2022年河北职称英语考试模拟卷

2022年河北职称英语考试模拟卷

（本卷共分为1大题50小题.作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。）

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一、单项选择题(共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意)

1.SleepSleepispartofapersonsdailyactivitycycle.Thereare

severaldifferentstagesofsIeep,andtheytoooccurin

cycles.(46).Whenyoufirstdriftoffintoslumber,youreyes

wi11rolIaboutabit,yourtemperaturewi11dropsiightly,yourmuscles

wiIIrelax,andyourbreathingwi11slowandbecomequiteregular.Your

brainwavesslowdownabittoo,withthealpharhythmofratherfast

wavespredominatingforfirstfewminutes.(47).Forthenext

halfhourorso,asyourelaxmoreandmore,youwiIIdriftdownthrough

stage2andstage3sIeep.(48).Then,about40to60minutes

afteryouloseconsciousness,youwiIIhavereachedthedeepestsleep

ofall.Yourbrainwaveswi11showthelargeslowwavesthatareknown

asthedeltarhythm.Thisisstage4sleep.Youdonotremainatthis

deepfourthstagea11nightlong.(49).Thedeltarhythmwi11

disappear,tobereplacedbytheactivitypatternofbrainwaves.Your

eyeswi11begintodartaroundunderyourclosedeyeIidsasifyouwere

Iookingatsomethingoccurringinfrontofyou.Thisperiodofrapideye

movementlastsforsome8to15minutesandiscalledREM

sleep.(50).Providedthatyoudonotwakeupduringthefirst

REMsleepperiod,yourbodywiIIsoonrelaxagain,yourbreathingwi11

growslowandregularoncemore,andyouwiIIslipgentlybackfromstage

1tostage4sIeep-onlytoriseonceagaintothesurfaceofnear

consciousnesssome80minutesIater.A.Butinsteadabout80minutesafter

youfaIIintoslumber,yourbrainactivityIeveIwi11increaseagain

sIightly.B.Theloweryourstageofsleep,thesIoweryourbrainwaves

wiIIbe.0.Yourbrainisstillworkingwhenyouaresleeping.D.Ifyou

areanaveragesleeper,yoursleepcycleisasfollows.E.Itisduring

REMsleepthatmostdreamsseemtooccur.F.Thisisca11edstage1sleep.

2.CommunicationProblemsAfter20yearsofresearch,mycolleagues

andIhavediscoveredthatalIcommunicationinvolvesourbodies,

sometimesprofoundly.WhiIewespeakwithwords,wealsospeakwithevery

fiberofourbeing.This"Ianguageoftheheart"isintegraItotheheaIth

andemotionaIIifeofa11ofus.Wefoundthatevenapleasantchat

abouttheweathercanaffectthecardiovascular（心血管性的）system,

particularlybIoodpressure.ThetraditionaIwayoftakingbIoodpressure

—withastethoscope（听诊器）一meantthatthepatienthadtokeepsilent,

andthissilencepreventedcliniciansfromdiscoveringtheIinkbetween

communicationandbloodpressure.Thebreakthroughinourstudies

occurredin1977,whenwemetEd.atypicaIhypertensivepatientwhocame

totheUniversityofMaryland,'sPsychophysioIogyCenterfortreatment.

WehookedupEdtoanewcomputerthatcouldcontinuousIymonitorblood

pressure.WefoundthathispressureimmediateIyincreasedeverytime

hespoke,evenifhewasdiscussingthemostneutraltopic.Whatwasmore

surprisingwasthatEdwasunawareofthesechanges.Thisfindingso

intrigueduswebegantestingothers.Theresultswerethesame.Blood

pressureandheartrateroserapidlywheneverpeopIetalked.Weasked

studentstoreadaloudfromabland（乏味的）text.Theirbloodpressure

andheartrateroserapidlyeverytime.Wetested38deaf-mutevoIunteers.

