常考的有机反应方程式汇 总

常考的有机反应方程式汇总A．烷烃及甲烷(易燃烧、易取代、可裂解)01．CnH2n+2+eq\f(3n,2)O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(高温))nCO2+(n+1)H2O02．CH4+Cl2eq\o(→,\s\up7(光照))CH3Cl+HCl03．CH3Cl+Cl2eq\o(→,\s\up7(光照))CH2Cl2+HCl、CH2Cl+Cl2eq\o(→,\s\up7(光照))CHCl3+HCl、CHCl3+Cl2eq\o(→,\s\up7(光照))CCl4+HCl04．CH3CH3+Cl2eq\o(→,\s\up7(光照))HCl+CH3CH2Cl05．CH4eq\o(→,\s\up7(高温))C+2H206．C16H34eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(加热、加压))C8H18+C8H16B．烯烃及乙烯(易燃、易加成、易加聚、易氧化、难取代)01．CnH2n+eq\f(3n,2)O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(点燃))nCO2+nH2O02．CH2CH2+3O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(点燃))2CO2+2H2O03．CH2CH2+Br2→CH2Br−CH2Br04．CH2CH2+H2Oeq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))CH3CH2OH05．CH2CH2+HBr→CH3CH2Br06．CH2CH2+H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH3CH307．CH2CH−CH3+HBr→CH3−CHBr−CH308．CH2CH−CHCH2+Br2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))CH2Br−CHBr−CHCH2(1,2−加成)09．CH2CH−CHCH2+Br2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))CH2Br−CHCH−CH2Br(1,4−加成)10．CH2CH−CHCH2+2Br2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))CH2Br−CHBr−CHBr−CH2Br11．12．nCH2CH2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))eq\o([,\s\do0(—))CH2−CH2eq\o(],\s\do0(—),\s\do1(n))13．nCH2CH−CHCH2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))eq\o([,\s\do0(—))CH2−CHCH−CH2eq\o(],\s\do0(—),\s\do1(n))14．nCH2eq\o(C—,\s\do8(|),\s\do17(CH3))CHCH2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))eq\o([,\s\do0(—))CH2eq\o(−C,\s\do8(|),\s\do17(CH3))CH−CH2eq\o(],\s\do0(—),\s\do1(n))15．2CH2CH2+O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))2CH3CHO16．R−CHCH2eq\o(→,\s\up7(KMnO4),\s\do5(H+))RCOOH+CO2↑17．R1−CHCH−R2eq\o(→,\s\up7(O3),\s\do5(Zn/H2O))R1CHO+R2CHOC．乙炔及炔烃(易加成、易加聚、易氧化、能使酸性高锰酸钾褪色)01．HC≡CH+H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH2CH2，HC≡CH+2H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH3CH303．CH≡CH+Br2→CHBrCHBr04．CH≡CH+HCleq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH2CHCl05．CH≡CH+H2Oeq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))CH3CHO06．2CH≡CH→CH2CH−C≡CH07．nCH2eq\o(CH,\s\do8(|),\s\do17(Cl))eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))eq\o([,\s\do0(—))CH2−eq\o(CH,\s\do8(|),\s\do17(Cl))eq\o(],\s\do0(—),\s\do1(n))08．nHC≡CHeq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂))eq\o([,\s\do0(—))CHCHeq\o(],\s\do0(—),\s\do1(n))09．2CH≡CH+5O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(点燃))4CO2+2H2O10．CaC2+2H2O→CH≡CH↑+Ca(OH)2D、苯及苯的同系物(易取代，难加成，苯能氧化、不与高锰酸钾反应)01．+Br2eq\o(→,\s\up7(Fe(或FeBr3)))Br+HBr02．+HO−NO2eq\o(→,\s\up7(浓硫酸),\s\do6(50~60℃))NO2+H2O03．+HO−SO3Heq\o(→,\s\up7(浓硫酸),\s\do6(70~80℃))SO3H+H2O04．+3H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))05．CH3+3HO−NO2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))+3H2O06．CH3eq\o(→,\s\up7(KMnO4),\s\do7(H+))COOH07．Req\o(→,\s\up7(KMnO4),\s\do7(H+))COOH(与苯环相连的碳上有H，无论侧链有多长，均生成苯甲酸)09．CH3+Br2eq\o(→,\s\up7(Fe(或FeBr3)))eq\o(\s\up5(CH3),\s\do4(Br))+HBr10．CH3+Cl2eq\o(→,\s\up7(光照))CH2Cl+HCl11．