铁道概论 课件 5- 线路

授课内容（英文）：线路Chapter1RailwayLine

铁路线路是机车车辆和列车运行的基础。铁路线路是由路基、桥隧建筑物和轨道组成的一个整体工程结构。

Railwaylineisthebasisoflocomotiveandtrainoperation.Therailwaylineisanintegralstructurecomposedofroadbed,bridgeandtunnelengineeringandrail.roadbedrailsleeperballastbed本章内容：§1.1概述§1.2铁路线路的平面和纵断面§1.3铁路路基及桥隧建筑物§1.4轨道§1.5限界Content：1.1Overview1.2Railwaylineplaneandverticalsection1.3Railwayroadbedandbridgebuilding1.4Track1.5Gauge一、铁路的勘测设计在建筑一条铁路之前，必须进行调查研究和勘探工作，并从若干个可供比较的方案中选出一个最优方案来进行设计。铁路建设的三个阶段：

前期工作阶段：主要进行方案研究、初测和初步设计工作。

基本建设阶段：主要进行定测、技术设计和施工图设计，最后进行工程施工、验交投产。

投资效果反馈：铁路运营若干年后，有建设单位会同有关部门，对工程质量、技术指标和经济效益等考察验证，以评价设计和施工质量。§1.1概述RailwaySurveyanddesignPriortotheconstructionofarailway,investigationandexplorationmustbecarriedout,andanoptimalschemecanbeselectedfromanumberofalternatives.Preliminarywork:themainprogramresearch,preliminarytestandpreliminarydesign.Theconstructionphase:themainmeasurement,technicaldesignandconstructiondesign,thefinalconstruction,inspectionandcommissioning.Investmenteffectfeedback:afterseveralyearsofrailwayoperation,theconstructionunitwiththerelevantdepartmentsevaluate

thequalityoftheproject,technicalindicatorsandeconomicbenefits

soastojudgethequalityofdesignandconstruction.§1.1Overview二、铁路等级及主要技术标准

铁路主要技术标准包括：正线数目、限制坡度、最小曲线半径、牵引种类、机车类型、机车交路、车站分布、到发线有效长度和闭塞类型等。这些标准是确定铁路能力大小的决定因素，一条铁路选用不同的标准对设计线的工程造价和运营质量有重大影响，同时又是确定设计线的工程标准和设备类型的依据。LinelevelandtechnicalstandardsThemaintechnicalstandardsofrailwayline:the

number,

limitslope,

minimum

curve

radius,

the

station

distribution,

the

effective

length

ofdeparture

line,

traction

type,

locomotive

type,

locomotive

road,

block

type.Thesestandardsaretoidentifythefactorsdeterminingthecapacityofrailway,arailwaywithdifferentstandardshavegreatinfluenceonthequalityoftheconstructioncostandoperationdesignline,anddeterminethedesignlineengineeringstandardsandtypesofequipment.GradeI——Playakeyroleintherailwaynetwork,thelong-termtrafficvolumeisgreaterthanorequalto20Mt。GradeII——Playakeyroleintherailwaynetwork,thelong-termtrafficvolumeislessthan20Mtyears，Orplaythecontact,auxiliaryroleintherailwaynetwork,long-termtrafficvolumeisgreaterthanorequalto10Mt.GradeIII——Foraregionalservice,withthenatureofregionaltransport,long-termtrafficvolumeislessthan10Mt。§1.2铁路线路的平面和纵断面铁路线路在空间的位置是用它的中心线来表示的。1.2TheplaneandlongitudinalsectionofarailwaylineThepositionofarailwaylineinspaceisrepresentedbyitscenterline.§1.2§1.2铁路线路的平面和纵断面railsleeperballastbedroadbedroadshoulder§1.2铁路线路的平面和纵断面

线路中心线在水平面上的投影，叫做铁路线路的平面(俯视)，表明线路的直、曲变化状态；线路中心线展直后在铅垂面上的投影，叫铁路线路的纵断面（侧视），表明线路的坡度变化。线路平面线路纵断面§1.2Thehorizontalplaneprojection

ofcenterlineiscalledtherailwaylineplane(overlooking),whichindicateschangestateofstraightandcurvedline;Theprojectionintheverticalplaneofstraighteningcenterlineiscalledtherailwaylineprofile(sideview),indicatingthelineslopechanges.planelongitudinalsection一、铁路线路的平面及平面图线路的平面由直线、曲线（圆曲线及缓和曲线）组成。1、曲线要素

