英美散文选读教参

...wd......wd......wd...使用说明《教师手册》包括三局部：AbouttheAuthor〔作者简介及课文出处等〕、AbouttheText〔难句分析、语言点、修辞等〕、KeystoExercises。作者简介及难句分析和语言点的局部内容已收入教材的“注释〞〔NotesandCommentary〕，请教师在讲解前仔细核对。“练习答案〞只提供第二至第五局部〔即词汇、完型填空、改错、中译英〕习题的答案。第一局部〔QuestionsforComprehensionandDiscussion〕涉及对课文内容的分析、作者态度或立场的归纳评论、以及修辞手段的运用等，没有标准答案。教师可以在组织学生进展讨论、辩论、角色扮演或提问时灵活处理，适当提供背景知识、相关词汇等，引导学生得出对比合理的结论。中译英和英译中的答案仅供参考。练习经过屡次修改，恐有不少错漏。不便之处，敬请谅解。欢送使用者批评指正。编者2000年6月UnitOneHowToGrowOldAbouttheauthorBertrandArthurWilliamRussell,3dEarl,1872-1970,Britishphilosopher,mathematician,andsocialreformer;b.Wales.ThegrandsonofLordJohnRussell,the1stEarlRussell,hesucceededtotheearldomin1931.WhileteachingatCambridgeUniv.Russellproducedhismostimportantworks,PrinciplesofMathematics(1903)and,withAlfredNorthWHITEHEAD,PrincipiaMathenetica(3vol.,1910–13),inwhichheattemptedtoshowhowthelawsofmathematicscouldbededucedfromthebasicaxiomsoflogic.Hisworkinfluencedon20th-cent.symboliclogic,SETtheoryinmathematics,andLOGICALPOSITIVISM,especiallyintheworkofhisstudentLudwigWITTFENSTEN.Anundogmaticbutzealousrationalist,Russellwasdeeplyconvincedofthelogicalindependenceofindividualfactsandthedependenceofknowledgeonthedataoforiginalexperience.Wellknownforhissocialviews,hewasanactivepacifistduringWorldWarI.In1927heandhiswifefoundedthehighlyexperimentalBeaconHillSchool.Hisliberalviewsonmarriage,sex,adultery,andhomosexualitymadehimcontroversialduringmostofthe1930s.HeabandonedpacifismduringWorldWarIIinthefaceoftheNazithreatbutrevertedtoitafterthewar,becomingaleaderinthe“banthebomb〞movementtohaltthemanufactureofnuclearweapons.Inthe1960sheandJean-PaulSARTREorganizedEuropeanoppositiontoU.S.involvementintheVietnamWar.Russell’sradicalismkepthimfromatraditionalacademiccareer,andhesupportedhimselfchieflybyhiswritings,manyofthemwidelyread,e.g.,MarriageandMorals(1929),Ressellhadoneofthemostwidelyvariedandpersistentlyinfluentialintellectsofthe20thcentury.Duringmostofhisactivelife,aspanof3generations,Russellhadatanytimemorethan40booksinprintrangingoverphilosophy,mathematics,science,ethics,sociology,education,history,religion,politicsandpolimic.Theextentofhisinfluenceresultedpartlyfromhisamazingefficiencyinapplyinghisintellect(henormallywroteattherateof3000largelyunalteredwordsaday),hismemory,andhisaristocraticindependence,andpartlyfromhisdeephumanitarianfeelingthatwasthemainspringofhisactions.Hisfirstmajorundertakinginthefieldoflogicandmathematicshadaprofoundinfluenceuponphilosophyinthewesternworld.Inhismiddleyears,hisbooksonmorals,politics,education,pacifism,andothersubjectswereanilluminationandencouragementtotherebelliouslayman.Finally,duringthelastdecadesofhislife(justashefelthimselfindangerofbecomingrespectablebysheerweightofyears),hebecameaninspirationtoidealisticyouththroughouttheworldinhisactiveoppositiontothemanufactureofH-bombsandtothewarinVietnam.“Howtogrowold〞wastakenfromhisbookPortraitsfromMemory,whichwaspublishedin1956._________________________________AboutthetextThemeofthetext:HownottogrowoldStructure:ParaPara2-5TheParagraph6ConclusionParaInspiteofthetitle,thisarticlewillreallybeonhownottogrowold,……Asurprisingbeginning?Awaytoattractattention?Orakindofskilltostartapassageinamostdirectandstraightforwardway?Myfirstadvicewouldbetochooseyourancestorscarefully.Canyou?Pleasenoticethetone(humorous?)inthefirstpartoftheparagraphconcernedwithdescribinghisancestors.asregards(alsowithregardto,inregardto)aphraseindicationwhatoneissayingappliestothefacttheyhavejustmentionedAsregardsthecar,Iputanadvertisementinthepaper.Withregardtothegasfire,wehardlyuseit.Myupbringingwasfairlystrictinregardtoobedienceandtruthfulness.