WhenthesepeopIesigned,theirbloodpressureaIsoincreased.This

confirmedoursuspicionthatitwastheactofcommunication,notjust

talking,thatledtothesechanges.MostnormaItalkisaseesaw（一

上一下的动作）.TherisingofbloodpressurewhenonetalksisbaIanced

byarapidloweringofpressurewhenoneIistens.Buttherhythmisout

ofsyncIinalhypertensives.TheyfluentlyfaiItoIisten;theyareon

guard,defensive.Sotheirpressurestaysup.ThebenefitsofIistening

areseeninthe"orientingreflex,"discoveredbyPavIov.Whenadoghears

asoundorseesmovement,itwi11stopalIactivityandcockitshead.

AnotherRussianscientist,E.N.SokIor,noticedthatthedog''sheart

ratesIows.Asimilarresponseoccursinpeopletoo-anditlowers

bloodactivities:readingoutloud,staringatabIankwaIIandwatching

fishinatank.BloodpressurewashingtestwhenthepeopIespoke.But

itwasIowestwhentheywatchedthefish,ratherthanwhentheysimply

satandrelaxed.WhetherwatchingfishorIisteningtoanotherperson,

attendingcalmlytotheworldoutsideyourselfhelpslowerbloodpressure.

WhenIgothypertensivestoIistenundefensively,theirbloodpressure

oftenfe11dramatically.WhydosomepeopIefindtalkingsostressfuI,

andIisteningsodifficultItestedsomehealthynewborns.Whenthey

cried,theirbloodpressureoftendoubled.Webeganthinkingabout

pressuresurgesinhypertensivesassimilartothechangeswhenababy

cries.Thoughcalmonthesurfacewhiletalking,theirbodiesare

screamingtobeheard.Forthesepeople,communicationbecomesa

desperatebuthiddenstruggIe.Insidetheiradu11bodiesisababycrying,

terrifiedbecausenoonecanhearit.Sohowcanweenjoyconversation

yetkeepbloodpressuredownByIisteningmore,bybreathingregularly

whiletalking,byalternatingbetweentalkingandpayingattentionto

whattheotherpersonissaying.Butwhatcanhypertensivesdo

Treatmentsthatteachthemtofocusontheirrelationshipandhowto

communicateinareIaxedwaycanbeastarttowardhealth.Wecan

understandandcopewithi11nessonlywhenweviewourselvesaspartof

acompIexworIdbeyondtheconfinesofourownindividualskin.The

responseofourhearts,bloodvesseIsandmuscleswhenwecommunicate

withspouse,chiIdren,friendsandcolleaguesisasvitaltoour

cardiovascularhealthasisexerciseordiet.

Inordertoreduceblood-pressurechangesincommunications,the

hypertensivepatients.

A.shouldlearntocommunicateinarelaxedway

B.shouldnotbesensitivetothe"socialmembranew

C.shouldnotengagethemselvesinanyheart-feltcommunications

D.shouldlearntotalklessandlistentoothers

3.RichardWagnerRichardWagner(1813~1883)isregardedbymany(51]

"TheRevoIutionistofOpera,"whodemoIishedalIoldforms,andwho

reconstructedthemusicdrama[52]principlesentireIyhisown.Inthe

strictest[53],thisbeIiefisnotjustified,forWagnersimplyreturned

totheoldestversionofthemusicdrama.HefoundthattheideaI

constructionoftheoperainFlorencehadbeentoproduceworkinwhich

themusic,dramaandinterpretationshouldbe【54】equalimportance.

WagnerstudiedthechangesandabuseswhichGluckhad[55]correct,

andfoundthattheopera[56]ofthenineteenthcenturyhad[57]back

intomanyoftheoldcustoms,withtheresult,thattherewasnolonger

acompIete[58]ofthethreefundamentaIsofopera.Wagnertells

usinhisautobiographythathisearlyIifewasinfIuencedbythedramas

ofShakespear,thesymphoniesofBeethoven,andtheoperasofVonWeber.

HisfirstoperaswereconstructedontheIinesoftheFrenchgrandopera.

Thefirsttwowereabsolutefailures,butwiththe[59]of"Rienzi"

in1842,Wagnerwasproclaimedtheequal,ifnotthesuperior,[60]

BelIini,DonizettiandMeyerbeer.Inthewritingofthisworkhehad

discoveredthedramaticabsurditiesoftheform,[61]inhisnextwork,

"TheFlyingDutchman,"heattemptedhisfirstimportantuseofthe"leit

motif,norcharacteristic[62],forhisdifferentpersonages,and

alsousedthesethemes,inanticipationoftheadventofhischaracters,

inamannerheIaterdescribedas"makingtheaudienceapartofthebeing.

