2024-2025学年高中英语Unit1Greatscientistsreading课时作业2新人教版必修5

Unit1Greatscientistsreading课时作业第一节（共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AFIRE-FIGHTINGHowtofightafireAnyonewhousesfire-extinguishersshouldknowafewbasicfactsabouthowtomakethemwork.Thisleafletwilltellyouthemostimportantthingstorememberifyouhavetoputafireout.WaterextinguishersYoucanputmostfiresoutwithwaterextinguishers.However,youshouldnotusewaterextinguishersifthefireinvolveselectricalequipmentorifithasbeenstartedbyflammable(易燃的)liquidssuchaspetrol.Asinallfires,makesurethatthewindisbehindyou—ifyoudothis,thesmokewillblowawayfromyou.Pointthejetofwateratthebottomofthefireandmoveitslowlyhigher.Rememberthatyoushouldonlyuseextinguishersforsmallfires.Ifthereisanydangerofthefirespreadingtoanythingthatcanexplode,youshouldnottrytoputthefireoutyourself.Instead,leavethebuildingimmediately,andcallthefirebrigade.Foam(泡沫)extinguishersYoucanuseafoamextinguisherforfirecausedbyburningliquidssuchaspetrol.Neverpointthejetdirectlyintotheliquiditself,asthismaymakeitsplashandspreadthefire.Instead,tryandpointtheextinguisherupintotheairsothatthefoamgoesupandfallsontopoftheburningliquid.Whateverthekindoffire,donotstandupstraight—ifyoucanstaydown,thiswillhelpyoutoavoidthesmoke,andyoumaybeabletogetclosertothefire.Getoutofthebuildingatonceifyouthinkyourescaperoutemightbecutoffbysmokeorfire.CarbonDioxide(CO2)extinguishersSomefireextinguishersarefilledwithagascalledcarbondioxide.Youcanusethesetoputoutfireswhichhavebeencausedeitherbyelectricalequipmentorflammableliquids.Ifthefirehasbeencausedbyelectricalequipment,switchtheequipmentoffandpointtheextinguisherstraightatthefire.Ifthefirehasbeencausedbyaliquidlikepetrol,pointtheextinguisheratthenearestedgeofthefire,andmoveitfromsidetoside.Remember,neverstayinabuildingifitisdangeroustodoso,orifthefiregrowsbeyondyourcontrol.Makesureyouarestandingnearanexitincasethishappens.1．WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A．Youcannotputallfiresoutwithwaterextinguishers.B．Incaseoffire,staydowntoprotectyourselffromthesmoke.C．Ifthefiremightcauseanyfurtherexplosion,askforprofessionalhelp.D．Foamextinguishersareforfirescausedbyelectricalequipment.2．Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?A．Inappropriateuseoffireextinguishersmightmakethingsworse.B．Youshouldstayinthebuildingifyourescaperouteiscutoff.C．Standingclosetoanexitwillabsolutelyguaranteeyoursafetyinafire.D．Firefightingisacomplicatedjobthatcanonlybedonebyfirebrigades.3．Whoisthepotentialtargetreaderofthispassage?A．Firefighters. B．Thegeneralpublic. C．Collegeprofessors. D．