铁路线路在转向处所设的曲线，圆曲线基本组成要素有：曲线半径R，曲线转角α，曲线长L，切线长度T；

缓和曲线长度L0——直线与圆曲线之间的过渡线。一、铁路线路的平面及平面图Theplaneofthelineconsistsofastraightline,acurve(acircularcurveandagentlecurve).1Curveelements

ThebasicelementsofthecircularcurvearecurveradiusR,curveangleα,curvelengthL,tangentlengthT;

TransitioncurvelengthL0-thetransitionlinebetweenthecircularandcurvestraightlineHGF（1）外轨超高

为了平衡离心力，使内外两股钢轨受力均匀，垂直磨耗均等，旅客不因离心加速度而感到不适，将外轨抬高一定程度。外轨超高3、曲线地段的特点HGF(1)extrarail

Inordertobalancethecentrifugalforce,bothinternalandexternalrailreceiveevenforce,verticalwear,andmakethevisitorsnotfeeluncomfortableduetocentrifugalacceleration,theouterrailiselevatedtoacertainextent.superelevation3Characteristicsofthecurveline

为防止轮对被轨道楔住或挤翻钢轨，对于小半径曲线的轨距要适当加宽(R≤350m时，≤15mm

)

，以使机车车辆能顺利通过曲线，并使钢轨与车轮间的横向力最小，减少轮轨间的磨耗。（2）轨距加宽Inordertopreventthewheelsetfrombeingwedgedorpushedovertherail,thegaugeofthesmallradiuscurveshouldbewidenedappropriately(R≤350m≤15mm)sothattherollingstockcansmoothlypassthroughthecurveandmakethegapbetweentherailandthewheelwithinminimumlateralforce,reducingthewearbetweenthewheelandrail.(2)gaugewideningρ=∞ρ=R缓和曲线直线圆曲线为了使列车安全、平顺地由直线运行到圆曲线(或由圆曲线运行到直线）而在直线与圆曲线之间设置一个曲率半径逐渐变化的曲线称为缓和曲线。4、缓和曲线(1)设置缓和曲线的原因ρ=∞ρ=R缓和曲线直线圆曲线Inordertomakethetrainsafe,smoothrunningfromthestraightlinetothecircularcurve(orfromthecircularcurvetoastraightline),setacurvaturecurvewithgradualchangebetweenthestraightlineandthecircularcurvewhichiscalledthetransitioncurve.4transitioncurve(1)thereasonsforsettingtransitioncurve275、曲线路段对运营的影响限制列车运行速度；增加轮轨磨耗；增加轨道设备；增加轨道养护维修费用。285ImpactofthecurvesectiontotheoperationLimitthetrainrunningspeed;Increasewheel/railwear;Increasetrackequipment;Increasetrackmaintenancecost.曲线附加阻力：机车车辆在曲线上运行时的阻力大于同样条件下直线上运行的阻力，其增大部分叫曲线附加阻力，简称曲线阻力。产生原因：机车、车辆在曲线上运行时，轮轨间的纵向和横向滑动、轮缘与钢轨内侧面的摩擦增加，同时，由于转向架转向和侧向力作用，上下心盘等部分摩擦加剧。6、曲线附加阻力

Curveadditionalresistance:locomotivevehiclesrunningonthecurveoftheresistanceisgreaterthanthesameconditions,theresistanceofrunningontheline,theincreaseinpartcalledthecurveofadditionalresistance,referredtoascurveresistance.

Reason:when

locomotives,vehiclesrunningonthecurve,thefrictionbetweentheverticalandhorizontalsliding,theinneredgeofthewheelandtherailincreases,whileduetothesteeringwheelandlateralforce,theupperandlowerpartofthediskfrictionintensifies.6

Curveadditionalresistance

用一定的比例尺，把线路中心线及其两侧的地面情况投影到水平面上，就是铁路线路平面图。线路平面图和纵断面图是铁路勘测设计、施工和运营的重要文件。7、铁路线路平面图线路平面图Usingacertainscale,therailwaylineplanistoovershadowthecenterlineandbothsidesofthegroundtothehorizontalplane.Lineplansandprofilesareimportantdocumentsforsurveying,constructingandoperatingtherailway.7

railwaylineplan线路平面图线路纵断面由平道、坡道及设于变坡点处的竖曲线组成。二、铁路线路的纵断面及纵断面图1、变坡点、坡段、坡度、竖曲线坡度指以坡段终点对起点的高差与两点之间水平距离的比值.

