第04辑一轮阅读 专题06 阅读理解难点分类突破（说明文选标题+细节理解题+心理效应题）（学生版） 2025届新高三英语提分培优通关练（高考真题+名校模拟）

2025届新高三英语提分培优通关练（高考真题+名校模拟）第04辑一轮阅读专题06阅读理解难点分类突破（说明文选标题+细节理解题+心理效应题）原卷版目录说明文选标题1+3篇P1【名师点津】P1【高考真题】P2【名校模拟】P3细节理解题1+3篇P6【名师点津】P7【高考真题】P7【名校模拟】P7心理效应题1+3篇P11【名师点津】P11【高考真题】P11【名校模拟】P12说明文选标题1+3篇【名师点津】说明文标题错误三大特征1.范围太宽泛：选项太过于宽泛，与文章内容相距甚远。2.范围太具体：选项死扣文章某一细节不适合用于标题。3.范围太偏颇：选项内容过于偏颇，明显偏离文章主旨。说明文选标题三大方法1.主题段法标题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语即是文章的标题。2.主题句法解题的关键要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。2.关键词法任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即关键词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。说明文选标题三大策略1.正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。2.反面否定法撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。3.排除干扰法研究干扰项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括性等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。【高考真题】(2024全国甲卷第27题)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(声音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉动物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!24.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.25.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.26.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【名校模拟】（2024·江苏南京·模拟预测）Whileliftingweightsoneday,Iheardaloudclickonmyback.Iwasrushedtotheemergencyroom,whereIwastoldthepainwouldeventuallydisappear.Itdidn’t,however.WhatI’velearnedaboutpainsincethen—bothasapatientandasaphysician—hasmequestioninghowwetreatit.VaniaApkarian,oneoftheworld’sleadingpainresearchers,toldmetheclassicideaisthatpaincontinuesaslongastheinjurydoes,buttheinjuryandpainitproducesendupbeingseparate.“AlthoughMRIs(核磁共振)arereliableindicatorsofinjury,theyarenotreliableindicatorsofpain,”hesays.Areviewof33studiesfoundthatamongagroupof20-year-oldswithoutanybackpain,37percenthaddiscdegeneration(腰椎间盘退化)onMRI.Andinpeoplewhosebackshurt,MRIresultshaveabsolutelynoconnectionwiththeirpain.Thisisareallybigdeal:millionsofpeopleintheU.S.alonegetMRIsforbackpain.Yet5percentofthemweremedicallyjustified,andofthosewhoreceivedMRIs,65percentreceivedpotentiallyharmfuladvice—includingcallsforriskybacksurgerythatprobablywouldn’thaveresolvedtheirpain.Icouldhavebeenoneofthosepeople,yetwhenItookmyMRIfilmstoanexperiencedsurgeon,hetoldmeanoperationmightleavemybackworseoff.IfMRIdoesn’texplainlong-lastingpains,whatdoes?Onemajorfactorisourmentality.Arecenttrialhasrevealedthepoweroftherapies(疗法)thattargethowwethinkaboutdiscomfort.Peoplewhoareanxiousaboutbeinginpainaretwiceaslikelytodeveloplongtimepain.Athoroughexaminationofpainanditsoriginsshouldencourageeffortstomakesureeveryoneinpainreceiveskindnessandrespect,aswellasaccesstomorethanpillsandsurgicalprocedures.Fullyacceptingthecomplexityofpaincanopenthedoortonewandinnovativewaystoensurethatevenifwehurt,wedon’thavetosuffer.1.Whatdoesparagraph2imply?A.Backpainisnotnecessarilyanemergencycase.B.MRItestscan’tgiveafullpictureofone’scondition.C.Minorinjuriescanleadtoseverepain.D.Boneproblemsbegintobothertheyoung.2.Whatcanwelearnfromtheauthor’spersonalstory?A.Hefoundhisbacksurgerymedicallyjustified.B.Thesurgeonmisledhimaboutthebackinjury.C.Asurgerymightdohimmoreharmthangood.D.Beingaphysicianhelpshimtreathisbackpain.3.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldapatientwithlong-lastingpaindo?A.Consultprofessionalstoreceivesurgeries.B.Havepainkillersasearlyaspossible.C.TakecomprehensiveMRIexaminations.D.Acquireathoroughunderstandingofthepain.4.