新编英语教程7Unit-3

Unit3

TheSubwayTomWolfeUnit3

TheSubwaysubway:AmericanEnglishtube:BritishEnglishmetro:EuropeanBigCitiesNavigationGuideI.AbouttheAuthorII.Pre-readingquestionsIII.LexicalworkIV.LibraryworkV.OrganizationoftheTextVI.KeypointsoftheTextVII.ExercisesI.AbouttheAuthorI.AbouttheAuthorTomWolfe(ThomasK.Wolfe,Jr.,1931-),U.S.author,isoneofthenewjournalists,whowrite,likejournalists,aboutthepeople,theplaces,andtheeventsofthecontemporaryworld,butwhowritewiththeimagination,thepersonalvision,andtherhetoricalflairwhichisusuallyassociatedwiththecreativewriter.Wolfe’swritingsappearinmagazinessuchasConfidentialandHarper’sBazaar.I.AbouttheAuthorWolfe,likeanygoodreporter,observescloselyfromaparticularangleofvision---oftensatiric---andheprojectswhathefeelsandthinksintohisdescriptionbythedetailsheselectstoshowusandthewordshechoosestodescribethem.Hisworksinclude:TheKandy-KoloredTangerine-FlakeStreamlineBaby(1965),NewJournalism(1973),andInOurTime(1980).II.Pre-readingQuestions1.HaveyouevertakentheundergroundrailwayinBeijingorShanghai?Ifso,whatkindofexperiencedidyouhave?Pleasant?Unpleasant?Neutral?Canyoulistsomeofbehaviorspeopledisgustmostwhentakingsubway?1Startingtogetonthetubewhilepassengersarestillgettingoff2Notmovingdowntheaisle3Pole-hogging霸占扶杆4Usingleakyheadphones5Notbeingpreparedattheticketbarrier6Manspreading大爷式占座7Notofferingyourseattoapregnantwoman9.Obstinatelykeepingyourrucksackon10.Eating11.Readingnewspapersoverafellowpassenger'sshoulder12.Readingtextsoremailsoverafellowpassenger'sshoulder13.Ignoringasoloparentstrugglingwithabuggy14.Makingeyecontactwithfellowpassengers15.IhateitwhenpeopleholdclosingdoorsopenfortheirslowfriendswhotakeforevertoswipeaMetroCard,damagingthecaranddelayingeveryoneelse.II.Pre-readingQuestions2.YoumayhavereadabouttheTubeinLondonorthesubwayinNewYork.ThepresenttextisadescriptionofthesubwayinNewYork.DoyouthinkyouwouldhavethesameexperiencetakingthesubwayinNewYorkasyoudidwhentakingtheundergroundrailwayinBeijingorShanghai?1.英国伦敦地铁英国伦敦地铁伦敦地铁是欧洲最大的地铁系统，同时也是世界上最古老的地铁系统，始建于1863年。伦敦地铁轨道总长253英里，每年运送9.76亿人次。伦敦地铁还和很多的地铁系统相连，能够方便的换乘以抵达伦敦周边地区。另外还有一条无人驾驶的轻轨（DLR）线路，在途中可以领略泰晤士河的优美风光。亮点：带衬垫的座位。吊在天花板上的LED显示屏能提示大家，距离下一趟列车还有多长时间。2.法国巴黎地铁始建于1900年的巴黎地铁是世界上第二古老的地铁系统，每年能够运送13.65亿人次。巴黎地铁轨道总里程超过133.7英里，设有380个站点，覆盖了城市的大部分地区。亮点：非常出色的覆盖面积，每个大约500米就有一个地铁站，而且很多车站的设计都具有独特的艺术气息。3.俄罗斯莫斯科地铁俄罗斯地铁是世界上乘客最多的地铁系统，每年在其12条线路172个站点上，大约有32亿的旅客匆匆往来。莫斯科地铁的总里程大约为178英里，在平日里，莫斯科地铁运送多大820万的乘客。虽然大部分的莫斯科地铁都是在地下运行的，不过还是有一些驶出地面，让乘客观赏莫斯科河和尤萨河的风光。亮点：华丽的建筑风格（至少44座车站非常华丽）；列车停车非常频繁（高峰时期每90秒停一站）；最快的地铁系统（120km/h）。4.西班牙马德里地铁马德里地铁是欧洲第二大，世界第六大的地铁系统。线路总里程141.7英里，另外还有27.5英里将于近期完工。马德里地铁是世界上最密集的地铁网络。亮点：非常干净，并且装备了电子清洁系统；车票便宜；车站很现代。5.日本东京地铁每年在东京地铁282个站点之间上下的旅客有28亿人次，另外东京地铁还有都电荒川线和上野动物园线两条轻轨组成。

