英语词汇学教程第四版习题答案

【Chapter1】1. Whatisaword?Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction. 2. Inwhatwayarewordsrelatedtovocabulary?Vocabularyreferstothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Inotherwordsvocabularyiscomposedofwordsandwordsmakeupvocabulary.Ifwecomparevocabularytoafamily,wordsarefamilymembers.3. Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.Soundisthephysicalaspectofawordandmeaningiswhatthesoundrefersto.Soundandmeaningarenotintrinsicallyrelatedandtheirconnectionisarbitraryandconventional.Forexample,tree/tri:/means树inEnglishbecausetheEnglish-speakingpeoplehaveagreedtodosojustasChinesepeopleuse/shù/(树)torefertothesamething.Thisexplainswhypeopleofdifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstoexpressthesameconcept.However,inthesamelanguage,thesamesoundcandenotedifferentmeaningse.g./rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite.4. EnumeratethecausesforthedifferencesbetweensoundandformofEnglishwords.Therearegenerallyfourmajorcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundandform.Theyare:(1)morephonemesthanlettersinEnglish,sothereisnowaytouseonelettertorepresentonephoneme;(2)thestabilizationofspellingbyprinting,whichbreaksthesynchronizedchangeofsoundandspelling;(3)influenceoftheworkofscribes,whodeliberatelychangedthespellingsofwordsand(4)borrowing,whichintroducesmanywordswhichareagainstEnglishrulesofpronunciationandspelling.5. GiveexamplestoshowtheinfluenceofearlyscribesonEnglishspelling.Earlyscribeschangedthespellingofmanywordswhilecopyingthingsforothersbecausetheoriginalspellingformsincursivewritingweredifficultforpeopletorecognize,suchassum,cum,wuman,munkandsoon.Later,theletteruwithverticallineswasreplacedwitho,resultinginthecurrentspellingformslikesome,come,woman,monk.Thechangedspellingformsaremoredistinguishabletoreaders.6. Whatarethecharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?WordsofthebasicwordstockformthecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Theyarethewordsessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunication.Suchwordsarecharacterizedbyallnationalcharacter,stability,polysemy,productivityandcollocability.7. Choosethestandardmeaningfromthelistontherighttomatcheachoftheslangwordsontheleft.(1) loosewoman (2) fellow(3) pistol (4) great(5) coward (6) fight(7) police (8) drunk(9) woman (10)girl8. Givethemodernequivalentsforthefollowingarchaicwords.haply=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=itseemstome eke=also sooth=truth morn=morning troth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holy billow=wave/thesea bade=bid9. Explainneologismswithexample.Neologismsrefertonewlycoinedwordsoroldwordswithnewmeanings.Forexample,euro(Europeandollar),e-book,COVID-19(新冠肺炎),netizen(网民)arenewlycoinedwords.Wordslikemouse（鼠标），web（网络），spaceshuttle(航天飞机)etc.areoldwordswhichhaveacquirednewmeanings.10. Whatisthefundamentaldifferencebetweencontentwordsandfunctionalwords?Bynotionwordsfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwords.Contentwordsincludenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs,whichhaveclearnotionswhereasfunctionalwordsareavoidofnotionsbutaremainlyusedtoconnectcontentwordsintosentences.Contentwordsarenumerousandchangingallthetime,whilefunctionalwordsaresmallinnumberandstable.Butfunctionalwordshaveamuchhigherfrequencyinusethancontentwords.11. HowdoyouaccountfortheroleofnativewordsinEnglishinrelationtoloan-words?NativewordsformasmallportionoftheEnglishvocabulary,buttheymakeupthemainstreamofthebasicword-stockwhichbelongstothecommoncoreoftheEnglishlanguage.Comparedwithmostloan-words,nativewordsaremostlyessentialtonativespeakers’dailycommunicationandenjoyamuchhigherfrequencyinactualuse.12. Categorizethefollowingborrowedwordsintodenizens,aliens,translationloansandsemanticloans.Denizens Aliens Translationloans Semanticloanskettle confrere chopstick deamdie typoon blackhumourskirt propatria typhoonwall Wunderkind longtimenoseehusband mikado13.Giveatermforeachofthefollowingdefinitions.(1)slang (2)jargon (3)argot (4)contentwords(5)nativewords (6)translationloans(7)neologisms (8)denizens(9)semanticloans (10)basicvocabulary 【Chapter2】1. WhyshouldstudentsofEnglishlexicologystudytheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily?TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyisoneofthemostimportantlanguagefamiliesintheworld.ItismadeupofmostofthelanguagesofEurope,theNearEastandIndia.EnglishbelongstothisfamilyandtheothermembersoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyhavedifferentdegreesofinfluenceonEnglishvocabulary.AknowledgeoftheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilywillhelpusunderstandEnglishwordsbetterandusethemmoreappropriately.2. Makeatreediagramtoshowthefamilyrelationsofthemodernlanguagegivenbelow. Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamily Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic Germanic Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Swedish Prussian Irish Italian German Polish Portuguese Norweigian Slavenian Icelandic Russian Danish Bulgarian Dutch3. Whatarethefundamentaldifferencesbetweenthevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsofdevelopment?Doyouthinkwecandividethehistoricaldevelopmentinotherways?Defendyourargument.Thevocabulariesofthethreeperiodsdiffergreatlyfromoneanother.OldEnglishhas(1)asmallvocabulary(50,000—60,000),(2)asmallnumberofborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavianonlyand(3)thewordsfullofendings.MiddleEnglishhas(1)acomparativelylargevocabulary,(2)atremendousnumberofforeignwordsfromFrenchandLatinand(3)wordendingsleveled.ModernEnglishhas(1)ahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary,(2)tremendousborrowingsand(3)wordswithlostendings.Yes,wecandividethedevelopmentinotherways,forexample,OldEnglishperiodcanbecalledAnglo-Saxonperiod.AndMiddleEnglishmightstartfrom1066thetimeofNormanConquest.Butindoingso,thelogicalcontinuationofthethreephasesoftheoriginaldivisionislost.4. WhatcharacteristicsofEnglishmaketheEnglishlanguageheterogeneous? ItisreceptivityandadaptabilityoftheEnglishlanguagethatmakeitpossiblefor Englishtoborrowheavilyfromothermajorlanguagesoftheworld,sothatthe Englishvocabularyeventuallyhasbecomeheterogeneous.5. AccountforthepopularityofEnglishinthepresentworldfromalinguisticperspective.ThepopularityofEnglishliesinthefactthatEnglishisreadytoborrowfromotherlanguagesandtoadaptitselftonewsituationsandnewdevelopments,thatithasacceptedelementsfromallothermajorlanguagesandthatithassimplereflectionandarelativelyfixedwordorder.Allthesemakethelanguagecomparativelyeasytolearnandtouse.6. HereisatextchosenfromtheDeclarationofIndependence.Wheninthecourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolvethepoliticalbondswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanother,andtoassumeamongthepowersoftheearthseparateandequalstationtowhichthelawsofnatureandofnature'sGodentitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshoulddeclarethecauseswhichimpelthemtotheseparation.PickoutallthewordsofGreekorLatinoriginfromthetextandseeofwhatoriginarethewordsleft.WhatinsightdoesthisexercisegiveyouwithreferencetotheborrowingsfromGreekandLatin?course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume separateequal station nature entitle decentrespect opinions requires declare causesimpel