[63]hiswaytoDresdentoconduct"Rienzi,"WagnervisitedtheWartburg

Castle,andtherehebecamefamiIiar[64]thelegendarystorieswhich

heusedinalIhislaterworks."Tannhauser"givesanactuaIdescription

oftheMinnesingerKnights,whoinspiredWagner(65]Teutonicversions

of"TheRingoftheNibelungs","Lohengrin","TristanandIsolde*'and

"Parsifal".

A.case

B.angle

C.occasion

D.sense

4.ArchitectureArchitectureistobuiIdingasIiteratureistothe

printedword.99ThebestbuiIdingsateoftensoweIIconstructedthat

theyoutIasttheiroriginaluse.TheythensurvivenotonlyasbeautifuI

objects,butasdocumentsofthehistoryofcultures.Theseachievements

areneverwho11ytheworkofindividuals.ArchitectureisasociaIart.

Therenaissancebroughtaboutanentirelynewage,notonlyinphiIosophy

andIiteraturebutinthevisualartsaswell.Inarchitecture,the

principlesandstylesofancientGreeceandRomewerebroughtbackto

Iifeandreinterpreted.TheyremaindominantuntiIthe20thcentury.

ManykindsofstoneareusedasbuiIdingmateriaIs.Stoneandmarblewere

chosenforimportantmonumentsbecausetheyarenotburnableandCanbe

expectedtoendure.Stonearchitecturewasoftenblendedwithstone

sculpture.Theuseofstonehasdeciinedthowever,becauseanumberof

othermateriaIsatemoreadaptabletoindustrialuse.ThecompIexity

ofmodemIirecalIsforavarietyofbuiIdings.MorepeopIeIiveinmass

housingandgotoworkinlargeofficebuiIdings;theyspendtheirincome

inlargeshoppingcenters,sendtheirchiIdrentomanydifferentkinds

ofschools,andwhentheyatesicktheygotospecializedhospitalsand

clinics.AlIthesedifferenttypesofbuiIdingsaccumuIatedexperiences

neededbytheirdesigners.Bythemiddleofthe20thcentury,modem

architecture,whichwasinfIuencedbynewtechnoIogyandmassproduction,

wasdealingwithincreasinglycompIexsociaIneeds.Important

characteristicsofmodemarchitecturalworksareexpansesofglassand

theuseofreinforcedconcrete.Advancesinelevatortechnology,air

conditioning,andelectricIightinghavealIhadimportanteffects.A.

BuiIdingMaterialsB.NeedofGreaterBuiIdingVarietiesinModernLifeC.

RestorationofAncientCivilizationsD.EvoIutioninStyleE.Factors

AffectingModemArchitectur6F.ASociaIArt

SomebuiIdingsaresoweIIconstructedthattheyarenotonly

usefuI.

5.TheCentralDogmaThoughitcomesasnosurprisethatthe

compositionofDNAbetweendifferentorganismsisdifferent,itisnot

immediatelyobviouswhythemusclecells,bloodcelIs,andbraincells

ofanyoneparticularvertebrate（脊椎动物）aresodifferentintheir

structureandcompositionwhentheDNAofeveryoneoftheircellsis

identical.Thisisthekeytooneofthemostexcitingareasofmodern

celIbiology.IndifferentcelItypes,differentsetsofthetotalnumber

ofgenes（genome）（基因组）areexpressed.Inotherwords,different

regionsoftheDNAare"active"inthemusclecelIs,bloodcelIs,and

braincelIs.TounderstandhowthisdifferenceinDNAactivitycan

leadtodifferencesincelIstructureandcomposition,itisnecessary

toconsiderwhatisoftenknownasthecentraldogma（法贝lj）ofmolecular

bioIogy:"DNAmakesRNAmakeprotein."Inmolecularterms,ageneis

thatportionofDNAthatencodesforasingleprotein.Thedictumnone

genemakesoneprotein"hasrequiredsomemodification（改变）withthe

discoverythatsomeproteinsarecomposedofseveraldifferent

polypeptide（多肽）chains,butthe"onegenemakesonepolypeptide**rule

doeshold.DNAContainstheBlueprintforAlICelIProteins.