……wascutoffintheflowerofhisyouthattheageofsixty-seven,……Whatametaphor!Andthelatterpartofthesentenceisevenmoreunexpected.Inthesentence,wealsofindtheuseofeuphemism(=apolitewordorexpressionthatpeopleusewhentheyaretalkingaboutsomethingwhichtheyorotherpeoplefindunpleasantorembarrassing,suchasdeathorsex).Somenorexamplesaregivenbelow:Amanishelpingthepolicewithinquires.(Asuspectedcriminalisdetainedbythepoliceandprobablyunderclosearrest.)Alargeaccident(=theexplosionofanuclearpowerstation)Armedemergency(=asmall-scalewarinwhichlargenumbersofpeoplearebeingkilled,buildingsdestroyed,etc.)under-achiever(=aschool-childwhoisbackwardormerelyboreformtheneckupwards)Thelocusofevaluation(=theclassroom)Lowerabilitygroup(=slowlearners)Amemberofthelowersocio-economicbracket(=apoorperson)Terminalillness(=afatalillness)cutoffstopsomething,esp.speechorthesupplyofelectricity,gas,water,etc.Ifthisbillisnotpaidwithinfivedays,yourgassupplywillbecutoff.Ifyouspeakfortoolong,thechairwomanwillcutyouoff.Ifyouarehavingaphoneconversationandyouarecutoff(=losecommunication withthepersonyouarespeakingto),phonetheoperator.whowasafriendofGibbonusuallywesay“afriendofso-and-so’s〞.Whenwewanttoemphasizetheideathatsomebodyisoneofthefriendsofafamousperson,thenwesay“Heisafriendofso-and-so.〞GibbonGibbon,Edward,1734—94,Englishhistorian.HeistheauthorofTheHistoryoftheDeclineandFalloftheRomanEmpire(6vol.,1776—88),oneofthemostinfluentialhistoricalworksofmoderntimes.Gibbonalsowroteasubtleandinterestingautobiography,MemoirsofHisLifeandWritings(1796).HeservedinParliamentfrom1774to1783.GirtonCollegeThefirstwomen’scollegeatCambridgeword(archaic)speakrelate(fmlorliterary)tell(astory)ordescribe(aseriesofevents)Sherelatedtheeventsofthepastweektothepolice.Herelateshowattheageof23hewasinternedinaprisoncamp.melancholyunhappinessorsadness,esp.thatwhichisfeltforalongperiodoftimeandwithoutanyobviousreasonamelancholypieceofmusicmelancholyautumndaysHeisanactorwhoisfamousforrolesfullofsentimentalmelancholy.partfromseparatefromTobepartedfromhimevenfortwodaysmadehersad.dismalsadandwithouthopeTheoutlookisdismalno-onethinksheisgoingtogetbetter.“madresnaturale〞(Italian)Literally,anunnaturalmother.Thephrasemeanshere“Whatanextraordinarymother!〞herrecipeherwayofdoingthingstheproperrecipeforremainingyoungthatistokeeponeselfbusy.{“Growingoldisnomorethanabadhabitwhichabusymanhasnotimetoform.〞AndréMaurois(1885—1967),Frenchauthor,critic.TheArtofLiving,“TheArtofGrowingOld〞(1940).}stillless(alsomuchless)letalone;nottomention(tomakeanegativestatementstronger)AttheageoffourteenIhadneverevenbeenonatrain,stilllessanaircraft.brevitylastingonlyashorttime;shortness Thefirstofthesetwopoemsisananguishedreflectiononthebrevityoflife.