用i‰表示。Theverticalsectionofthelineiscomposedofaflattrack,arampandaverticalcurveatthepointofslope.IIthelongitudinalandverticalsectionofrailwaylines1variableslopepoint,slopesegment,slopeandverticalcurveSlopereferstoratiobetweenheightdifferenceandthehorizontaldistancebotharefromtheendoftheslopetothestartingpoint,indicatedbyi‰.坡道坡度及坡道附加阻力示意图2rampadditionalresistanceQ坡道阻力是机车、车辆的重力沿轨道下坡方向的分力。数值上=i（N/KN）=i有正负区分Schematicdiagramofslopegradientandadditionalresistance2rampadditionalresistanceQRampresistanceiscomponentofthelocomotive’sgravityalongthetrackofthedownhilldirection.Numericalvalueof=i(N/KN)=iTherearepositiveandnegativediscriminations三、线路标志1、线路标志的作用

（1）里程标(公里标、半公里标)

公里标从铁路线路起点开始，每走一公里设置一个；半公里标设于线路的半公里处。2、线路标志的类型及设置地点线路的标志是为线路的维修和养护和司机和车长等工作上的需要而设置的。IIILinesigns1

Roleoflinesigns

1)milestone(kilometermark,halfkilometermark)

Kmmarkisfromtherailwaylinestartingpoint,eachoneissetforeachkilometer;halfamilemarkislocatedinthepointofhalfakilometer.2TypeandlocationofthelinesignsThelinemarkissetforthelinemaintenanceandconservationworkbetweenthedriverandcommander.（2）曲线标

为曲线的技术参数，在上面标明曲线的有关要素(曲线长度、缓和曲线长度、曲半径、超高、加宽)。该标设置于圆曲线的中部，示意图如下：2、线路标志的类型及设置地点Thestandardsettingandthemiddleofthecircularcurve,thediagramisasfollows:2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns

Asthetechnicalparametersofthecurve,itmarkstherelevantelementsofthecurve(curvelength,easecurvelength,radiusofcurvature,high,widening).2)Curvelabels（3）坡度标

表示该坡道的坡度大小及坡段长度，并用箭头表示上坡和下坡。坡度标设在变坡点处。2、线路标志的类型及设置地点(3)slopestandardRepresentstheslopeoftherampandthelengthoftheslope,anduphillanddownhillareindicatedbyanarrow.Theslopeislocatedattheslopepoint.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns（4）桥梁标设在桥梁中心里程（或桥头）处，标明桥梁编号和中心里程。2、线路标志的类型及设置地点Locatedatthebridgecentermileage(orbridgehead),itindicatesthebridgenumberandcentermileage.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns(4)bridgestandard（5）管界标

设在铁路局、工务段、领工区、养路工区、供电段、电力段的管辖地段的分界点处，两侧标明所向的单位名称。2、线路标志的类型及设置地点(5)Landmarks

Locatedinthedemarcationpointofrailwaybureau,publicworkssection,collarworkarea,roadmaintenancearea,powersupplysection,powersection,bothsidesofitindicatethenameoftheunit.2Typeandlocationofthelinesigns

通常，把垂直于线路中心线的路基横截面称为路基横断面，简称路基断面。按照路基所处的地势情况与横断面的形状，路基断面可以分为6类：一、路基的断面形式

1、路堤

路基设计标高高于地面标高，用土、石填筑而成的路基。路堤断面简图

铁路路基是轨道的基础，承受并传递轨道的重量及列车的动载荷。§1.3铁路路基及桥隧建筑物

roadbedrailsleeperballastbed§1.3RoadbedandBridgeBuildingRoadbedisthefoundationoftrack；Roadbedbearsthepressureofthetrack,andpasstotheground.ICross-sectionformofroadbedUsually,theverticalcross-sectionoftheroadcenterlinecalledtheroadbedcross-section,referredtoasroadbedcross-section.Inaccordancewiththeroadbedinwhichthesituationandtheshapeofthecross-section,roadbedcross-sectioncanbedividedintosixcategories:

Embankment：Thelinedesignishigherthanthenaturalground,formedbyfilling.Itis

composed

ofthetopofroadbed(includingtheshoulder),slope,berm,andsoilpit(verticaldrainageditch),etc.