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Originsofpain. B.Killersofpain.C.Victimsofpain. D.Effectsofpain.（2024·河南·模拟预测）“Twinkle,Twinkle,LittleStar”couldeventuallybecomelessofababylullabyandmoreofanelegy(挽歌).Seeingstarskeepsgettingmoredifficultbecauseartificiallightingismakingthenightskyabout10%brightereachyear,accordingtoastudythatanalyzedreportsfrommorethan50,000amateurstargazers.That’samuchfasterrateofchangethanscientistspreviouslyestimatedlookingatsatellitedata.Toillustratethechange,researchersgavethisexample:Achildisbornwhere250starsarevisibleonaclearnight.Bythetimethatchildturns18,only100starsarestillvisible.“Wearelosing,yearbyyear,thepossibilitytoseethestars,whichhasbeenauniversalhumanexperience,”saidFabioFalchi,aphysicistatChile’sUniversityofSantiagodeCompostela.“Ifyoucanstillseethedimmeststars,youareinaverydarkplace.Butifyouseeonlythebrightestones,youareinaverylight-pollutedplace.”“Priorstudiesofartificiallighting,whichusedsatelliteimagesoftheEarthatnight,hadestimatedtheannualincreaseinskybrightnesstobeabout2%ayear,”saidChristopherKyba,aphysicistattheGermanResearchCentreforGeosciencesinPotsdam.Butthesatellitesusedweren’tabletodetectlightwithwavelengthstowardtheblueendofthespectrum(光谱)—includingthelightfromenergy-efficientLEDbulbs.MorethanhalfofthenewoutdoorlightsinstalledintheUnitedStatesinthepastdecadehavebeenLEDlights,accordingtotheresearchers.Thesatellitesarealsobetteratdetectinglightthatscatters(散射)upward,likeaspotlight,thanlightthatscattershorizontally(水平地).GeorgetownUniversitybiologistEmilyWilliams,whowasnotpartofthestudy,said,“Skyglowdisturbscircadianrhythmsinhumansandotherformsoflife.Migratorysongbirdsnormallyusestarlighttofindoutwheretheyareintheskyatnight.Andwhenseaturtlebabieshatch,theyuselighttoorienttowardtheocean—lightpollutionisahugedealforthem.”5.Whatdidtheresearchers,exampleindicateinparagraph3?A.Therapiddecreaseinstarvisibility. B.Theseverityofoutdoorairpollution.C.Children’sfondnessforaclearnightsky. D.People’sregretforlostchildhoodactivities.6.Whichofthefollowingwasadisadvantageofsatellitesusedinpreviousstudies?A.Itcouldn’tdiscoverthebluecolor. B.Itfailedtodetectthewholespectrum.C.ItwassensitivetolightfromLEDbulbs. D.Itcouldn’tfindhorizontallightresources.7.WhatisEmilyWilliams’attitudetotheeffectsoflightpollution?A.Tolerant. B.Concerned. C.Unclear. D.Doubtful.8.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.StarsAreDisappearingfromtheNightSkyB.TheMeaningBehindaTraditionalBabySongC.LightPollutionHarmsWildlifeandEcosystemsD.SatellitesUsedinMeasuringNightSkyBrightness（2024·北京昌平·二模）In1992,EdwarddeBonoarguedthat“creativityisthemostimportanthumanresourceofall.”Butmightcomputershavethecapacitytobecreative?Couldartificialintelligenceoutperformusineventhemosthumanofphenomena?ThesequestionshavemovedtotheforefrontofsocietywiththelaunchofChatGPTandDALL-E,twopowerfuldeeplearningmodelscapableofcreatingart.Wherehumancreativitycomesfromisacomplexandheavily-debatedtopic.Onetheorysupposesthatcreativityemergesfromsolvingproblemsinnewways.ThegamedesignerMarkRosewaterexplainsthat“ifyouusethesameneuralpathways,yougettothesameanswers,andwithcreativity,that’snotyourgoal.”ButstudiesfromtheUniversityofVirginiasuggesthumansmostdefault(默认)tosolvingproblemsbybuildingonknownsolutions,restrictingoriginality.Someneuroscientistsproposeanothertheoryregardingcreativity.ResearchfromtheUniversityofCalgaryrevealsthatwhenbeingcreative,humansdon’tusethesamebrainregionsassociatedwiththoughtandproblem-solving,implyingthatcreativityisprimarilyanunconsciousprocess.Accordingtothistheory,thebrainsolvesproblemsbestwhennotdirectlyfocusingonthemusingthefrontallobe(前额叶),insteadlettingtheotherpartsofthebraintakeover.A.I.cannotcurrentlyemulate(仿真)thefullcomplexityofthehumanmind.Dothesedeeplearningnetworksevenhavetherequiredcomponentsthatweusewhenwearecreative?DouglasHofstadterexplainshow“emergentphenomena,”suchascreativity,correspondtoconnectionsbetweenlevelswithinmentalsystems.Similarconnectionscouldexistinartificialneuralnetworks,evenifthemechanicsdiffer.Forexample,modernartificialintelligenceemploysattentioncircuitsthatmaycauseittobehavesimilarlytothefrontallobewheremostofthebrain’sfocusingtendenciescomefrom.Theemergentnatureofcreativityopensthedoorforsimilartendenciesinmachines,buttheyaretunedsocarefullytocopyexistingideasthatitmaynotbeenoughfortrueoriginality.Mr.Rosewater’stheoryoncreativitysuggeststhatforA.I.tobecreative,itshouldbeabletosolveproblemsinnewways,whichisdifficultbecauseA.I.isbasedsoheavilyonalreadyexistingideas.Alternatively,ifcreativityisanunconsciousprocessastheUniversityofCalgaryresearchsuggests,thenitoccursmostlyoutsidethefrontallobeandmaynotexistinmachinelearningnetworks.Eitherway,currentA.I.probablylacksthecapacityforgenuinecreativityandoriginality,butitcancombineexistingideasininterestingways.Thequestionofmachinecreativityhasrepercussionsinmanyareas,suchasdevelopingcopyrightlawregardingA.I.works,consideringA.I.submissionsinartcontests,anddeterminingtheuseofChatGPTasatoolforschoolassignments.Creativitymaybe,atleastfornow,auniquehumanquality.Computersarenotyetstartingrevolutionaryartisticmovements,buttheyarealreadycombiningwhatexistsintosomethingnew,challengingustolookdeeperintoourowncreativity.9.Aboutthesourceofhumancreativity,researchfromtheUniversityofCalgarydiscoversthat______.A.humancreativityheavilyreliesontheexistingideasB.dealingwithproblemshelpsdevelophumancreativityC.beingcreativeiscloselyrelatedtocertainbrainregionsD.humancreativityisaprocessthathappensautomatically10.Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethat______.A.effortsshouldbeputintothestudyofhumancreativityB.creativitycanbeattainedconsciouslyonmostoccasionsC.A.I.createsbetterthanhumansinsomeareasatpresentD.humansneedmachinestobemorecreativeinvariousareas11.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“repercussions”inParagraph5probablymean?A.Influences. B.Objections. C.Doubts. D.Causes.12.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.ComputingCreativity:Isitagoodthing?B.ComputingCreativity:Canitbepossible?C.HumanCreativity:Whydoeshumandevelopit?D.HumanCreativity:HowcanA.I.helphumancreate?细节理解题1+3篇【名师点津】“细节理解题”的最优处理方法：第一、快速通读全文，把握大意。细节理解题分直接细节理解题、间接细节理解题和综合细节理解题。第二、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，留意正确选项与原文之间是同义转换或高度概括。第三、比对选项内容，采用“排除法”，防止偷换概念、以偏概全、过于绝对化等确定最佳答案。【高考真题】(2024新课标II卷第25-27题)Doyouevergettothetrainstationandrealizeyouforgottobringsomethingtoread?Yes,weallhaveourphones,butmanyofusstillliketogooldschoolandreadsomethingprinted.Well,there’sakiosk(小亭)forthat.IntheSanFranciscoBayArea,atleast.“Youenterthefaregates(检票口)andyou’llseeakioskthatislitupandittellsyoucangetaone-minute,athree-minute,orafive-minutestory,”saysAliciaTrost,thechiefcommunicationsofficerfortheSanFranciscoBayAreaRapidTransit—knownasBART.