Youngchildren.BMarkTwain,thefamousAmericanwriter,likedtoplayjokesonothers.Butonceajokewasplayedonhim.OnedayMarkTwainwasinvitedtogiveatalkinasmalltown.Atlunchhemetayoungman,oneofhisfriends.Theyoungmansaidthathehasanunclewithhim.HetoldTwainthathisuncleneverlaughedorsmiled,andthatnobodyandnothingwasabletomakehisunclesmileorlaugh."Youbringyouruncletomytalktonight,"saidMarkTwain."I'msureIcanmakehimlaugh".Thateveningtheyoungmanandhisunclesatinthefront.MarkTwainbegantospeak.Hetoldseveralfunnystories.Thismadeeveryoneintheroomlaugh.Butthemanneverevensmiled.MarkTwaintoldmorefunnystories,buttheoldmanstillkeptquiet.MarkTwaintoldhisfunnystories.Finallyhestopped.Hewastiredandquitedisappointed(悲观的)．Somedayslater,MarkTwaintoldanotherfriendofhisaboutwhathadhappened."Oh,"saidhisfriend."Iknowthatoldman.He'sbeendeaf(聋)foryears."4．MarkTwainlikedtoplayjokeson_____.A．himself B．others C．oldmen D．Americans5．OnedayMarkTwainmet_____atlunch.A．afriend B．ayoungman'suncleC．ayounggirl D．adeaf6．TheyoungmantoldMarkTwainthathisunclenever_____.A．spoke B．talked C．laughed D．ate7．MarkTwainstoppedtellingstoriesatlastbecausehewas_____.A．thirsty B．tired C．angry D．sleepyCThoughitisnotgoodforustoexposeourselvestosunlightfortoolong,allowingourselvesappropriateamountofexposuretosunlightgivesusmanybenefitsandaffectsusinanumberofways.Withoutthesun,lifewouldnothavedeveloped.Itgivesusenergyandheatsourworld.Thesungivesuslightandthusinturnweareabletoseethebeautifulcolorsinourworld.Itmakesusfeelgoodwhenwefeelthewarmthofitsraysonourshoulders.Westoretheenergyfromthesuntohelpbuildandheatourhouses.Withoutsunlightwewouldnotbeabletosurvive.Sunlightgivesbalance.Alllivingthingsliveinafoodchainandatthebeginningofthefoodchaincomestheplantwhichabsorbssunlightandtransformslightenergyintochemicalenergy,whichwillthenbeabsorbedbyanotherlifetobeturnedintoanewkindofenergyandsoon.OneofthebenefitsthatwecangetfromsunlightisthatwecanreceivevitaminDfromsunlight.Ithelpsustokeepahealthybody,controltheamountofmineralsinthebody,whichisneededtohelpkeepourbonesandteethingoodconditionandhelpstokeepawell-balancedmind.Differentplacesontheearthreceivevaryingdegreesofsunlight,whichwilldecidetheregion’sclimate.Forexample,thefartherawayitisfromtheequator(赤道),thesharpertheangle(角度)ofthesun’sraysthatreachit,whichmeansthatsunlightcoveragewillbemorespreadout,andreceivelessheatthanlowerlatitudeareasnearertheequator.8．Whydoessunlightgivebalance?A．Ithelpstopassenergy. B．Ithelpstoabsorbenergy.C．Ithelpstoformnewlives. D．Ithelpstoprotectnewlives.9．Sunlightcanassistpeoplein____.A．increasingtheamountofminerals B．obtainingahealthynervesystemC．keepingtheirbonesandteethhealthy D．keepingadelightedmind10．What’sthemainideaofthelastparagraph?A．Whichplaceisthehottest. B．Howsunlightaffectstheclimate.C．Howtogetmoresunlight. D．Howmuchsunlightaplaceneeds.11．Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?A．