路基设计标高低于地面标高，通过挖掘而形成的路基。路堑实物图

路堑断面简图一、路基的断面形式2、路堑

Cutslope

：Thelinedesignislowerthanthenaturalground,formedbyexcavation.Itiscomposedofroadbedtop,sideditch,slope,spoilpileandcutditch.physicalmapCuttingsectiondiagramICross-sectionformofroadbed路基设计标高与地面标高相同，轨道直接铺设在经过处理的天然地面上。半路堤断面简图不填不挖路基断面简图4、半路堤在山岳地区，通过部分填筑而形成的路基。一、路基的断面形式3、不填不挖路基

roadbeddesignelevationandgroundelevationisthesame,thetrackislaiddirectlyonthetreatednaturalground.半路堤断面简图不填不挖路基断面简图4Halfembankment

Inmountainousareas,theroadbedisformedbypartialfilling.3RoadbedwithoutfillinganddiggingICross-sectionformofroadbedCuttingsectiondiagramCuttingsectiondiagram

5、半路堑

在山岳地区，通过部分挖掘而形成的路基。半路堑断面简图半路堑实物图一、路基的断面形式5halfcutting

Inthemountainousarea,formedbypartialexcavationoftheroadbed。PhysicalpictureICross-sectionformofroadbedCuttingsectiondiagram二、路基的组成路基边坡

铁路路基本体组成路基路基本体路基顶面路肩路基附属设施2.ComponentsofroadbedroadbedslopeCompositionofroadbedbasicbodyroadbedroadbedbodyroadbedtopsurfaceShoulderroadbedauxiliaryfacilities1、路基顶面

路基顶面即路基的顶部，是铺设轨道的工作面。根据路基顶面形状，路基顶面的形状，分为有路拱、无路拱两种形式。

路基顶面的宽度是指从路基一侧的路肩边缘到另一侧路肩边缘之间的距离。无路拱路基断面有路拱路基断面路基顶面宽度示意图二、路基的组成1roadbedtopsurfaceItisusedforlayingtracks.

Accordingtothetopshapeoftheroadbed,itisdividedintowithcrownandwithoutcrown.

Thewidthofthetoproadbedisthedistancefromtheedgeoftheshoulderonthesideoftheroadbedtotheedgeoftheothershoulder.AsectionofroadbedwithcrownDiagramofroadbedtopsurfacewidth2.ComponentsofroadbedAsectionofroadbedwithoutcrown2、路肩与路基边坡路肩：路基顶面两侧无道床覆盖的部分。路基边坡：路肩边缘以外的斜坡。路基路肩与边坡示意图

路肩的作用：1）抵抗路基核心部分在受压力时向外发生挤动、变形，加强路基的稳定性；2）防止道渣滚落于路基坡面，保持道床完整；3）便于设置必要的线路、信号标志；4）供铁路现场作业人员行走，便于进行工作。二、路基的组成2ShoulderandroadbedslopeShoulder:thetopofroadbedcoveringpartoftheroadonbothsides.Roadbedslope:theoutsideedgeoftheslopeshoulder.Diagramofshoulderandroadbedslope

Theshoulderfunction:1)Helpthecorepartoftheroadbedtoresisttheoutwardextrusion,deformation,strengthenthestabilityoftheroadbed;2)Preventslagfallingontheslopeofroadbed,keeptrackofcomplete;3)Easytosetthenecessarylines,signalsigns;4)Usedfortherailwayfieldoperationspersonneltowalk,easytowork.2.Componentsofroadbed3、路基附属设施排水沟

路基附属设施的作用：保证路基的强度与稳定。

①排水设施地面排水设施→汇集地表雨水，引到路基以外。

例如：排水沟（见图）、截水沟等。地下排水设施→截断、疏导地下水，排出路基。二、路基的组成3roadbedauxiliaryfacilitiesDrainageditch