MessengerRNAisaprecisecopy（transcript）ofthecodedsequenceof

nucIeicacidbasesinDNA,andthismessageistranslatedintoaunique

proteinmoIecuIeonspecialistorganelles（ribo-somes）presentinthe

cytoplasm（细胞质）ofalIcells.Proteins（蛋白质）,whicharelargelymade

upofcarbon（C）,hydrogen（H）,oxygen（0）,andnitrogen（N）,are

constructedfrom20different,commonaminoacids.TheversatiIityof

proteins,theworkhorsemoIecuIesofthecell,stemsfromtheimmense

varietyofmolecularshapesthatcanbecreated,byIinkingaminoacids

togetherindifferentsequences.ThesmalIerproteinsconsistofonly

afewdozenaminoacids,whereasthelargeronesmaycontaininexcess

of200aminoacids,aIIIinkedtogetherinaIinear（线状的）chainby

peptidebonds.Astheproteinsarereleasedfromtheribosome（核糖

体）,theyfoldintouniqueshapes,undertheinfluenceofchemicalforces

thatdependontheparticularsequenceofaminoacids.Sotheprotein

primarysequence,encodedinthegeneandfaithfullytranscribedand

translatedintoanaminoacidchain,determinesthethree-dimensional

structureoftheemergingmolecule.Thehumanbodypossessessome30000

differentkindsofproteinsandseveraImillioncopiesofmanyofthese.

Eachplaysaspecificrole----forexample,hemogIobincarriesoxygenin

theblood,actin（肌动蛋白）andmyosin（肌球蛋白）interacttogenerate

museIemovement,andacetyIchoIine（乙酸胆碱）receptormoIecuIesmediate

chemicaItransmissionbetweennerveandmuseIecelIs.Enzymes一

ProteinBiocataIystsAnessentiaIgroupofproteins_theenzymes（酵

素）一actasbiologicalcataIysts（催化剂）andregulatealIaspectsof

celImetabolism（新陈代谢）.Theyenablebreakdownofhigh-energyfood

molecules（carbohydrates）toprovideenergyforbiologicalreactions,

andtheycontrolthesyntheticpathwaysthatresultinthegeneration

ofIipids（e.g.,fats,cholesterol（胆固醇），andothervitalmembrane（膜）

components）,carbohydrates（碳水化合物）（sugars,starch（淀粉），and

celIulose（纤维素）,thekeycomponentsofplantcelIwalls）tandmany

vitalsmalIbiomoleculesessentialforcelIfunction.

"Stem"（para.3,sent.3）means.

A.cane

B.jam

C.derive

D.stop

6.SuburbIf"suburb"ismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidly

thanitsalreadydeveIopedinterior,theprocessofsuburbanizationbegan

duringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcity,inthesecondquarterof

thenineteenthcentury.BeforethatperiodthecitywasasmaII,highly

compactclusterinwhichpeopIemovedaboutonfoot,andgoodswere

conveyedbyhorseandcart.Buttheearlyfactories,builtinthe1830,'

sand1840''s,werelocatedalongwaterwaysandnearraiIheadsatthe

edgesofcities,andhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopIedrawn

bytheprospectofempIoyment.Intime,thefactoriesweresurrounded

byproliteratingmiIItownsofapartmentsandrowhousesaroundtheolder,

maincities.Asadefenceagainstthisencroachment,andtoenlargetheir

taxbases,thecitiesappropriatedtheirindustrialneighbors.In1854

forexampIe,thecityofPhiIadeIphiaannexedmostofPhiIadeIphiaCounty.

SimilarmunicipaImaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.Indeed,

mostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStatesachievedsuchstatusonlyby

incorporatingthecommunitiesalongtheirborders.Withthe

accelerationofindustrialgrowthcomeacute,urbancrowdingand

accompanyingsociaIstress-conditionsbegantoapproachdisastrous

proportionswhen,in1888,thefirstcommerciallysuccessfuIelectric

tractionIinewasdeveloped.Withinafewyearsthehorse-drawntrolleys

wereretiredandelectricstreetcarnetworkscrisscrossedandconnected

everymajorurbanarea,fosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthat

transformedthecompactindustrialcityintoadispersedmetropoIis.This

firstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythe

simultaneousemergenceoftheurbanmiddleclass,whosedesiresfor

homeownershipinneighborhoodsfarfromtheaginginnercitywere

satisfiedbythedevelopingofsingIe-famiIyhousingtracts.