Avoidbeingexposedtosunlighttoolong B．Followtheresearchers’wordsC．Goodeffectsofsunlightonourlives D．MakingfulluseofsunlightDIfhumanseverhopetoliveontheMars,thesettlerswillneedtoproduceaseriesoforganiccompounds(有机化合物),fromfuelstodrugs,whicharetooexpensivetoshipfromEarth.ChemistsfromUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,andLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory(BerkeleyLab)haveaplanforthat.Forthepasteightyears,theresearchershavebeenworkingonasystemcombiningbacteriaandnanowires(细菌和纳米线)thatcancatchtheenergyofsunlighttochangecarbondioxide(CO,)andwaterintobuildingblocksfororganicthings.Nanowiresarethinwiresaboutone-hundredththewidthofahumanhair,usedaselectronicparts,andalsoassolarcells.“OnMars,about96%oftheatmosphereisCO2.Basically,allyouneedisthesenanowirestotakeinthesolarenergyandpassitontothesebacteriatodothechemistryforyou,”saidprojectleaderPeidongYang,professorofchemistryandtheS.K.andAngelaChanDistinguishedChairinEnergyatUCBerkeley.“Foradeepspacetask,youcareabouttheweight,andbiologicalsystemshavetheadvantagethattheyself-reproduce:Youdon’tneedtosendalot.That’swhythisversionishighlyattractive.”Theonlyotherrequirement,besidessunlight,iswater,whichonMarsisrelativelymorethanenoughinthepolaricecapsandlikelyliesfrozenundergroundovermostoftheplanet,saidYang.Itworkslikephotosynthesis(光合作用),whichplantsnaturallyemploytochangeCO2andwaterintocarboncompounds,mostlysugarandcarbohydrates.Plants,however,haveaquitelowefficiency(效率),usuallychanginglessthanone-halfpercentofsolarenergyintocarboncompounds.Yang’ssystemiscomparabletotheplantthatbestchangesCO2tosugar,whichis4～5%efficient.12．Whatisthefunctionofthenewbiologicalsystem?A．ReducingairpollutiononMars.B．CarryingmanyorganicthingstoMars.C．HelpingtoproduceorganiccompoundsonMars.D．Makingbuildingblockswithoutsunlight.13．Whyistheself-reproductionpossibleonMars?A．There’splentyofCO2,waterandsunlightonMars.B．Marsismucheasiertolandthanotherplanets.C．Spaceshiptechnologyhasdevelopedalot.D．LotsofoxygenwasfoundonMars.14．WhatcanwelearnaboutYang’ssystemaccordingtothelastparagraph?A．Itdoesn’tneedcarbondioxideandwater.B．Itcanbereplacedbyplantsinspace.C．Itsefficiencyishigherthannaturalphotosynthesis’s.D．Itfunctionsbasedonrulesdifferentfromphotosynthesis.15．Inwhichpartofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Life. B．Science. C．Health. D．Education.其次节七选五阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。