separationFromthewordspickedout,wecanseethatmostofthecontentwordsareeitherofGreekorLatinorigin.Whatareleftaremostlyfunctionalwords.ThisshowsthatGreekandLatinplayaveryimportantpartintheEnglishvocabulary.7. GiveabriefaccountofthefourphasesofLatinborrowingwithtwoorthreeexamples.Latinborrowingcanbedividedintofourphase:(1)Pre-Anglo-Saxonperiod,(2)OldEnglishperiod,(3)MiddleEnglishperiodand(4)modernEnglishperiod.Borrowingsinthefirstperiodaremainlycommonwordssuchaswall,wine,kettleandsoon;wordsborrowedinthesecondperiodaremainlyreligioustermssuchascandle,nun,church;thethirdperiodsawwordsborrowedoftenviaFrenchsuchasfrustrate,history,infancyandsoonandinthefourperiodwordsborrowedfromLatinareusuallyabstractformaltermslikestatus,nucleus,minimum.8. Tellthedifferentelementsthatmakeupthefollowinghybrids.eventful[Latin+English] hydroplane[Greek+Latin] falsehood[Latin+English] pacifist[Latin+Greek] saxophone[German+Greek] heirloom[French+English] josshouse[Portuguese+English] television[Greek+Latin]9. PutthefollowingFrenchloanwordsintotwogroups,onebeingearlyborrowingsandtheotherlateones. amateur(late) finacé(late) empire(early) peace(early) courage(early) garage(late) judgement(early) chair(early) chaise(late) grace(early) servant(early) routine(late) jealous(early) savaté(late) genre(late) gender(early) début(late) morale(late) state(early) chez(late) ballet(late)10. CommentonJespersen’sremarkonScandinavianelementinEnglish‘AnEnglishmancannotthriveorbeillordiewithoutScandinavianwords;theyaretothelanguagewhatbreadandeggsaretothedailyfare’.Jespersen’scommentrevealstheimportanceofScandinavianwordsinEnglish.Justaspeoplecannotlivewithoutbreadandeggs,soEnglishlanguagecannotoperateproperlywithoutScandinavianwords.11. MatchtheItalianmusicaltermswiththeproperdefinitionsallegro (6) 轻快andante(10) 行板diminuendo(7) 渐弱largo(4) 缓慢pianoforte(1) 轻转慢alto(9) 女低音crescendo(2) 渐强forte(5) 强Piano(8) 轻Soprano(3) 女高音12. Lookupthesewordsinadictionarytodeterminethelanguagefromwhicheachhasbeenborrowed.cherub(Hebrew) snorkel(G) coolie(Hindi) tulip(Turk)lasso(Sp) wok(Ch)shampoo(Hindi) chocolate(Mex)tepee(AmInd) jubilee(Gr)kibitz(G) Sabbath(Heb)chipmunk(AmInd) tamale(Mex)cotton(Arab) voodoo(Afr)loot(Hindi) sauerbraten(G)13. Hereisamenuofloanwordsfromvarioussources.Chooseawordtofillineachspace.(1)alligator (2)loco(3)rodeo (4)bonanza(5)igloo (6)blitzkrieg(7)wigwam (8)canoe(9)hurricane (10)boomerang(11)panchos14. Describethecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabulary. Thecharacteristicsofthecontemporaryvocabularycanbesummarizedasfollows:(1)thevocabularyishugeinsizeandheterogeneous;(2)ithastremendousborrowingsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld;(3)thewordshavelostmostoftheirendings;(4)itisgrowingswiftlybymeansofword-formationbecauseofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,social,economicandpoliticalchangesandinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.15. WhatarethemajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentincontemporaryEnglish?Themajormodesofvocabularydevelopmentofcontemporaryarecreation,thatismeansofword-formation;semanticchange,addingnewmeaningstooldwords;borrowingwordsfromotherlanguagesandrevivalorold-fashionedwords,whichhasainsignificantrole.【Chapter3】1. Writethetermsintheblanksaccordingtothedefinitions.(1)morpheme (2)allomorph (3)boundmorpheme (4)freemorpheme (5)affix (6)informationalaffix (7)derivationalaffix (8)root (9)stem (10)baseWhatisthedifferencebetweenmorph,morphemeandallomorph?Morphemeisminimalmeaningfulunitofalanguage.Butmorphemeisabstract andisrealizedbybothorthographicandphoneticvariantsinactualcontextand allthesevariantsarecalledmorphs.Ofthemthephoneticvariantsarecalled allomorph.Whatismorphemization?Morphemizationistheprocessofmakinganewmorphemebyusinganexisting wordorpartofaword.Whatarethewaysofcreatingnewmorphemes?Therearetwoways.Oneisthroughclippingandtheotheristouseanoldformas amorpheme.5. Whatisthedifferencebetweengrammaticalandlexicalmorphemes,andinflectionalandderivationalmorphemes?Giveexamplestoillustratetheirrelationships.Inflectionalmorphemesarethesuffixesaddedtotheendofwordstodenotegrammaticalconceptssuchas-s(-es),-ed,-ingand-est(toshowsuperlativedegreeofadjectivesandadverbs)whereaslexicalmorphemesareprefixesandsuffixesaddedtowordstoformnewwordssuchaspre-,dis-,un-,-tion,-er,-nessandsoon.Grammaticalmorphemesarethoseusedtoshowgrammaticalconcepts,includingreflectionalsuffixesasmentionedaboveandfunctionalwords(prepositions,pronouns,articles,auxiliaryverbs),forexample,but,the,doandwas;lexicalmorphemesarederivationalaffixesincludingbothprefixesandsuffixes.6. Analysethewordsintermsofroot,stemandbase.individualistic