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatafter1890mostpeopIetraveled

aroundcitiesby.

A.automobile

B.cart

C.horse-drawntrolley

D.electricstreetcar

7.UnitedNationsAmajorsegmentoftheUntiedNationsistheGeneral

Assembly,whichconsistsofrepresentativesfromaIIgovernmentsthat

haveratifiedtheUNCharter.Asof1995,185stateshadmembershipin

thegeneralAssembIy.Additionally,theVatican,Switzerland,andthe

PaIestineLiberationOrganizationhavenonvotingobserverstatusinthe

GeneralAssembly.TheGeneraIAssembIyapprovestheUN''sbudget,acts

withtheSecurityCounciItoseIecttheSecretary-generaIandjudgesof

theInternationaICourtofJustice,andpassesresolutionsonissues

rangingfromseif-determinationandcolonialismtowomenJ'srightsand

theglobaldistributionofwealth.TheGeneralAssembIycanmeetand

voteonanysubject,unlesstheSecurityCounciIisdealingwithit(or

atleastpretendingto).However,itsdecisionsonlycarrymoralforce

—uniiketheCounciP9s.They''renotbindinginInternationaIlaws.

ButtheAssemblyvotesareanimportantopinionpolIonhowandwhatthe

majorityoftheworIdthinksaboutissues."ImportantquestionsMneed

atwo-thirdsvoteoftheAssemblytopass.Thequestionofwhatis

animportantquestionisn1,timportant.ItsdecidedbythedeIegates

themselves-byasimplemajority.AlthoughtheGeneralAssembIyhas

notrecognizedauthoritytoenforceitsconclusionsonanythingother

thaninternalUNmatters,itmakesitsviewpointsonissuesthatare

broughtbeforeitisknowninoneofthethreeways.AGeneralAssembly

declarationisabroadstatementofgeneraIprinciplesuchasthe

UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,passedin1948.Declarationsare

oftenputforwardasanexpressionofanideaI,inpracticetheyare

regularlyignored.AGeneralAssemblyresolutionisessentiallya

documentthatrecommendsthatmemberstatestakeaparticularpolicy

action.Statesclaimsovereigntyandmaketheirowndecisionsasto

whethertheywi11followaGeneralAssemblyresolution.Insomecases,

however,ifmanystatesimpIementaparticularresolution,otherstates

thatmaynotwishtoactontheresolutionmayfeelthemselvespressured

todosoanyway.Attheveryleast,aresolutionhastheeffectof

legitimizingthepoliciesofthosestatesthatwishtocompIywiththe

resolution.Finally,aGeneralAssemblyconvention,ortreaty,hastwo

meanings.Themorecomprehensiveconventionreferstomultilateral

treatiesvotedonbytheGeneraIAssemblythat,uponpassagebythe

GeneraIAssembly,arecarriedbacktothecapitalsofmemberstatesfor

ratificationbywhatevermeanseachstateusesdomesticaIIy.Inother

cases,aGeneraIAssembIyconventionrefersspecificallytoatreaty

signedbetweentheUnitedNationsandthegovernmentofanation-state,

aswhenin1956EgyptagreedtoaIIowUnitedNationspeacekeepingforces

toenterEgyptianterritory.

TheGeneralAssemblymakesitsviewpointsintheGeneralAssembly

ratification.