①drainagefacilities：Facilitiesforsurfacewater→Bringingtogetherthesurfacerain,leadingtotheoutsideoftheroadbed.E.g.verticalditches,drainageditchandsoonFacilitiesforgroundwater：→Cutoff,dredgegroundwater,dischargefromroadbed.Roleofroadbedauxiliaryfacilitiesistoensurethestrengthandstabilityofroadbed.路基边坡度冲刷防护②防护设施路基边坡坡面防护→增强路基边坡的抗风化能力。

例如：植被防护、砌石防护等。路基边坡冲刷防护→用于滨河、河滩、水库地段防护。例如：植被防护、抛石防护等。3、路基附属设施Roadbedslopeerosionprotection②Protectionfacilityslopeprotection→enhancetheweatheringresistanceofroadbedslope

Forexample:vegetationprotection,masonryprotection.slopeerosionprotection→forflood,reservoirprotection,riversidearea.Forexample:vegetationprotection,riprapprotection,etc.3roadbedauxiliaryfacilities挡土墙加固工程通过修建加固结构物或其它措施，使路基获得稳定。

例如：挡土墙、扶壁、挡棚等。山体挡棚3、路基附属设施Retainingwall

strengthentheconstructionofreinforcedstructuresorothermeasurestoensurethestabilityoftheroadbed.Forexample:retainingwall,buttress,

stopshedMountainstopshed3roadbedauxiliaryfacilities

桥梁，在铁路架空的部位承托轨道。内昆线金沙江大桥三、桥梁Bridge

isusedtosupportrailintheoverheadpartsofrailway.NeikunlineJingshajiangBridgeIIIBridge1、桥梁的作用与分类作用：供铁路线路跨越水流、山谷或其它建筑物的设施。跨越河流——跨河桥。跨越山谷——跨谷桥。跨越铁路、公路——跨线桥。跨越市区、工业区、农作物区——旱桥。跨河桥(陇海线渭河桥)1Roleandclassification

ofthebridge桥梁的型式很多，根据桥梁受力情况，分为5类：梁桥、拱桥、刚架桥、悬桥和组合体系桥等。Role:Afacilityforarailwaylinethatspanswater,valleys,orotherbuildings.Acrosstheriver-acrosstheriverbridge.Acrossthevalley-acrossthevalleybridge.Acrosstherailway,highway–overpassbridge.Acrosstheurbanareas,industrialareas,cropareas-drybridge.acrosstheriverbridge(LonghailineWeihebridge)Bridge,accordingtothebridgeforce,isdividedintofivecategories:beambridge,archbridge,rigidframebridge,suspensionbridgeandcombinationsystembridge.1Roleandclassification

ofthebridge跨谷桥(南昆线八渡3号大桥)

旱桥(西康线)跨线桥acrossthevalleybridge(NankunlineBaduNO.3bridge)

drybridge(Xikangline)overpassbridge跨河桥组成部分简单图

2、桥梁组成结构我们以跨河桥为例，其组成部分为：桥面、桥跨结构；桥墩、桥台；墩台及基础。

桥梁由上部结构（桥跨）和下部结构（桥墩、桥台、墩台基础）组成。轨道传来的力，通过桥墩、桥台、基础，传递至基底面上。simplegraphofbridgeacrosstheriver

2

StructureofbridgeWetakethebridgeacrosstheriverasanexample,thecomponentsare:bridgedeck,bridgespanstructure;pier,abutment;pierandfoundation

Bridgeiscomposedbythesuperstructure(bridgespan)andthelowerstructure(piers,abutments,pierfoundation).Theforcefromthetrack,throughthepier,abutment,foundation,passestothebasesurface.

隧道，铁路穿越山岭所开凿的地下通道。其底部承托着轨道，四周承受着围岩的压力。隧道也可以代替桥梁，从河道、海峡下穿过，即水下隧道。内昆线安边2号隧道四、隧道Tunnel:

Anundergroundtunnelcutthroughamountain.Itsbottomsupportstheorbitandbearsthepressureofthesurroundingrock.Tunnelcanalsoreplacethebridge,passingfromtheriverandchannel,thatis,underwatertunnel.内昆线安边2号隧道IVTunnel1、隧道的基本组成

隧道是修筑在地层内的建筑物，铁路隧道结构由主体建筑物和附属建筑物组成。

主体建筑物——洞门、洞身衬砌。作用是保持隧道的稳定，保证列车的安全运行。

附属建筑物——避车洞、防排水设施、通风设施。为隧道安全、养护与维修隧道的需要而设置。1Basiccomponentsoftunnel

Thetunnelisbuiltintheformationofthebuilding,therailwaytunnelstructureiscomposedbythemainbuildingandattachedbuildings.