individualist+ic [stem,base] individual+ist [stem,base] individu+al [stem,base] in+dividu [root,stem,base] undesirables un+desirable [stem,base] desir+able [root,stem,base]7. Organizethefollowingtermsinatreediagramtoshowtheirlogicalrelationships. freemorpheme=freeroot morpheme boundroot boundmorpheme inflectionalaffix affix prefix derivationalaffix suffix【Chapter4】Affixation1. Whatisaffixation?Whatisitsalternativename?Affixation,alsocalledderivation,istheformationofnewwordsbyadding affixestobases.Affixationincludesprefixationandsuffixationaccordingtothe typeofaffixesusedtoformnewwords.2. Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixationandsuffixation?Prefixationistocreatenewwordsbyaddingprefixestobasesandsuffixationis tomakenewwordsbyaddingsuffixestobases.3. Whatarethecharacteristicsofprefixesandsuffixes?Generallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangepartofspeechofbasesbuttheir meaningswhereassuffixesdochangepartofspeechbutmodifythemeaningsof bases.4. Whatisthebestwaytoclassifyprefixes?Why?Thebestwaytoclassifyprefixesisonthebasisofmeaningbecauseprefixes changethemeaningsofbasesingeneral.5. Formnegativeswitheachofthefollowingwordsbyusingoneofthese prefixesdis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,un-.non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevant immature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. Turnthefollowingnounsandadjectivesintoverbswith-en,-ify,-izeand thenchoosethemtofillintheblanksinthesentencesthatfollow.harden horrify modernize memorize falsify apologize deepen glorify sterilize lengthen intensify beautify fatten sympathize (1) apologized (2) beautify (3) lengthening (4) sympathized (5) fatten (6) falsify (7) memorizing (8) Sterilize7. Eachofthefollowingsentencescontainsawordprintedinitalics.Complete thesentencebyusingthiswordtoformanountorefertoaperson.(1) employee (2) politician (3) participant (4) waitress (5) conductor (6) teacher (7) pianist (8) examinee/examiner8. MatchColumnAwithColumnBandgivetwoexamplesforeach.trans-=across:transcontinental,trans-worldmono-=one:monorail,monoculturesuper-=over,above:superstructure, supernaturalauto-=self:autobiography,automobilesub-=below:subculture,subconsciousmal-=bad,badly:malpractice,malnutritionmini-=little,small:minicrisis,miniwarpre-=before:prehistorical,preelectionex-=former:ex-teacher,ex-filmerCompounding1. Whatarethecriteriabywhichtodifferentiatecompoundsfromfreephrases? Whatdoyouthinkofthesecriteria?Thethreecriteriaare(1)stresspattern,thatisstressinacompoundfallsonthe firstelementbutonthesecondinafreephrase,e.g.`--(compound),-`-(free phrase);(2)meaning,thatisthemeaningofacompoundisusuallynotthe combinationofthemeaningsofthecomponentparts,butthefreephraseis,e.g. hotline(compound:busyline),hotpotato(freephrase:potatowhichishot);(3) grammaticalunity,thatisthedifferentelementsformagrammaticalunit,which doesnotallowinternalchange,e.g.easychair(compound:aspecialarmchair), easierchair(freephrase:alesseasychair).However,everyrulehasexception.Thesameistrueofthecriteria.Thereareexamplesagainsteachofthethreerules.2. Analysethefollowingcompoundwordsandexplaintheirinternal grammaticalrelationship. heartbeat[S+V] brainwashing[V+O] movie-goer[place+V] bakingpowder[V+adv] far-reaching[V+adv] dog-tired[adv+a] lion-hearted[adv+a] love-sick[adv+a] boyfriend[S+complement] peace-loving[V+O] snapdecision[V+O] easychair[a+n] on-coming[V+adv] tax-free[adv+a] light-blue[a+a] goings-on[V+adv]3. Whataretheusualmethodstoformcompoundverbs?Giveexamples.Therearetwowaystoformverbcompounds,namelyconversionand backformation.Forexample,firstname(vfromfirstname),honeymoon(vfrom honeymoon)arewordscreatedbymeansofconversion;wordssuchasproofread (vfromproofreading)andchain-smoke(vfromchainsmoker)areformedby meansofbackformation.4. Formcompoundsusingthefollowingeitherasthefirstorthesecondelement ofthecompoundasindicatedandtranslatethewordsintoChinese.well-bred 有教养的 well-behaved 守规矩的 culture-bound 含文化的 homebound 回家的 needlework 针织品 homework 家庭作业 praiseworthy 值得表扬得 respectworthy 值得尊敬的 bar-woman 吧女 sportswoman 运动员 nation-wide 全国的 college-wide 全校的 clear-minded 头脑清晰的 strong-minded 意志坚强的 military-style 军事风格的 newstyle 新款 self-control 自制 self-respect 自尊 budget-related 有预算的 politics-related 与政治相关的 water-proof 防水 fire-proof 放火 once-fashionable 曾经流行的 once-powerful 曾经强大的 news-film 新闻片 news-letter 实事通讯 mock-attack 演习 mock-sadness 假悲伤 sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇 father-in-law 岳父/公公 home-baked 自家烤的 home-produced 自制的 half-way 半途/半道 half-done 半生不熟 ever-lasting 永久 ever-green 常青 age-conscious 年龄敏感的 status-conscious 身份敏感 campus-based 以校园为基地的 market-based 基于市场的Conversion1. Whatisconversion?Whatdoyouthinkofthealternativesfunctionalshift andzero-derivation?Conversionistousewordsofonepartofspeechasthoseofanotherpartof speech.Thetermfunctionalshiftrevealstheactualfunctionofconversion,i.e. changeofthefunctionsofwords.Thetermzero-derivationapproaches conversionfromtheperspectiveofderivationbecauseitisawayofderivingnew wordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,hencezeroderivation.2. Inwhatwayisconversiondifferentfromsuffixation?Althoughbotharecalledderivation.Suffixationisthederivationofnewwordsby addingsuffixestobases,suchassimple(adj)→simplify(v)whereasconversion isthederivationofnewwordsbyaddingzeroaffixes,suchassingle(adj)→ single(v).3. Whatclassesofwordsaremostfrequentlyconverted? Theclassesfrequentlyinvolvedinconversionarenouns,verbsandadjectives.4. Inwhatwayareverbsconvertedfromnounssemanticallyrelatedtothe originalnounsandversa?Verbsconvertedtonounsusuallyarerelatedtotheoriginalverbsinsixdifferent ways.Thenewnounsconvertedfromverbsreferto(1)stateofmindorsensation, e.g.desire(stateofdesiring);(2)eventoractivity,e.g.swim(theactivityof swimming);(3)resultoftheaction,e.g.buy(theresultofbuying);(4)doerof theaction,e.g.bore(thepersonwhobores);(5)toolorinstrument,e.g.paper (doingsomethingwithpaper)and(6)place,e.g.turn(theplaceofturning).Nounsconvertedtoverbsaregenerallyrelatedtotheoriginalnounsinsevendifferentways.Thenewverbsusuallymean(1)toputinoronthenoun,e.g.bottle(toputintothebottle);(2)togivethenounorprovidewiththenoun,e.g.finance(toprovidewithfinance);(3)toremovethenounfrom,e.g.peel(toremovethepeelfrom);(4)todowiththenoun,e.g.shoulder(todosomethingwithshoulder);(5)tobeoractasthenoun,e.g.tutor(tobethetutor);(6)tomakeorchangeintothenoun,e.g.cash(tochangeintocash)and(7)tosendorgobythenoun,e.g.ship(tosendbyship).5. Explainpartialconversionandfullconversionwithexamples.Whenadjectivesareconvertedintonouns,somearecompletelychanged,thus knownasfullconversion,andothersarepartiallychanged,thusknownaspartial conversion.Adjectiveswhicharefullyconvertedcanachieveafullnounstatus. Thatistheycantakea/anor-s/-estoindicatesingularorpluralforms:anative,a Republican,apairofshorts,finals.Adjectiveswhicharepartiallyconvertedstill keepadjectivefeatures.Theyshouldalwaysbeusedwiththe,andtheycannot take-s/-estoshowpluralforms.Moreover,thewordscanhavecomparativeor superlativedegrees:thepoor,thepoorer,theyoung,theunfortunate.6. Whatchangesareoccasionallyinvolvedintheprocessofconversion?Thechangesoccasionallyinvolvedare(1)changeofspellingaccompaniedby pronunciation,e.g.life/laif/→live/liv/,breath/breθ/→breathe/bri:ð/and blood/blʌd→bleed/bli:d/;(2)changeofpronunciationandstress,e.g.usen /ju:s/→usev/ju:z/andpermitn/`pə:mit/→permitv/pə`mit/andsoon.7. Pickoutthewordswhichyouthinkareconvertedinthefollowingsentences andtellhowtheyareconverted.