Weallwanttogotothegymonaregularbasis.Butsometimeswecan’tdoitduetovariousreasons,suchashavingnoenoughtimeorjustlackingthemotivation.16Hereareplentyofwaysyoucanstayfitathome.Wearworkoutclothesathome.Whenyou’renotgettingreadytogooutanywhere,putonclothesthataresuitableforexercising.17That’sbecausethey’llkeepexerciseattheforefrontofyourmind.18Whetheryou’reworkingonyourcomputerorwatchingtelevision,getupandmovearoundfor5to10minutesforeveryhouryousit.Pacearoundtheroom,ordo10-20jumps.Walkasoftenaspossible.Manysmartphoneshavebuilt-inactivityappsthatwillalsomonitoryourstepcount.Usethesetoseehowmanystepsyou’regettingineachday.Trytoaddafewhundredstepseachweektograduallybecomemoreactive.Setagoalforhowmanystepsyouwanttoachieve.19Putonyourfavoritemusicanddance.Dancingcanbehealthywaythatgetsyourheartrateupandyourbloodpumping.Useslowersongstowarmup.Thenswitchtosomefasterpaceddancemusic.20No,youdon’thavetobeaprofessionaldancer,justhavefunmovingtothemusicandimprovingyourfitnessatthesametime.A.Mustyoudanceperfectly? B.Wherecanwedoexerciseregularly? C.Takeshortfitnessbreakswhensitting. D.Howcanwefitexerciseintodailylife?E.Thenchallengeyourselftomeetthatgoal,F.Walkaroundorjumpwhenusingsmartphones.G.Theymayencourageyoutoexercisealittleharder.参考答案1~3DBA4~7BACB8~11ACBC12~15CACB16~40DGCEA部分答案解析：1．D2．A3．B这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了如何正确运用不同的灭火器和运用时的留意事项。1．细微环节理解题。依据文中“Youcanputmostfiresoutwithwaterextinguishers.”（你用水灭火器可以扑灭大部分的火）可知，水灭火器只能扑灭大部分的火，所以A项Youcannotputallfiresoutwithwaterextinguishers.你不能用水灭火器扑灭全部的火，与原文意思相符，所以A项正确；依据文中“Whateverthekindoffire,donotstandupstraight—ifyoucanstaydown,thiswillhelpyoutoavoidthesmoke”（不论什么样的火，不要始终站着-假如你能趴下，这样可以帮你避开烟）可知，趴下是可以有效避开烟的损害的，所以B项Incaseoffire,staydowntoprotectyourselffromthesmoke.假如有火，趴下可以让你免受烟的损害，与文中意思相符，所以B项正确；依据文中“Ifthereisanydangerofthefirespreadingtoanythingthatcanexplode,youshouldnottrytoputthefireoutyourself.Instead,leavethebuildingimmediately,andcallthefirebrigade.”（当所处火灾有进一步的扩散到可能引起爆炸的任何东西时，你不应当独自灭火，而是应当马上离开那个建筑物并且给消防队打电话。）可知，火灾有进一步危急的时候，应当先自保离开火灾现场，并打电话报火警，所以C项，Ifthefiremightcauseanyfurtherexplosion,askforprofessionalhelp.假如火可能会引起进一步的爆炸，向专业人求助，与原文意思相符，所以C项正确；依据文中“Youcanuseafoamextinguisherforfirecausedbyburningliquidssuchaspetrol.”（当出现像汽油等液体引起的火灾时可以用泡沫灭火器来灭火）可知，泡沫灭火器是针对液体引起的火灾的，而D项，Foamextinguishersareforfirescausedbyelectricalequipment.泡沫灭火器用来扑灭由电器引起的火灾，与原文意思不符，所以D项错误，综上所述，只有D项不正确，故选D项。2．推理推断题。纵观全文可知，本文主要介绍不同的灭火器灭火，但不同灭火器的运用方法会因为不同类型的火灾也有所不同，所以在灭火时肯定要正确运用灭火器，那么言外之意就是，假如没有正确运用灭火器也可能会使火灾更加恶化，所以A项，Inappropriateuseoffireextinguishersmightmakethingsworse.不正确的运用灭火器可能会使事情恶化，是正确的；依据文中“Getoutofthebuildingatonceifyouthinkyourescaperoutemightbecutoffbysmokeorfire.”（假如逃跑路途被火或者烟切断，你应当马上离开楼里），可知B项，Youshouldstayinthebuildingifyourescaperouteiscutoff.假如逃跑路途被切断，你应当待在楼里，与原文不符，所以B项错误；C项Standingclosetoanexitwillabsolutelyguaranteeyoursafetyinafire.在火灾中，站在靠近出口的地方可以肯定保证你的平安，说法太肯定，所以C项错误；D项Firefightingisacomplicatedjobthatcanonlybedonebyfirebrigades.灭火是一项特别困难的工作，所以只能由消防队来做这个工作。