Themainbuilding–holegate,holelining.Theroleistomaintainthestabilityofthetunneltoensurethesafeoperationofthetrain.

Attachedbuildings-avoidingcavitation,drainagefacilities,andventilationfacilities.It’ssetforthetunnelsafety,maintenanceandmaintenanceneeds.大瑶山隧道洞门秦岭隧道的洞身衬砌1、隧道的基本组成大瑶山隧道洞门秦岭隧道的洞身衬砌1Basiccomponentsoftunnel

涵洞，设置在路基下的过水建筑物。设在路堤下面的填土中，是用以通过水流的一种建筑物。承受通过路基传来的动力载荷，以及路基土体的土压力。涵洞五、涵洞

Culvertislocatedintheunderwaterbuildingsunderroadbed.Setinthefillingbelowtheembankment,isusedtoflowthroughabuilding.Towithstandthepowerloadcomingfromtheroadbed,andtheearthpressureofthesubgradesoil.涵洞VCulvert钢轨§1.4轨道一、轨道的组成及作用防爬设备轨枕道床联结零件道岔Wheelset§1.4Track1CompositionandroleoftrackAnticlimbingequipmentsleeperballastConnectingpartsturnout作用：轨道起着机车车辆运行的导向作用，直接承受由车轮传来的巨大压力，并把它传递给路基或桥隧建筑物。Role:trackofthelocomotivevehiclesplaysaguidingrole,directlybearstheenormouspressurefromthewheel,andpassesittotheroadbedorbridgeandtunnelconstruction.

1）支承和引导车轮；2）为车轮滚动提供阻力较小的表面；3）承受车轮的作用力并传布于轨枕；4）在电气化铁路和自动闭塞区段，作为轨道电路使用。1.钢轨的功用二、钢轨2.钢轨的特点钢轨的作用要求它应当具备足够的刚度、韧度、硬度、顶面粗糙等特点。

刚度——抵抗由动荷载引起的挠曲变形；韧度——防止动荷载引起钢轨折断；

硬度——防止被车轮压陷或磨损太快；

顶面粗糙度——有利于机车的牵引力、制动力的实现。1)supportingandguidingthewheels;

2)providinglessresistancetorollingofthewheelsurface;

3)bearingtheforceofthewheelandspreadinthesleeper;

4)usedintheelectrifiedrailwayandautomaticblocksectorasatrackcircuit.1.Functionofrail：Rail2.

Characteristicsofrail：Theroleoftherailrequiresitshouldhavesufficientrigidity,toughness,hardness,rough

topsurfaceandsoon.Stiffness-Resistancetodeflectionduetodynamicloads;

Toughness-topreventdynamicloadcausedbyrailbreak;

Hardness-topreventthewheeldepressedorweartoofast;

Topsurfaceroughness-isconducivetolocomotivetraction,brakingforcetoachieve

作用于直线轨道钢轨上的力主要竖直力，其结果使钢轨挠曲，为了使钢轨具有最佳的抗挠曲性能，钢轨采用“工”字形断面，由轨头、轨腰和轨底组成。

为使钢轨更好承受来自各方面的力，钢轨应具有一定高度；轨头为适应轮轨接触，应大而厚，并具有足够面积；为保证稳定性，轨底应有足够宽度和一定厚度。3、钢轨断面

Themainverticalforceactingontherailsofthestraighttrackresultsindeflectionoftherails.Inordertogivetherailsoptimumresistancetoflexing,therailsareformedina"I"cross-sectionconsistingofrailhead,railwaistandrailbottom.