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.NotMentioned

8.SleepSleepispartofapersonsdailyactivityeyeIe.Thereare

severaldifferentstagesofsIeep,andtheytoooccurin

cycles.(46).Whenyoufirstdriftoffintoslumber,youreyes

wi11rolIaboutabit,yourtemperaturewi11dropsIightly,yourmuscles

wi11relax,andyourbreathingwi11slowandbecomequiteregular.Your

brainwavesslowdownabittoo,withthealpharhythmofratherfast

wavespredominatingforfirstfewminutes.(47).Forthenext

halfhourorso,asyourelaxmoreandmore,youwiIIdriftdownthrough

stage2andstage3sIeep.(48).Then,about40to60minutes

afteryouloseconsciousness,youwi11havereachedthedeepestsleep

ofall.Yourbrainwaveswi11showthelargeslowwavesthatareknown

asthedeltarhythm.Thisisstage4sleep.Youdonotremainatthis

deepfourthstagea11nightlong.(49).ThedeltarhythmwiII

disappear,tobereplacedbytheactivitypatternofbrainwaves.Your

eyeswi11begintodartaroundunderyourclosedeyeIidsasifyouwere

Iookingatsomethingoccurringinfrontofyou.Thisperiodofrapideye

movementlastsforsome8to15minutesandiscalledREM

sleep.（50）.Providedthatyoudonotwakeupduringthefirst

REMsleepperiod,yourbodywiIIsoonrelaxagain,yourbreathingwiII

growslowandregularoncemore,andyouwi11slipgentIybackfromstage

1tostage4sleep-onlytoriseonceagaintothesurfaceofnear

consciousnesssome80minutesIater.A.Butinsteadabout80minutesafter

youfaIIintoslumber,yourbrainactivityIeveIwi11increaseagain

sIightIy.B.Theloweryourstageofsleep,thesIoweryourbrainwaves

wiIIbe.C.Yourbrainisstillworkingwhenyouaresleeping.D.Ifyou

areanaveragesleeper,yoursleepcycleisasfollows.E.Itisduring

REMsleepthatmostdreamsseemtooccur.F.Thisiscalledstage1sleep.

9.TheCentralDogmaThoughitcomesasnosurprisethatthe

compositionofDNAbetweendifferentorganismsisdifferent,itisnot

immediatelyobviouswhythemusclecelIs,bloodcelIs,andbraincells

ofanyoneparticularvertebrate（脊椎动物）aresodifferentintheir

structureandcompositionwhentheDNAofeveryoneoftheircellsis

identical.Thisisthekeytooneofthemostexcitingareasofmodern

celIbiology.IndifferentcelItypes,differentsetsofthetotalnumber

ofgenes（genome）（基因组）areexpressed.Inotherwords,different

regionsoftheDNAare"active"inthemusclecelIs,bloodcelIs,and

braincelIs.TounderstandhowthisdifferenceinDNAactivitycan

leadtodifferencesincelIstructureandcomposition,itisnecessary

toconsiderwhatisoftenknownasthecentraldogma（法贝I］）ofmolecular

bioIogy:"DNAmakesRNAmakeprotein."Inmolecularterms,ageneis

thatportionofDNAthatencodesforasingleprotein.Thedictum"one

genemakesoneprotein"hasrequiredsomemodification（改变）withthe

discoverythatsomeproteinsarecomposedofseveraldifferent

polypeptide（多肽）chains,butthe"onegenemakesonepolypeptide"rule

doeshold.DNAContainstheBlueprintforAlICelIProteins.

MessengerRNAisaprecisecopy（transcript）ofthecodedsequenceof

nucIeicacidbasesinDNA,andthismessageistranslatedintoaunique

proteinmoIecuIeonspecialistorganelles（ribo-somes）presentinthe

cytopIasm（细胞质）ofaIIcelIs.Proteins（蛋白质），whicharelargelymade

upofcarbon（0）,hydrogen（H）,oxygen（0）,andnitrogen（N）,are

constructedfrom20different,commonaminoacids.TheversatiIityof

proteins,theworkhorsemoIecuIesofthecell,stemsfromtheimmense

varietyofmolecularshapesthatcanbecreated,byIinkingaminoacids

togetherindifferentsequences.ThesmalIerproteinsconsistofonly

afewdozenaminoacids,whereasthelargeronesmaycontaininexcess

of200aminoacids,alIIinkedtogetherinaIinear（线状的）chainby

peptidebonds.Astheproteinsarereleasedfromtheribosome（核糖

体）,theyfoldintouniqueshapes,undertheinfIuenceofchemicaIforces

thatdependontheparticularsequenceofaminoacids.Sotheprotein

primarysequence,encodedinthegeneandfaithfullytranscribedand

translatedintoanaminoacidchain,determinesthethree-dimensional

structureoftheemergingmolecule.Thehuman