“Youchoosewhichlengthyouwantanditgivesyouareceipt-likeshortstory.”It’sthatsimple.Ridershaveprintednearly20,000shortstoriesandpoemssincetheprogramwaslaunchedlastMarch.Someareclassicshortstories,andsomeareneworiginalworks.Trostalsowantstointroducelocalwriterstolocalriders.“WewantedtodosomethingwherewedoacalltoartistsintheBayAreatosubmitstoriesforacontest,”Trostsays.“Andasofrightnow,we’vereceivedabout120submissions.Thewinningstorieswouldgointoourkioskandthenyouwouldbeapublishedartist.”Ridershipontransit(交通)systemsacrossthecountryhasbeendownthepasthalfcentury,socouldshortstoriessavetransit?Trostthinksso.“Attheendofthedayalltransitagenciesrightnowaredoingeverythingtheycantoimprovetheriderexperience.SoIabsolutelythinkwewillgetmoreridersjustbecauseofshortstories,”shesays.Andyou’llneverbewithoutsomethingtoread.24.WhydidBARTstartthekioskprogram?A.Topromotethelocalculture. B.Todiscouragephoneuse.C.Tomeetpassengers’needs. D.Toreduceitsrunningcosts.25.Howarethestoriescategorizedinthekiosk?A.Bypopularity. B.Bylength.C.Bytheme. D.Bylanguage.26.WhathasTrostbeendoingrecently?A.Organizingastorycontest. B.Doingasurveyofcustomers.C.Choosingaprintpublisher. D.Conductinginterviewswithartists.27.WhatisTrost’sopinionaboutBART’sfuture?A.Itwillclosedown. B.Itsprofitswilldecline.C.Itwillexpandnationwide. D.Itsridershipwillincrease.【名校模拟】（24-25高三上·广西柳州·开学考试）FrankHerbert’ssciencefictionDunewasthefirstcoming-of-agestorythathelpedmesurvivemelonelyjuniorhighschool.Atage12,mylifewastheliny,boringcycleofhome,schoolandmyparentsstore.DunebrokeitallopenandledmetoauniversethatmademylittleworldalotmorebearableunlikeHoldenCaulfieldwhokeptbreakingwindowsinTheCatcherintheRvehyJ.D.Sailingèr,Dune’smaincharacter,PaulAtreides,equippedmewithajunior-highsurvivalguide.Paulisnotaclassicunderdog.He’sthesonofaking.He’sbeentrainedsincebirthinwararts,politicsandcriticalsurvivalskillsbyagroupofsmartandexperiencedmenwithimpossible-to-pronouncenames.Butwhenhisworldisturnedupsidedown—whenheleaveshishome,loseshisfatherandentersaphysicallyandpoliticallyhostileenvironment—hedoesn’tcomplainandcry.Headapts.Tothisday,Icanstillrecitehiswordsagainstfear:“Imustnotfear.Fearisthemind-killer.Fearisthelittle-deaththatbringstotaldestruction.Iwillfacemyfear.Iwillpermitittopassovermeandthroughme.Andwhenithasgonepast,Iwillturntheinnereyetoseeitspath.Wherethefearhasgonetherewillbenothing.OnlyIwillremain.”Thesteadydietofliteraryfictionassignedbymyteacherswasescapist(逃避现实的)andtheveryactofreading(whateverthecontent)usuallytookmeoutofagivenmoment,butdidn’tprovidemuchadviceonhowtofacemydailyconflictsandpainfulinsecurity.Dunewasescapist,too.However,itwasexpansiveandliterallyredefinedpossibilityformewhohadbeenstrugglingalongwitheyesontheground,justtryingtomakeitthroughanotherdayofboredomandhardshipofbeingateenagegirl.PaulliftedmyeyesupsoIcouldseethestars.1.WhocreatedthecharacterPaulAtreides?A.Theauthorofthispassage. B.J.D.Sailinger.C.HoldenCaulfield. D.FrankHerbert.2.Whichcanbestexplaintheunderlinedword“hostile”inparagraph2?A.Sensitive. B.Unfriendly.C.Unbeneficial. D.Private.3.WhatdoesPaulimpresstheauthormost?A.Hissurvivalskills. B.Hisnoblebirth.C.Hiscouragetofacefear. D.Hisescapistattitude.4.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.TheplotofDunewasmorecomplicatedthanotherfictions.B.TheauthorlearnedmuchknowledgeofstarsroomDune.C.Paulhelpedtheauthorescapefromtherealworld.D.TheauthorchangedherattitudetowardslifeowingtoPaul.