdarescowardlytoconfesshissinorcrime,andhas

toconcealitintheshadowandsufferitinteriorly.

RogerChillingworth

。RogerChillingworthhastwoaspects."Roger"isthehomonymicofRogue(hoodlum,scoundrel,bully),whichexpresseshisacttohiswife;

"Chilling"meanschilly.-Worth"tellsusRogersactis,tosomeextend,wortli/valuable--theauthor'scontradictorypsychologytoPuritanism.

Pearl

O"Pearl"hasmanysymbolicmeaning.First,itmeanstreasure-thetreasuretohermother.Second,pearlisthehomonymicofpurl(stream),

Pearl'sfateandlifeislikethepurlintheforest,mysterious,canonlyflowintheforest,seldombathethesunshine.

SymbolicMeaningsinTheScarletLetter

。ThenovelstartedwiththeembroideryletterAHesterworeandendedwiththescarletletterAengravedinthetombstone.Thus,theletterA

ispenetratedthroughthenovel.ThesymbolicAisambiguous.Acriticanalyzesitsmeaningsfromthefollowingfiveaspects:

A1=Adultery（通奸）-Apple（苹果）（文本意义）

❖A2=Arthur（情人亚瑟）一Adam（亚当）（情感意义）

❖A3=Angel（天使）-Able（能于）（审美意义）

A4=Amicable（和睦友好的女人）-Admirable（可尊敬的女人）群体层意义

A5=America（政教合一时代的美国）一Authority（上帝的群为）政体层意义

Thescarletletterismeanttobeasymbolofshame,butinsteaditbecomesapowerfulsymbolofidentitytoHester.Theletter'smeaningshiftsas

timepasses.OriginallyintendedtomarkHesterasanadulteress,theUA"eventuallycomestostandfor"Able"or"Angel”.

BesidesHester,DimmesdalealsoironedtheletterAonhisbody,whichprovokedhisself-consciousnessandshowedhisrepentforwhathedid.

Pearl,theirbaby,woreagreenletterAinapieceofseaweedwhileplayingonthebeach.ThisgreenletterAsymbolizesvitalityornewlife,and

alsosuggestsherinheritancefromhermother.

Othersceneswithsymbolicmeanings

Prison-theblackflowerofcivilizedsociety（crimeandpunishmentofcivilizedsociety）

♦3Scaffold--isnotonlyasymbolofthesternPuritancodeforHesteracceptedthepunishment,butalsobecomesasyrhbolfortheopen

acknowledgmentofpersonalsin.ItistheplacetowhichDimmesdaleknowshemustgoforatonement,theonlyplacewherehecanescape

thegraspofChillingworthorofthedevil.

》Nights-isusedasasymbolforconcealment,andthedayforexposure;Dimmesdalemountsthescaffoldtogiveouthispainatnights;andin

theendconfesseshisguiltandsinintheday.

。Forests-isasymbolofdarknessanddevil.Itisaplacewherewitchesgather,wheresoulsaresignedawaytothedevil,andwhere

Dimmesdalecanuyieldhimselfwithdeliberatevoice".

Sun-isusedasofuntroubled,guiltlesshappiness,ortheapprovalofGodandNature.ItshinesonPearl,butfleesawayfromHesterand

fromDimmesdale,evenintheforest.

Themesandtone

。Themes:Puritans（moralissue,emotionalissue）,theprotagonistsHesterandPrynne（love,originalsin,atonement,death,andimmortality）,

Chillingworth（revenge）

。Tone:Varies-contemplativeandsomewhatbitterintheintroduction;

thoughtful,fairlystraightforward,yetoccasionallytingedwithironyinthebodyofthenarrative;

WaltWhitman

•OneofthegreatinnovatorsinAmericanliterature

•HegaveAmericaitsfirstgenuineepicpoem:LeavesofGrass

Life

BornonMay31,1819,WaltWhitmanwasthesecondsonofahouse-builder.

Largelyself-taught,hereadvoraciously,becomingacquaintedwiththeworksofHomer,Dante,Shakespeare,andtheBible.

In1836,attheageof17,hebeganhiscareerasteacherintheone-roomschoolhousesofLongIsland.Hecontinuedtoteachuntil

1841,whenheturnedtojournalismasafull-timecareer.

•Inthefallof1848,hefoundeda"freesoil"newspaper,theBrooklynFreeman,andcontinuedtodeveloptheuniquestyleofpoetry.

•In1855,WhitmantookoutacopyrightonthefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass,whichconsistedoftwelveuntitledpoemsanda

preface.

・Whitmanreleasedasecondeditionofthebookin1856,containingthirty-threepoems,aletterfromEmersonpraisingthefirst

edition,andalongopenletterbyWhitmaninresponse.

•Whitmanstruggledtosupporthimselfthroughmostofhislife.InWashingtonhelivedonaclerk'ssalaryandmodestroyalties,

andspentanyexcessmoney,includinggiftsfromfriends,tobuysuppliesforthepatientshenursed.

b.Works

work:LeavesofGrass(9editions)

•SongofMyself

・ThereWasaChildWentForth

(有一个孩子在成长)

•CrossingBrooklynFerry

•DemocraticVistas

•PassagetoIndia

•OutoftheCradleEndlesslyRocking

PoeticFeatures

・WaltWhitmanwasoneofthemostimportantAmericanpoetsinthenineteenthcenturyandoneofthegreatinnovatorsin

Americanliterature.

・IntheprefacetohisLeavesofGrass,hesaysthatoneofhisfocusesisonthesortofpoetAmericarequiredandthesortofpoetry

Americaneeded.

・ThegreatAmericanpoetwouldcreatebothnewformsandnewsubjectmatterforpoetry.