(Norwilltheoldpeople,oncetheymanagetokeepthemselvesbusywithsomewholesomethings,behauntedbythethoughtthattheirdaysarenumbered.)ParaAsregardshealth,IhavenothingusefultosaysinceIhavelittleexperienceofillness.Itseemsthatmanyothershavemanythingstosayabouttheirexperienceoflivingalonglife.Youmighttryyourstudentstoseewhethertheyhappentoknowanyofthosedifferent‘recipes’offeredbydifferentpeopleondifferentnewspapers,orthesamenewspaperatdifferenttimes.onthegroundaphraseusedtointroducethereason(causeorargument)basedona(the)factorbelief(that) AnEUnationalcouldnotbedeportedsolelyonthegroundofhisconviction. Sheissuingthecompanyonthegroundsofunfairdismissal. Doyouhaveanygroundforsuspectingthem? Wehavegroundstobelievethatyouhavebeenlyingtous. Herefusedtoansweronthegroundsthatshewasunfairlydismissed.mostlyThewordisusedtoindicatethatastatementisgenerallytrue,forexample,trueaboutthemajorityofagroupofthingsorpeople,ortruemostofthetime. Themenatthepartyweremostlyfairlyyoung. Arattlesnakehuntsmostlyatnight.ParaabsorptionIfyouhaveanabsorptioninsomething,youaresointerestedinitthatittakesupalotofyourtimeandenergy. Withhisnewappointmentin1911,hisabsorptionshifted. Herabsorptioninherwork(=givingofallherattentiontoit)issogreatthatshe thinksaboutnothingelse.Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories…Foroldpeople,thinkingofthepastwillnotbringthemanygoodness.ComparetheideawiththefollowinglinesbyW.B.Yeats: Whenyouareoldandgrayandfullofsleep, Andnoddingbythefire,takedownthisbook, Andslowlyread,anddreamofthesoftlook Youreyeshadonce,andoftheirshadowsdeep…One’sownpastisagraduallyincreasingweightWhenpeoplearegettingold,theytendtospendmoretimethinkingoftheirpastexperiences,whichwillprovetobeabigburdenforthem.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgotten,andifitisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue.Self-deceiving(toplugone’searswhilestealingabell)isobviouslynottobeencouraged,butinsomecases,especiallyforoldpeople,itisnotalwaysunhelpful.Paraclingingtoyouthusedpredicatively,thephrasemeansshowingundueinterestinone’schildrenaftertheyhavegrownup.(Ifyouclingtoanideaorawayofbehavingyoucontinuetobelieveinitsvalueorimportance,eventhoughitmaynolongerbevalidoruseful,e.g.clingtoold,inefficientmethodofdoingthings)suckingvigourfromitsvitalityWhenanoldpersonwantstobeyoung-at-heartbyindulginghimselfinthegoodolddays,heissimplytryingtogosouthbydrivingthechariotnorth.callousunkindorcruel;withoutsympathyorfeelingforotherpeople Itmightsoundcallous,butIdon’tcareifhe’shomeless.Heisnotlivingwithme. Heissocallousaboutitall.contemplative“inquietwithdrawal〞???Literallythewordmeans‘considering(aparticularthing)foralongtimeinaseriousandquietway’(e.g.Hermoodiscalmandcontemplative.)philanthropicshowinggenerositytowardsotherpeopleandinasincerewaytohelpthem,esp.bygivingmoney(topoorpeople) Fewcompaniesoffermoneypurelyasaphilanthropicgesturethey‘reusuallyafter somethinginreturn.…owingtothelengthofinfancybecauseofthefactthathumanbeingspendsmuchmoretimebringinguptheiroffspringParaimpersonalnotinvolvingorrelatingtoanyparticularperson;notbeinginfluencedbypersonalfeelings Theteacher’scriticismoftheclasswasimpersonal. Shementionednonamesinherimpersonalcriticismofthestaff.(cf.Hospitalsalwaysseemsuchimpersonalplaces(=aplacelackinghumanwarmthandinterest)rowsofidenticalbedsindullgrayrooms.Shehasaverycoldandimpersonalmanner.)