Fortherailtobetterwithstandtheforcefromallsides,therailshouldhaveacertainheight;inordertomeetthewheelandrailcontact,railheadshouldbelargeandthick,andhavesufficientarea;toensurestability,therailbottomshouldhavesufficientwidthandacertainthickness.3

Railsection

在我国，钢轨的类型以每米长度的大致质量的kg整数（kg/m）表示，现行的标准钢轨类型有：75kg/m

、60kg/m

、50kg/m

等。4、钢轨类型及长度我国标准钢轨长度为12.5及25m两种。

为使钢轨接头对接，曲线内股应使用厂制缩短轨。12.5m标准轨的缩短量为40mm，80mm，120mm三种；25m标准轨的缩短量为40mm，80mm，160mm三种。4ThetypesandlengthofrailInChina,thetypeofrailisexpressedinthekg(kg/m)oftheapproximatemasspermeter.Currentstandardrailtype:50

kg/m,60kg/m,and75kg/m.Railsaredividedinto12.5m,25maccordingtothestandardlength.Inordertomaketherailjointsbutttobutt,theinnerpartofthecurveshouldusetheshortenedrail.Shorteninglengthfor12.5mstandardrailis40mm,80mm,120mm;shorteninglengthfor25mstandardrailis40mm,80mm,160mm.5、轨缝

普通轨道为适应钢轨热胀冷缩的需要，钢轨接头处必须留有一定的缝隙。预留轨缝不应太小，以免高温时钢轨伸长而无伸长余地；轨缝也不应太大，以免低温时钢轨缩短，缝隙过大，严重影响运行。5Railjoint

Commontrackinordertomeettheneedsofrailthermalexpansionandcontraction,itsrailjointsmustleaveacertaingap.Thetrackshouldnotbetoosmall,soastoavoidhightemperaturerailelongationwithoutelongation;railjointsshouldnotbetoolarge,soastoavoidshorteningwhentherailtemperature;ifthegapistoolarge,itwillseriouslyaffecttheoperation.——无缝线路

将标准长度的钢轨焊接成为长钢轨的轨道。我国一般采用25m的钢轨先在焊轨厂焊成250～500m的长轨条，然后再运到铺轨地点，再焊成1000～2000m的长轨条或按设计长度进行铺设。无缝线路由于消除了钢轨接缝，因而具有行车平稳、机车车辆及轨道维修费用低、使用寿命长等优点。——Jointlesstrack

Standard-lengthrailsareweldedtotherailsoflongrails.Chinagenerallyuses25mofrailfirstintheweldingrailfactoryintoa250~500mlongrail,andthentransportedtothelayingsite,andthenweldedintoalengthof1000~2000moftherailorbydesignlengthlaying.Seamlessrailduetotheeliminationoftherailjoints,whichhasthecharactersofsmoothride,rollingstockandtrackmaintenancecostslow,longlifeandsoon.

1)承受钢轨的垂直力、水平力。2)传递这二力给道床和路基。3)保持钢轨方向、位置、轨距。三、轨枕1、轨枕的功用

坚固耐久、具有弹性、造价合理、制造维修方便。2、轨枕的特点Functionofsleeper：1)Beartheverticalandhorizontalforceofrail2)Transferpressure；3)Maintaintherailposition,fixedgauge.Sleeper

Durable,flexible,reasonablecost,easymaintenance.2

Characteristicsofrail按制作材料分，有钢筋混凝土枕和木枕两种。木枕

钢筋混凝土轨枕

3、轨枕的分类按用途分，有普通轨枕、岔枕和桥枕。我国铁路所使用的主要是预应力混凝土枕。① Accordingtothematerial：Woodensleeperandreinforcedconcretesleeper木枕

钢筋混凝土轨枕

3Sleepers’classification

② Accordingtotheuses：Ordinarysleeper,switchtieandbridgesleeper;TheprestressedconcretesleeperisusedinChinarailway.

（1）每千米配置轨枕根数我国铁路规定：木枕轨道：1440~1920混凝土枕轨道：1440~1840配置轨枕数示意图4

sleeperarrangement符合左下侧条件之一的地段，轨道应该加强，即每千米的轨枕数需要增加。

1)混凝土枕轨道上，半径小于600米的曲线地段；或木枕轨道、电力牵引线路，半径小于800米的曲线地段。2)坡度大于12‰的下坡制动地段。3)长度大于等于300米的隧道地段。木枕增加160根混凝土增加80根；当条件重合时，只增加一次，并且不能超过数目最大值。

(1)theallocationofsleeperrootnumberperkilometerChinaRailwayregulations:Sleepertrack:1440~1920Concretesleepertrack:1440~1840ConfigurationdiagramofsleepernumberInareaswithoneofthelowerleftsideconditions,thetrackshouldbestrengthened,iethenumberofsleepersperkilometerneedstobeincreased.1)Curvedsectionswitharadiuswhichislessthan600metersontheconcretepillowtrack;orwoodenpillowrails,electrictractionlines,curvilinearsectionswithradiuswhichislessthan800meters.