(1) stomach[n→v] (2) room[n→v] (3) wolf[n→v] (4) come/go[v→n] (5) familiar[a→n] (6) innocent[a→n] (7) flat[a→n] (8) ah/ouch[int→v] (9) warm[a→n] (10) has-been/might-have-been[finitev→n] (11) Hamlet[propern→v] (12) buy[v→n] (13) smooth[a→v]BlendingAnalysetheblendsandtranslatethemintoChinese.motel (motor+hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human+intelligence) 情报advertisetics(advertisement+statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychologicalwarrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft+port) 气垫船码头chunnel (channel+tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high+fidelity) 高保真音响cinemactress(cinema+actress) 电影演员ClippingRestorethefullformsofthefollowingwordsandseehowtheseslipped wordsareformed.copter(helicopter) frontclippingdorm(dormitory) backclippinglab(laboratory) backclippingprefab(prefabricatedhouse) phraseclippinggas(gasoline) backclippingprof(professor) backclippingscope(telescope) frontclippingchamp(champion) backclippingsarge(sergeant) backclippingmike(microphone) backclippingad(advertisement) backclippingtec(detective) frontandbackclippingAcronymy1. Bothinitialismsandacronymsareformedtoacertainextentfrominitial letters.Isthereanydifferencebetweenthem?Illustrateyourpointwith examples.Yes,thereisdifferencebetweenthem.Thedifferenceliesintheformationand pronunciation.Initialismsareformationspronouncedletterbyletter,e.g.UFO /ju:efou/(unidentifiedflyingobject),BBC/bi:bi:ci:/(BritishBroadcasting Corporation),VIP/vi:aipi:/(veryimportantperson)andacronymsareformedto conformtotheruleofspellingandpronunciation,thatisthewordslookand soundlikeordinarywords,e.g.AIDS/`eidz/(acquiredimmunedeficiency syndrome),MAD/mæd/(mutuallyassureddestruction),radar/`neidə/(radio detectingandranging).2. Whatdotheshortformsstandfor? kg=kilogram ft=foot cf=confercm=centimeter $=dollar ibid=ibidem etc.=etcetera VIP=veryimportantpersonOPEC=OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountriesTOEFL=teachingofEnglishasaforeignlanguage3. Chooseawordfromthelisttofilleachoftheblanks.(1) SALT (2) radar (3) AIDS(4) BASIC (5) Laser (6) WHO(7) sonar (8) G-manBackformation1. Bothback-formationandback-clippingarewaysofmakingwordsby removingtheendingsofwords.Howdoyouaccountforthecoexistenceof thetwo?Canyouillustratethedifference?Itistruethatbotharemeansofmakingnewwordsbyremovingtheendpartof thewords.Buttheyhavedifference.Foraback-formedword,whatisremovedis supposedtobethesuffix,e.g.auth←author,donate←donation,loaf←loafer, theforms-or,-ion,-ercoincidewiththethreesuffixes.Forbackclipping, however,whatisremovedisusuallydifferentfromtheexistingsuffixes,e.g. ad←advertisement,gas←gasoline,exam←examination,etc.2. Givetheoriginalwordsfromwhichthefollowingwordsareback-formed.lase(laser) escalate(escalator)babysit(babysitter) peeve(peevish)orate(orator) commute(commuter)CommonizationofProperNamesWhatmorphologicalprocessisinvolvedincommonizingpropernames? Illustrateyourpoint.Therearetwowaystocommonizingpropernames,onebeingconversionandthe otherbeingsuffixation.Take“boycott”(n&v)and“cherub”(n)forexample. TheyareconvertedfrompropernamesBoycottandCherub.Theotherwayisto addadjectiveandnounsuffixestothenamestomakethemcommonadjectives andnouns,e.g.Quixote(-ic)→quixotic(adj),Proteus(-an)→protean(adj), sabot(-age)→sabotage(n),Narcissus(-ism)→narcissism(n).Whatarethespecialcharacteristicsofcommonizedwords?Wordscommonizedfrompropernameshaverichculturalassociationsand connotationswhicharerelatedtothenature,characterandfeaturesofthepeople, placesandobjects.Suchwordsarestylisticallyvivid,impressiveand thought-provoking.Studythefollowingsentencesandpickoutthewordswhichusedtobe proper namesandexplainthemeaningsinrelationtotheirorigins.(1)tantalize—Tantalus:toteaseortormentbykeepingsth.wantedoutofreach(2)Argus-eyed—Argus:tobeextremelywatchful(3)narcissism—Narcissus:excessiveadmirationofoneselforone’sappearance(4)sabotage—sabots:(1)todestroyordamagedeliberately;(2)deliberatedamageordestruction(5)martinet—Martinet:strict/stern(military)tr