…wisdombornofexperience…wisdomasaconsequenceoflongandvariedexperience;‘bornof’meanscomingfrom Hewasbornofanoble/wealthyfamily. Loveisbornofheart,notmind. Hiswishtobecomeadoctorwasbornofadesiretohelpsickpeople.exerciseIfyouexerciseauthority,rights,responsibilities,etc.youusethemwellandeffectively Chinesecultureusedtoexerciseconsiderableinfluenceinwesterncountries. Theyhavenointentionofexercisingrestraint. Itisabookdesignedtohelpyouexercisetherighttobuyyourcouncilhouse.concernoneselfwithgiveone’sattentiontosomething,becauseyouthinkitisimportant Thepeoplehopethattoday’scadresconcernthemselvesasdeeplyasJiaoYuluwiththe well-beingofthemasses.rendergive;provide(assistance,help) We’llnotforgetthosewhorenderedushelpintimeofneed.ParaIntheyoungthereisajustificationforthefeeling.Itisreasonableandunderstandableifyoungpeople‘areoppressedbythefearofdeath’.‘Justification’indicates‘agoodreasonorexplanationfordoingsomething’.e.g. Weallhavejustificationforwhatwedo. There’snojustificationforhigherrateinterests.(be)cheated(out)ofbeunfairlypreventedfromobtainingorachievingsomething(thatshouldbelongtoone) Hethoughtthathehadbeencheatedofsomeofhiswagesbyhisemployer. Sheclaimedthathercousinhadcheatedheroutofherinheritance. TheFrenchteamfeeltheweathercheatedthemoftheirvictory.whateverworkitwasinhimtodowhateverworkhehadtheabilitytodo.abject(ofapersonorbehaviour)nothavinganyrespectforyourself;notproudorbrave anabjectcoward/beggar anabjectapology/request Thispolicyhasturnedouttobeanabjectfailure.ignoble(esp.ofbehabiour)thatyoushouldbeashamedof anignobleaction/idea Sheisaccusedofplayinganignoblepartintheplot.untilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecedeUntilgraduallyapersonbecomesonewiththeuniverse.andyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife毛主席也说过要把自己有限的生命投入到无限的为人民服务中去。Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver…Inthisandthenextsentences,bothsimileandmetaphorareadopted.Whiletheformerisanexplicitcomparisonbetweenessentiallyunlikethings,introducedbyaconnective‘as’,‘like’or‘than’,suchas, Myheartislikeasingingbird. Iwonderlonelyasacloud. I’mweakerthanawoman’stear.thelatteristhatunlikeobjectsareidentifiedwitheachotherforthepurposeofemphasizingoneormoreaspectsofresemblancebetweenthem,forinstance, Thecamelistheshipofthedesert. Lifeisnomorethanawalkingshadow.thethoughtoftherestHererestisaeuphemismfordeath._________________________TranslationFrom“someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath…〞to“…andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing〞有些老年人由于害怕死而感到精神沮丧/闷闷不乐。年轻人有这种感觉是情有可原地。担忧会在战斗中阵亡的年轻人，想到自己再也无法享受生活所提供的最美好的东西时，理所当然地感到痛苦。但是对于老年人来说，他经历了人生的酸甜苦辣，自己能做的事情都做到了，再怕死就未免有些可鄙和不荣耀了。要抑制这种怕死的念头，最好的方法——至少在我看来是如此——就是使自己关心更多的事情，关心那些不跟自己直接有关的事情，到后来自我的壁垒就会慢慢消失，个人生活也就越来越和社会生活融合在一起。人生应该就像条河流，开头河身狭小，夹在两岸之间，河水奔腾咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。后来河面逐渐展宽，两岸离得越来越远，河水也流得对比平缓，最后流进大海，与海水浑然一体，看不出任何界限，从而完毕其单独存在的那段经历，但毫无痛苦之感。UnitOneHowtoGrowOldKeytoExerciseIIrelatedmelancholyinquiredismalrecipewholesomecallousphilanthropicjustificationundueabjectcontainrecededabsorptionignobledecayknownindifferentwearinesscontemplativeKeytoExerciseIIIsustainedliferetireimmerseactivityphysicallyatnotprolongformsexercisesabouttakeagainstintensivefearcrucialpastextensivefunfavoursexplosivedisadvantagerelaxedlazyideazestsubjectsThinkingcomplainingcriticizingfunerallife-stretcherlife-shortenersButoverstressmusttermsmaywayconcernedareonlong-livednotlongevitylittleenjoypeoplenotbutofdaywalksdayOverthatthefeelingagainstboremorelaughbylifeKeytoExerciseIVIamnotsurethatIcandrawanexactlinebetweenwitandhumor.Perhapsthedistinctis