（24-25高三上·湖南·开学考试）Howoftenisyourmindquiet?Ifyou’reatypicalhumanbeing,theanswerisprobablyveryrarely.Formostofourdays,ourattentionisfocusedonexternalthings—thetasksofourjobs,TVprograms,orsocialmediainteractions.Inthemomentswhenourattentionisn’tfocusedexternally,it’susuallyfocusedonwhatiscalled“thought-chatter”—astreamofmentalassociationsconsistingofexpectationsofthefuture,memories,daydreams,andsoon.Butfromtimetotime,weallexperiencemomentswhenourthought-chatterquietsdown,orevendisappearsaltogether.Inthesemoments,weexperienceasenseofgreatwell-being.Wefeelasenseofinnerharmony.Wefeelasifwe’refreeofproblems,andfeelsatisfiedwithourlivesastheyare.Therearemanyactivitiesthathavetheeffectofquietingourminds,andsoproduceastateofwell-being.Forexample,thinkaboutwhathappenswhenyougowalkinginthecountryside.Youmightfeelstressedwhenyoustartout,butslowly,afteracoupleofmiles,yourmindbeginstosettledown.Thebeautyandstillnessofnatureattractsyourattentionandyou’renolongerinyourthought-chatter.Bytheendofthewalkyoufeelalmostlikeadifferentperson.Youfeelmorealive,andmuchhappier—largelybecauseyourmindisnowquiet.Thisiswhypeoplelovetolookatbeautifulworksofart.WhenpeopleseethepaintingsofMonetorvanGogh,theyexperienceamind-stoppingmoment,inwhichthey’retakenoutoftheirthinkingmindsandexperienceasenseofgreatwell-being.Thestrangethingis,though,thatmostofthetimethishappensunconsciously(不知不觉地).Weusuallydon’tassociatethiswell-beingwithaquietmind.Andweusuallydon’tthinkofaquietmindastheaimorresultoftheseactivities.Ourestimateofhowenjoyableanactivityismaydependonitsmind-stoppingcapacity.Inotherwords,theverybestperformances—andthemostrewardingactivities—arethosewhicharesoattractiveandintensethattheycancompletelystopourminds.I’mnotsayingthatinnerquietnessistheonlyreasonwhyweenjoytheseactivities.Nevertheless,weshouldcertainlybecomemoreawareoftheassociationofaquietmindwithwell-being.Andatthesametimeweshouldbeawarethatit’spossibleforustoconsciouslyanddirectlycreateaquietmind;ratherthanasabyproductofcertainactivities.Andintheendwemightdevelopapermanentquietmindandattainastateofongoingcontentmentandharmony.5.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthought-chatter?A.Itrequiresalotofpractice.B.Itmightbeunpleasantattimes.C.Itmightbeatalkwithafriend.D.Ithelpsreachastateofsilence.6.Whataretheexamplesofactivitiesmentionedinthetextmainlyabout?A.Whatactivitiesleadtowell-being.B.Whatcanbedonetoreducestress.C.Howwecanmakeourmindsquiet.D.Howmentalquietnessleadstowell-being.7.Howcanwedeterminehowmuchpleasureanactivitycangiveus?A.Byjudginghowmuchstressitcanincrease.B.Byjudgingwhetherittakesplaceunconsciously.C.Byjudgingtowhatextentitcanquietourminds.D.Byjudgingwhetheritassociateswithwell-being.8.Whatdoestheauthorintendtohighlightinthelastparagraph?A.Creatingaquietmindforalltime.B.Livingapeacefullifepermanently.C.Beinginharmonywithinnerquietness.D.Participatinginactivitiesforinnerquietness.（24-25高三上·湖南·开学考试）Insomepartsoftheworldpeoplearelikelytoplanforthefuture,whileinotherspeoplearemorelikelytoliveinthemoment.Insomesocietiespeopleprefermorepersonalspace;inotherstheyarecomfortablebeinginclosequartersinpublic.Thereareanumberoftheoriesaboutwhereculturaldifferencesbetweensocietiescomefrom.Inagrowingnumberofcases,researchershavefoundthathumancultureanbeshapedbykeyfeaturesoftheenvironmentsinwhichpeoplelive.Ecologyincludesbasicphysicalandsocialcharacteristicsoftheenvironment—suchfactorsashowrichaplaceisinresources,howcommoninfectious(传染性的)diseasesare,howheavilypopulatedaplaceis,andhowmuchthreatthereistohumansafety.Variablesliketemperatureandtheavailabilityofwatercanbekeyecologicalfeatures.Forover200societies,ourlabatArizonaStateUniversitygatheredcomprehensivedataonninekeyfeaturesofecology—suchasrainfall,temperature,infectiousdiseaseandnaturalresources—anddozensofaspectsofhumanculturalvariation—includingvalues,strengthofsocialnorms(社会规范),personality,motivationandinstitutionalcharacteristics.Withthisinformation,wecreatedtheEcoCulturalDataset.Usingthisdataset,wewereabletogeneratearangeofestimatesforjusthowmuchofhumanculturalvariationcanexplainedbyecology.Weranaseriesofstatisticalmodelslookingattherelationshipbetweenourecologicalvariablesandeachofthe66culturaloutcomeswetracked.Foreachoftheculturaloutcomes,wecalculatedtheaverageamountoftheculturaldiversityacrosssocietiesthatwasexplainedbythiscombinationofninedifferentecologicalfactors.Wefoundthatnearly20%ofculturalvariationwasexplainedbythecombinationoftheseecologicalfeatures.Importantly,ourstatisticalestimatestakeintoaccountcommonissuesincross-culturalresearch.Therewilllikelybeunmeasuredsimilaritiesbetweensocietieswithsharedhistoricalrootsandtraditions.Ecologyisn’ttheonlyreasonpeoplearoundtheworldthinkandbehavedifferently.Butourworksuggeststhat,atleastinpart,ourenvironmentsshapeourcultures.9.Whichbestexplainswhypeoplearecomfortablebeinginclosequartersinpublic?A.Theyarefriendlytoeachother. B.Theylikestayinginpublicplaces.C.Theyenjoyspendingtimewithothers. D.Theyliveinaplacewithcoldtemperatures.10.WhatdoweknowabouttheEcoCulturalDataset?A.It’sacombinationofhumansandnature. B.It’sacombinationofecologyandculture.C.It’sacomparisonbetweentheoryandpractice. D.It’sacomparisonbetweenecologyandculture.11.Whatdidtheauthor'slabwanttofindout?A.Whereculturaldifferencescomefrom. B.Whetherecologicalfeaturesaffectculture.C.Howstrongtheecology-cultureconnectionis. D.Whyculturaldifferencesbetweensocietiesexist.12.Whatistheconclusionoftheauthor’sstudy?A.Sharedtraditionsleadtoculturalsimilarities.B.Thereareculturaldifferencesbetweensocieties.C.Culturesareshapedbytheenvironmentspeoplelivein.D.Culturaldifferencespartlycomefromecologicalfactors.心理效应题1+3篇【名师点津】“心理效应题”的最优处理方法：第一、该类文章多出现在C篇或D篇位置，属于说明文，多用来介绍心理学术语或现象。第二、重点抓首段首句和每段段首句。若第一段过长，关注Now,But,However之后才是关键。第三、结合题干锁定原文答题区间，圈划关键词句，尤其是学会用括号法破解长难句。第四、比对选项细微差别，不妨采用“排除法”或“逆向思维法”，去伪存真确定答案。【高考真题】(2023新课标I卷第32题)OnMarch7,1907,theEnglishstatisticianFrancisGaltonpublishedapaperwhichillustratedwhathascometobeknownasthe“wisdomofcrowds”effect.Theexperimentofestimationheconductedshowedthatinsomecases,theaverageofalargenumberofindependentestimatescouldbequiteaccurate.Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.ButanewstudyledbyJoaquinNavajasofferedaninterestingtwist(转折)onthisclassicphenomenon.Thekeyfindingofthestudywasthatwhencrowdswerefurtherdividedintosmallergroupsthatwereallowedtohaveadiscussion,theaveragesfromthesegroupsweremoreaccuratethanthosefromanequalnumberofindependentindividuals.Forinstance,theaverageobtainedfromtheestimatesoffourdiscussiongroupsoffivewassignificantlymoreaccuratethantheaverageobtainedfrom20independentindividuals.Inafollow-upstudywith100universitystudents,theresearcherstriedtogetabettersenseofwhatthegroupmembersactuallydidintheirdiscussion.Didtheytendtogowiththosemostconfidentabouttheirestimates?Didtheyfollowthoseleastwillingtochangetheirminds?Thishappenedsomeofthetime,butitwasn’tthedominantresponse.Mostfrequently,the