从文中介绍不同的灭火器运用方法可以知道，灭火并没有很困难，只是须要我们驾驭灭火器正确运用方法，除非火灾特别危急而且有爆炸的可能，才须要求助消防队，所以D项错误，综上所述，只有A项正确，是我们可以从文中推理出来的，故选A项。3．推理推断题。从文中可以知道文章在介绍灭火器的运用方法和留意事项，操作简洁明白，而且文中多次提出只有特别状况下才须要我们向消防队的专业人士寻求帮助，所以我们可以看出这篇文章的潜在读者应当是大众读者，即一般公众，B项正确，故选B项。4．B5．A6．C7．B这是一篇记叙文。文章讲解并描述了闻名美国作家马克吐温平常爱开别人玩笑，但有一次却被别人开了玩笑。4．细微环节理解题。依据文章第一段“MarkTwain,thefamousAmericanwriter,likedtoplayjokesonothers.(美国闻名作家马克·吐温喜爱开别人的玩笑。)”可知，他喜爱跟别人开玩笑，故选B项。5．细微环节理解题。依据文章第一段“Atlunchhemetayoungman,oneofhisfriends.(吃午饭时，他遇到了一个年轻人，他的一个挚友。)”可知，一天吃午饭时他遇到了他的一个挚友，故选A项。6．细微环节理解题。依据文章第一段“HetoldTwainthathisuncleneverlaughedorsmiled,andthatnobodyandnothingwasabletomakehisunclesmileorlaugh.(他告知吐温，他的叔叔从不笑或微笑，没有人或任何事能够使他的叔叔微笑或大笑。)”可知，他挚友的叔叔不会笑，故选C项。7．细微环节理解题。依据文章第三段最终一句“Finallyhestopped.Hewastiredandquitedisappointed(最终他停了下来。他很累，很悲观。)”可知，马克吐温累了，故选B项。8．A9．C30．B31．C这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了太阳对人类生活的主动影响。8．细微环节理解题。依据第三段“Sunlightgivesbalance.Alllivingthingsliveinafoodchainandatthebeginningofthefoodchaincomestheplantwhichabsorbssunlightandtransformslightenergyintochemicalenergy,whichwillthenbeabsorbedbyanotherlifetobeturnedintoanewkindofenergyandsoon.”可知，阳光使万物保持平衡。全部的生物都生活在一个食物链中，在食物链的起先，植物汲取阳光，将光能转化为化学能，然后被另一个生命汲取，转化为一种新的能量等等。由此可知，阳光使万物保持平衡是因为它有助于传递能量。故选A项。9．细微环节理解题。依据第四段“Ithelpsustokeepahealthybody,controltheamountofmineralsinthebody,whichisneededtohelpkeepourbonesandteethingoodconditionandhelpstokeepawell-balancedmind.”可知，它帮助我们保持健康的身体，限制身体中矿物质的含量，这些矿物质是保持骨骼和牙齿处于良好状态所需的，有助于保持良好的心理平衡。所以阳光可以帮助人们保持骨骼和牙齿的健康。故选C项。10．主旨大意题。依据最终一段“Differentplacesontheearthreceivevaryingdegreesofsunlight,whichwilldecidetheregion’sclimate.Forexample,thefartherawayitisfromtheequator,thesharpertheangleofthesun’sraysthatreachit,whichmeansthatsunlightcoveragewillbemorespreadout,andreceivelessheatthanlowerlatitudeareasnearertheequator.”可知，地球上不同的地方接受不同程度的阳光，这将确定该地区的气候。由此可知，最终一段的大意是阳光如何影响气候。故选B项。11．主旨大意题。依据第一段“Thoughitisnotgoodforustoexposeourselvestosunlightfortoolong,allowingourselvesappropriateamountofexposuretosunlightgivesusmanybenefitsandaffectsusinanumberofways.”可知，虽然长时间暴露在阳光下对我们不好，但让自己适当地暴露在阳光下会给我们带来很多好处，并在很多方面影响我们。所以短文的最佳标题为“阳光对我们生活的主动影响”。故选C项。12．C13．A14．C15．B这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了可以在火星上自己生产有机化合物的新系统。文章分析了它的可能性以及它的优点。12．推理推断题。依据文章第一段“IfhumanseverhopetoliveontheMars,thesettlerswillneedtoproduceaseriesoforganiccompounds(有机化合物),fromfuelstodrugs,whicharetooexpensivetoshipfromEarth.”（假如人类希望在火星上生活，定居者将须要生产一系列的有机化合物，从燃料到药物，这些从地球上运输出来的东西太贵了。）可知，人类若须要在火星上定居，则须要生产一系列的有机化合物，但是从地球上运输很昂贵。同时在依据第三段“Forthepasteightyears,theresearchershavebeenworkingonasystemcombiningbacteriaandnanowires(细菌和纳米线)thatcancatchtheenergyofsunlighttochangecarbondioxide(CO,)andwaterintobuildingblocksfororganicthings.Nanowiresarethinwiresabout