sosubtlethatonlythosecandecide∧havelongwhitebeards.∧Iamquitepositivethatofthetwo,humoris∧morecomfortableandthemorelivablequantity.Humorouspersons,iftheirgiftis

genuineandnotamerelyshineuponthesurface,

arealwaysagreedcompanionsandtheysitthrough∧eveningbest.Theyhavepleasantmouthsturnedupatthecorners.∧ThesecornersthegreatMasterofmarionetteshasfixedthestrings,andheholds

theminthenimblestfingerstotwitchthemat

theslightestjest.Andthemouthofawittymanishardandsouruntilthemomentof∧discharge.Noristheflashfromawittymanevercomforting,whereasahumorousmanradiates∧generalpleasureandislikeothercandleintheroom.Iadmirewit,butIhavenotreallikingforit.Ithashadbeentoooftenemployedagainstme,whereashumorisalwaysanally.Becauseitneverpointsanimpertinentfingeroutintomydefects.Humorouspersonsdonotsitasexplosivesonafuse.Theyaresafeandeasycomrades.But∧wit’stongueisassharpasadonkeydriverstick.Itmaygallop∧fasterforitsprodding,yetthetouchbehindistoopersuasiveformycomfort.distinctionwhoButthequalitymereagreeabletheTo√hisButitsalwaysaanothernohadBecauseoutlikeadriver’sthe√KeytoExerciseV(forreferenceonly)TherichbusinessmancouldneverforgetthedaywhenhepartedfromhisfriendsandrelativesandcametoHongKonginsearchofajob.Thecouplewascheatedofthejoysoflifebyhavingtoomanychildren.Itisnousecomplaining;wemustdosomethingtosolvetheproblem.Ineverspoketothatman,stilllessinsultedhim.Despitethecurrenttrendofpeaceanddevelopment,somewesterngovernmentsstillclingtothepracticesofantagonismoftheColdWarera。Myparentstoldmetoreadlawonthegroundthatitismoreusefulthanliterature.Hewassuddenlycutoffbyaheartattack.Asregardsitsquality,ourcountry’sprimaryeducationcanwellcomparewiththatoftheUnitedStates.UnitTwoNineYearsForAandBAbouttheauthorChristopherisaBritishcritic.ThepresenttextishisreviewofCaughtintheWebofWords,abiographyofJamesA.H.MurrybyhisgranddaughterK.M.ElizabethMurray._________________________________AboutthetextDr.Johnsonwasthegreatestmanwhomadeadictionary.SamuelJohnson(1709—84)wasoneofthemostimportant18thcenturyEnglishwriters.HisDictionaryAppearedin1755.ItwasthemostfamousEnglishdictionarybeforeWebster,andperhapsthebestbeforetheOxfordEnglishDictionary.BeforeJohnsonnostandarddictionaryoftheEnglishexisted.ThewanthadtroubledspeakersofEnglishforsometime,bothbecauseItalianandFrenchacademieshadproducedmajordictionariesoftheirowntongues,andbecauseintheabsenceofanyauthority,Englishseemedtochangeutterlyfromonegenerationtoanother…Adictionarycouldhelpretardsuchchange.In1764agroupofLondonpublisherscommissionedJohnson,stillanunknownauthor,toundertaketheproject.Hehopedtofinishinthreeyears;ittookhimnine.Butthequantityandqualityoftheworkheaccomplished,aidedonlyby6part-timeassistants,madehimfamousas‘DictionaryJohnson’.Thedictionaryremainedastandardreferencebookfor100years.Hisachievementisnotablein3respects:itssize(40,000words)thewealthofillustrativequotations(about114,000quotationsgatheredfromthebestEnglishwriters)theexcellenceofitsdefinitions(Thoughasmallselectionconcentratesonafewamusingornotoriousdefinitions,thegreatmajorityarefull,clearandtotallyfreefromeccentricity.Indeed,manyofthemarestillrepeatedinmoderndictionaries.)JamesA.H.Murraywasthemanwhomadethegreatestdictionary.Murray,SirJamesAugustusHenry,1837—1915,Englishlexicographer.From1879hewaseditoroftheNewEnglishDictionary(theOxfordEnglishDictionary),themajorworkofhiscareer;itwaspublishedin1928.TheOxfordEnglishDictionaryisthelargestdictionaryoftheEnglishlanguagethathaseverbeenpublished.TheO.E.D.Consistsof12volumesandcontainsover400,000words.Itsessentialfeatureiswhatweoftenrefertoasthehistoricalmethod.ThemeaningandformofeachwordintheDictionaryaretracedfromtheirearliestappearanceonthebasisofanimmensenumberofquotationscollectedbymorethan800volunteerreaders.JamesMurrayeditednearlyhalfoftheDictionary,theotherscholarsresponsiblefortherestoftheworkbeingHenryBradley,SirWilliamCraigieandDr.C.T.Onions.“aharmlessdrudge〞InDr.Johnson’sDictionarythewordlexicographerisdefinedas“awriterofdictionaries,aharmlessdrudge〞.(18世纪英国文豪SamuelJohnson称字典编撰为successwithoutapplause,diligencewithoutreward<无偿劳作,虽成无荣>,又称编字典的人为unhappymortals[不幸的噍类],harmlessdrudges[无害的苦工],指的是惨淡经营充其量只指望无害的结果。前言，英汉大词典)“Lexicographer:awriterofdictionaries,aharmlessdrudge,thatbusieshimselfintracingtheoriginal,anddetailingthesignificationofwords.〞--SamuelJohnson“Everyotherauthormayaspiretopraise;thelexicographercanonlyhopetoescapereproach,andeventhisnegativerecompenserecompensehasbeenyetgrantedtoveryfew.〞--SamuelJohnsondrudgeryhardboringworkIthoughtfeminismwasaboutliberatingwomenfromenforceddomesticandmaternaldrudgery.Electronicinformationretrievalwillremovemuchofthedrudgeryofresearchandleavetimeforthemoreinterestingbits.drudgeapersonwhodoeshardboringworkIfeellikearealdrudge–I’vedonenothingbutcleanallday!Hiswifeistreatedasameredrudge.vistaaviewthatislongratherthanbroad;prospectsorpossibilitiesHecouldseethroughthetallwindowsavistaofgreenfields.Asdean,heopenedupexcitingvistasof(=newpossibilitiesfor)inter-departmentallinks.Inanalreadytroubledregion,freshconflictlikethisraisesfrighteningvistas.ClassicallyderivedwordswordsofGreekorLatinoriginWill-o’–the-wispabluishmovinglightseenatnightoverwetgroundbecauseoftheburningofwastegasesfromdecayedplants;anundependablepersonoridea,aimthatcannotbereachedChaseuptakeactioninordertodiscoversomethingTheyhadtochaseuptheshoptodeliverthebed.blackThewordisusedheretomean‘bad’or‘hopeless’.(Somepeopleavoidusingblacktomeanbad,asitmightoffendblackpeople.)Whenhisbusinessfailedheexperiencedblackdespair.Thefuturelookedblack(=withouthope).Ifyoupaintablackpictureofasituationyoudescribeitasextremelybad.Ifapersonisnotasblackashetheyarepaintedtheyarenotasbadaspeoplesaytheyare.Ablackcomedyisafilm,play,etc.Thatlooksattheamusingsideofthingsweusuallytakeveryseriously,likedeathorillness.Blackhumourisanamusingwayoflookingatortreatingsomethingthatisseriousorsad.Theblackmarketisthingsboughtandsold,moneychanged,etc.illegally.getamoveon(slang)hurry;movequicklyHewillneverfinishtheworkifhedoesn’tgetamoveon.ThedictionaryistakinglongertorecordlinguisticeventsthantheytaketohappenNewwordsandexpressionsconstantlyfindtheirwayintospeechwhilethedictionaryrequiresmuchlongertimetorecordtheselinguisticphenomena.keepupcontinuedoingorhavingsomethingYouaredoingwell,keepitup.WhenIstoppedstudyingIwasstillkeentokeepupmyFrench.Ifyoukeepupappearancesyoupretendtobehappier,lesspoor,etc.thanyoureallyare,becauseyoudonotwantpeopletoknowhowbadyoursituationis:Theywereunhappilymarriedbutkeptupappearancesforthesakeoftheirchildren.goforbetruefororrelatetoWhatMary’sjustsaidgoesformetoo(=Iagreewithwhatshesaid).Youreallyneedtosmartenupyourappearance,Chris,andIdon’tknowwhatyoulotaresmilingabout,becausethesamegoesfortherestofyou.returnrevenues;profitThereturn/returnsonthemoneyweinvestedwas/wereverylow.naggingcriticizingorcomplainingrepeatedlyandannoyingly,oftenasawaytopersuade(someone)todosomethingThewayhekeepsonnaggingaboutthesmallestthingsreallygetsonmynerves.(Ifsomethingsuchasaworry,doubtorquestionisnagging(at)you,itiscontinuouslyandannoyinglyinyourmind:Severalworrieswerenagging(at)her.)falterlosestrengthorpurposeand(almost)stopThedinnerpartconversationfalteredforamoment.HerfriendsneverfalteredintheirbeliefinvidenceaninfluencewhichisnothumaninoriginandisthoughttocontrolwhetherornotpeoplereceivethethingswhichtheyneedAsamonkhetruststodivinethathewillreceivefood.Willpowertheabilitytocontrolone’sthoughtsandthewayinwhichonebehaves;determinationIttookalotofwillpowertostaycalmandnotpanic.Hesucceededthroughanenormousexerciseofwillpower.ConvergemovetowardsormeetatoneplaceAllthepathsacrosstheparkconvergeatthemaingate.Therewasonceabigdifferencebetweenthetwopoliticians,butnowtheirideasseemtobeconverging(=becomingsimilar).Wouldhehaveacknowledgedthatoneofthethingsprovidencedidforhimwasmercifullytowithholdafullsenseofthetaskthatwasnevertoendforhim?Whenhestartedtoundertaketheenterprise,heobviouslydidn’thaveanyideaashowdifficultthetaskwas.Neitherdidheknowthathewouldneverseethepublicationofthewholedictionaryinhislife.MaybeallthishadbeenarrangedbyGod,whowassokindtohimastokeepallthisfromhisawareness(inordertokeepuphisspirits).MurraymighthavefeltobligedtoGodifhewereawareofGod’spainstakingintentionsthen.magnitudethelargesizeorimportance(ofsomething)Theydon’tseemtograspthemagnitudeoftheproblem.setout(on,as,in)begin(aplanofaction,esp.withaparticularaim)Shesetoutasanactresswiththehelpofthedirector.Likesomanyyoungpeoplebeforethem,theysetouttochangetheworld.tosetoutonone’slifeworkpertinacitystrongpersistenceordeterminationLikesomanysuccessfulpoliticians,hecanpursuehisgoalswithpertinacity.bealivetobethinkingaboutorawareof(something);bekeenorsensibletoIskifortheexcitement,butI’malsoalwaysalivetotherisks.HehadtoleaveScotlandHisfirstwifewasseriouslyillandthedoctoradvisedhertomovesouthwheretheclimatemightsuitherbetter.SohewenttoLondonwithher.scholarshipseriousdetailedstudyHerrecentbookonChineseverbsisaworkofgreatscholarship.RecenthistoricalscholarshiphascontradictedmanycommonlyheldideasabouttheRomaninvention.indispensabletooimportantnottohave;necessaryFirstpublishedin1927,thechartsremainanindispensableresourceforresearchers.Sheisgoodbutnotindispensable(fortheteam)–noplayeris.OtherremarkablephilologistsofhisdayHenrySweet,FredrickJ.Furnivall,andsomeothers.dedicate(oneselfto)givecompletely(one’senergy,timeetc.)Hehasdedicatedhislifetoscientificresearch.ThenewPresidentsaidshewoulddedicateherselfto