CH3+3H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH3E、卤代烃(易水解、能消去)01．CH3CH2Br+H2Oeq\o(→,\s\up7(NaOH),\s\do5(△))CH3CH2OH+HBr(CH3CH2Br+NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(H2O),\s\do5(△))CH3CH2OH+NaBr)02．CH3CH2Br+NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))CH2CH2↑+NaBr+H2O03．R−X+NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(H2O),\s\do5(△))R−OH+NaX04．CH2Br−CH2Br+2NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(H2O),\s\do5(△))eq\o(CH2—CH2,\s\do8(||),\s\do17(OHOH))+2NaBr05．R−CH2CH2X+NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))R−CHCH2+NaX+H2O06．R−CH2−eq\o(CH,\s\do8(|),\s\do17(X))−CH3+NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))R−CHCH−CH3+NaX+H2O07．CH3−CH2eq\o(−CH−CH−,\s\up9(|),\s\up17(CH3),\s\do8(|),\s\do17(Br))CH2−CH3+NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))CH3−CH2eq\o(−CHC—,\s\up9(|),\s\up17(CH3))CH2−CH3+NaBr+H2O08．eq\o(CH2—CH2,\s\do8(||),\s\do17(BrBr))+2NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))CH≡CH↑+2NaBr+2H2O11．CH3−eq\o(CH—CH,\s\do8(||),\s\do17(BrBr))−CH3+2NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))CH3−C≡C−CH3+2NaBr+2H2O12．CH3−eq\o(CH—CH,\s\do8(||),\s\do17(BrBr))−CH3+2NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))CH2CH−CHCH2+2NaBr+2H2O13．CH3−CH2−CHBr2+2NaOHeq\o(→,\s\up7(醇),\s\do5(△))CH3−C≡CH↑+2NaBr+2H2OF、乙醇及醇类(易氧化、易取代、能消去)01．2CH3CH2OH+2Na→2CH3CH2ONa+H2↑02．2CH3CH2OH+Mg→(CH3CH2O)2Mg+H2↑03．CH3CH2OH+3O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(点燃))2CO2+3H2O04．2CH3CH2OH+O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))2CH3CHO+2H2O05．2R−CH2OH+O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))2R−CHO+2H2O06．2CH3—eq\o(CH—,\s\up8(|),\s\up16(OH))CH3+O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))2CH3—eq\o(C,\s\up9(||),\s\up16(O))—CH3+2H2O07．2R1—eq\o(CH—,\s\up8(|),\s\up16(OH))R2+O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))2R1—eq\o(C,\s\up9(||),\s\up16(O))—R2+2H2O08．CH3CH2OHeq\o(→,\s\up7(酸性KMnO4或K2Cr2O7))CH3COOH09．CH3CH2OHeq\o(→,\s\up7(浓硫酸),\s\do5(170℃))CH2＝CH2↑+H2O10．R1−CH2−eq\o(CH—,\s\up8(|),\s\up16(OH))CH3eq\o(→,\s\up7(浓硫酸),\s\do5(△))R1−CHCH−CH3+H2O11．C2H5OH+C2H5OHeq\o(→,\s\up7(浓硫酸),\s\do5(140℃))C2H5OC2H5+H2O12．CH3CH2OH+HBreq\o(→,\s\up7(△))CH3CH2Br+H2O13．CH3CH2OH+CH3COOHeq\o(,\s\up7(浓硫酸),\s\do5(△))CH3COOCH2CH3+H2OG、苯酚及酚类(易氧化、易取代、能加成)01．OH+NaOH→ONa+H2O02．2OH+2Na→2ONa+H2↑03．ONa+H2O+CO2→OH+NaHCO3(CO2少量也生成NaHCO3)04．OH+Na2CO3→ONa+NaHCO3(酸性：H2CO3＞OH＞HCOeq\o\al(－,3))05．OH+3Br2→↓+3HBr06．OH+3H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))OHH、乙醛及醛类(易氧化、能加成)01．CH3CHO+H2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH3CH2OH02．CH3CHO+HCNeq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))CH3eq\o(CH—,\s\up8(|),\s\up16(OH))CN03．CH3CHO+CH3CHOeq\o(→,\s\up7(稀NaOH溶液))CH3eq\o(CH—,\s\up8(|),\s\up16(OH))CH2CHOeq\o(→,\s\up7(△))CH3CHCHCHO04．2CH3CHO+O2eq\o(→,\s\up7(催化剂),\s\do5(△))2CH3COOH05．CH3CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OHeq\o(→,\s\up7(△))CH3COONH4+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O06．HCHO+4Ag(NH3)2OHeq\o(→,