2)theslopeisgreaterthan12‰ofthedownhillbrakingarea.

3)thelengthofthetunnelisequalto300metersormoreWoodpillowincreasedby160

Concreteincreasedby80;

Whentheconditionsoverlap,onlyincreaseonce,andcannotexceedthemaximumnumber.4

sleeperarrangement两节钢轨的末端，用接头联结零件联结。四、钢轨联结零件1、接头联结零件联结零件分为接头联结零件和中间联结扣件。钢轨的接头连接过程两节钢轨的末端，用接头联结零件联结。接头联结零件1、接头联结零件联结零件分为接头联结零件和中间联结扣件。可以分为：木枕联结扣件和混凝土枕联结扣件。2、中间联结扣件把钢轨与轨枕牢固地联结起来，以确保钢轨位置稳定。我国木枕轨道地段中间联结方式主要有混合式和分开式。IVConnectingpartsfittingconnectingpart四、钢轨联结零件Types：Woodenpillowfastener,cementpillowfastener。2intermediateconnectingfastenerTherailandsleeperfirmlyconnectinordertoensurethestabilityofrailposition.

China'srailsleepersectionlinkingwaysmainlyaremixedandseparated.1

fittingconnectingpart

道床铺设在路基面上的石碴（道碴）垫层，介于轨枕与路基之间，是轨道的重要组成部分。五、道床1、道床的功用与材料选择道床断面

1）承受来自轨枕的压力，均匀的传递到路基；2）固定轨枕的位置，阻止轨枕纵向或横向移动，保持轨道的稳定；3）提供轨道弹性，缓和机车车辆轮对对钢轨的冲击；4）提供良好的排水性能，减少路基病害；便于轨道养护维修作业。碎石道床示意图

以碎石、矿渣、沙子等为材质构成的碎石道床，满足以上5点要求，价廉物美，是我国目前使用最广泛的道床类型。

Ballast

bedlayingintheroadbedsurfaceoftheballast(ballast)cushion,betweenthesleeperandtheroadbed,isanimportantpartoftherail.VBallastbed（ballastlayer）1Thefunctionandthematerialselectionoftheballastcross-sectionofroadbed1)withstandthepressurefromthesleeper,evenlypassedtotheroadbed;

2)fixthepositionofthesleepertopreventverticalorhorizontalsleepermovement,tomaintainthestabilityofthetrack;

3)provideorbitalflexibility,toalleviatetheimpactofrailvehiclewheelsontherail;

4)providegooddrainageperformance,reduceroadbeddisease;easytotrackmaintenanceoperations.SchematicdiagramofballastTheballastwhichiscomposedofgravel,slag,sandandothermaterialsmeettheaboverequirementsof5points,itiscurrentlythemostwidelyusedbedtype.

机车车辆在运行过程中，常常需要由一条线路转入另一条线路，或跨越其它线路。在就需要设置线路的连接与交叉设备，即道岔。

道岔是铁路轨道的重要组成部分。由于道岔数量多、使用寿命短、限制列车速度、行车安全性低，与曲线、接头并称为轨道的三大薄弱环节。八、道岔Locomotivevehiclesinoperationoftenneedtobetransferredfromonelinetoanotherline,oracrossotherlines.Lineconnectionandcrossoverequipmentaresettomeettheneed,thatis,turnout.

Turnoutisanimportantpartofrailwaytrack.Duetothelargenumberofturnout,shortservicelife,limitspeedofthetrain,lowsafetyofthetrain,togetherwithcurveandthejointareknownasthethreeweaklinksoftherail.VIIITurnout②对称道岔

整个道岔对称于主线的中线或辙叉角的中分线，列车通过时无直向及侧向之分。

对称道岔增大导曲线半径，提高侧线通过速度，并可缩短站场长度。②equilateralturnoutTheturnoutissymmetricaltothemidlineofmainlimeorcrossingangle,whenthetrainpassesthereisnotdiscriminationofdirectsideandlateralside.

Symmetricalturnoutincreasestheradiusoftheguidecurvetoimprovethesidelinethroughthespeed,and