Hesawrealityasacontinuousflow,withoutabeginningorend.Hedislikedthenineteenth-centurypoeticformsthatarestiffand

patterned.

MostofthepoemsinLeavesofGrassareaboutmanandnature,especiallycommonpeopleandordinaryAmericans.

Whitmanthoughtthatmessagewasalwaysmoreimportantthanform.Sohealwaysdevelopedhisstyletosuithismessageand

theaudiencehehopedtoreach.

Intheareaofpoeticform,Whitmanmadehisgreatcontributions.Throughhim,Americanpoetsfinallyfreedthemselvesfromthe

oldEnglishtraditions.

Thepoeticformheemployedisnowcalledfreeverse-theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithouta

fixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.

e.Influence

一HisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.

-HetookoverWhitman'svisionofthepoet-prophetandpoet-teacherandrecastitinamoresophisticatedandEuropeanizedmood.

-HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.

—ContemporaryAmericanpoetry,whateverschoolorform,bearswitnesstohisgreatinfluence.

C.AnalysisofTheExcerpt

TheAnalysisofWhitman's"SongofMyself"

"Songofmyself",consistingof1345lines,isthelongestpoeminLeavesofGrass.Thepoettakesforgrantedtheselfasthe

mostcrucialelementoftheworldandthussetsforthtwoofhisprincipalbeliefs:first,atheoryofuniversality(f^£14)；second,all

thingsareequalinvalue.

Parti

Line1celebrate:praise;honor.

Line2assume:admit;perceive.

WhatwordsIhaveusedtopraisemyselfwoulddothe

sametoyou.

Line3Eachofusisapartofnature,thus,wehavethesame

structure.

Line4loafe:(=loaf)wander;movefreely.

WhileIamloafing,Iinvitedmysoultogotogether,since

botharefree.

Line5Ileanandloafe:Inmywandering,Istoppedand

stooped(beingattracted

bysomething)

aspearof:anarrowpieceof(grassleave)

Line6form'dfrom:(be)createdfrom.

thisair:...wascreatedororiginatedfromtheair.

Line7Iwasbornhere;myparentswerebornhere.

fromparentsthesame:...fromtheparentswhowere

bornfromthesamesoilandusedtotakethesameair.

Line8begin:soIbegin.

Iamnowstrongandhealthy,Ibeginto

hopemysingingofmyselfwillnotstoptill

mydeath.

Line10Creeds:religiousdoctrines.Schools:theoryof

aparticulargroupofscholars.

inabeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseorin

force.

WhenIamsingingmyselfandwandering,I'dliketoleaveallthecreedsandschoolsaside,tohavethemretireback.

Line11sufficed:(Ifelt)Ihavehadquiteenoughofcreedsorschools.

they:thecreedsandschools.

butneverforgotten:inspiteofmyunwillingnesstoallthecreedsandschools,Iwouldneverhavethemforgotten.

HermanMelville

LifeExperience

bomonAugust1,1819inNewYorkCityintoanestablishedmerchantfamily,thethirdof8children.Hisfatherbecamebankruptandinsane,

dyingwhenMelvillewas12.

Hisseaexperiencesandadventuresfurnishedhimwithabundantmaterials,andresultedinfivenovelsthatbroughthimwidefameasa

writerofseastories.

In1850,hemetHawthorneandtheybecamegoodfriends.HereadHawthorne'sbooksandwasdeeplyimpressedbyHawthorne'sblack

vision.

Hisfamewasrecognizedafterhisdeath.

Melville'sMajorWorks

1)Typee«泰皮》

2)Omoo«欧穆”

3)Mardi«玛地”

4)Bedburn«雷得本》

5)WhiteJacket«白外衣”

Melville'sMajorWorks

6)Pierre«皮埃尔》

7)BillyBudd(比利•巴德》(asignthathehadresolvedhisquarrelwithGod)

Clarel《克拉莱尔》(apoem)

Melville'sMajorWorks

Moby-Dick«白鲸>>,«莫比•狄克》

MobyDick(1)

・ThisbookisdedicatedtoHawthorne,forHawthorneencouragedMelvilletochangethisnovelfromastoryfullofdetailsaboutwhaling,into

anallegoricalnovel.

MobyDick(2)

•u..

Epicinscope.

・Itconsistsof135chapters.

•-thelongandarduousjourney

-thegreatbattle

・Definedasanepic,whichcontainsatragicdrama,atragedyofpride,andpursuitandrevenge,whichisalsoatragedyofthought

Characters

•Ishmael:Thenamehascometosymbolizeorphans,exiles,andsocialoutcasts(inGenesis)--thesonofAbrahamandtheslavegirl

Hagar

・Ahab:AhabisthetyrannicalcaptainofthePequodwhoisdrivenbyamonomaniacaldesiretokillMobyDick,

Mates:Starbuck,Stubb.Flask.ThethreematesofthePequodareallfromNewEngland

•Harpooners:Queequeg,Tashtego,Daggoo,Fedallah(fromdifferentcountriesintheworld)

IntroductiontoIshmael

Thenarratorofthestory(knowledgeable,intelligent),digressionfromart,geology,anatomy,tolegalcodes,andliterature--Jackofall

trades

AwhalingshipMismyYaleCollegeandHarvard"

Hisintentionintheshipjourney:outofsomespiritualmalaise(精神的抑郁)

Additionally,Ishmaelrepresentsthecontradictionbetweenthestoryanditssetting,(suitablebutfictional)

Learnedperson&working-classmen(less-educatedandevenrough)

Ahab

ThePeqod'sobsessedcaptain,representsbothanancientandamoderntypeofhero.LiketheheroesofGreekorShakespeareantragedy,

Ahabsuffersfromasinglefatalflaw(致命性的缺陷).