亮点：极为干净；列车从不误点；座位能加热。每一站都用日文和英文双语报站。6.韩国汉城地铁汉城（首尔）地铁世界上最繁忙的地铁系统之一，每天运送超过800万的乘客。而且有世界上最大的地铁站，其整个运行里程大约179.4英里。汉城地铁大部分在地下运行，但是有30%的线路是在地上行驶的。

亮点：漂亮的建筑外形；在过去的几年里发展迅速；使用T-money卡搭乘地铁。7.美国纽约地铁纽约地铁是世界上最庞大的地铁系统之一。目前，已经从1904年10月启用时的28个站点，发展为462个站点的庞大网络。纽约地铁每日运送的乘客大约有490万人。

亮点：纽约地铁24小时运行，整个地铁系统中有很多独特的艺术作品，另外显示列车到站时间的LED屏幕也已经投入试用。8.巴西圣保罗地铁

圣保罗地铁是巴西第一条地铁系统，由CPTM公司共同运作，其行驶里程大约有187英里，每天运送370万人次的乘客。亮点：是世界上最清洁最安全的地铁系统之一。9.中国香港地铁

香港地铁的历史得从1979年开始算起，尽管相对而言香港地铁56英里的长度比较短，但是每天仍然要运送246万人次。香港地铁延续的是英国风格。亮点：高效的系统；票价也非常便宜；大容量的空调车厢。10.中国北京地铁北京地铁是一个相对比较新的地铁系统，于1969年开放，服务于北京和周边郊区。前一段时间，已经新投入638亿人民币，用于扩建地铁，以应对2008年的奥运会。新的建设将使北京地铁从目前的71英里里程，拓展到将近300英里。亮点：非常便捷的导航；票价便宜；雄心勃勃的扩建计划。2013III.LexicalWorkIV.LibraryWorkLookupinanencyclopediasomeinformationaboutthesubwayinNewYorkCity.1958年，在洛克威专列的旅途中，皮箱被当作了牌桌，PatMaloney、RosalieGargiulo与5岁的JackieMaloney、12岁的TommieMaloney一同在玩牌。1970年，在皇后区福里斯特高地拥挤的第七十一大道车站，当一名警官试图维持秩序时，一名年轻妇女从旋转栅门下钻过。1980年，恶劣天气来袭之后，一位修女在从时代广场穿梭列车转乘莱克星顿大道线时，与其他地铁乘客一样面临着积水道路。1979年，偶尔，涂鸦有将地铁覆盖之势。1992年，CharlesGayle在地铁站演奏弱音小号。2010年，音乐组合theZylopholks，包括身着小鸡外套的贝斯手AriFolman-Cohen和身着黄鼠狼套装的JonSinger，在时代广场站演奏雷格泰姆乐曲。2010年，在第三十四街-先驱广场站，警察戒备森严。2010年，在布鲁克林区贝德福大道站的L线上，人潮汹涌。IV.LibraryWorkTheNewYorkCitySubwayisarapidtransitsystemownedbytheCityofNewYorkandleasedtotheNewYorkCityTransitAuthority,

asubsidiaryagencyoftheMetropolitanTransportationAuthority纽约大都会运输署（MTA）andalsoknownasMTANewYorkCityTransit.Itisoneofthemostextensivepublictransportationsystemsintheworld,with468reportedpassengerstations,andatotalof842miles(1355km)includingnon-revenuetrackage.IV.LibraryWorkThesubwayisalsonotableforbeingamongthefewrapidtransitsystemsintheworldtorun24hoursaday,365daysayear.Itistheonlysystemtoholdthatdistinctionamongthetenbusiestsystemsintheworldintermsofannualpassengertraffic.ThesystemitselfhasmoreannualboardingsthanthoseincitiessuchasLondon,Paris,andMexicoCity.IthasnearlytwiceasmanydailyridersaseveryotherrapidtransitsystemintheUnitedStatescombined.IV.LibraryWorkThoughitisknownas“thesubway”,implyingundergroundoperations,about40%ofthesystemrunsonabove-groundright-of-way.Alloftheseconstructionmethodsarecompletelygrade-separatedfromroadandpedestriancrossings,andmostcrossingsoftwosubwaytracksaregrade-separatedwithflyingjunctions立体交汇.V.Organization&DevelopmentSectionI(P1)---introductionofthetheme:thesubwayisthelivingsymbolofallthataddsuptolackofstatusinNewYork;topic:thereisasenseofmadnessanddisorientationatalmosteveryexpressstop.SectionII(P2-3)---topic:theundergroundspacesseemtoattracteveryeccentric(古怪的；偏执的)passionandalsobeggars;SectionIII(P4-5)---topic:however,somemendofalltothestateofbeingabum(游荡者,游民).Forexample,ontheEastsideIRTsubwayline…VI.KeyPointsoftheTextParagraph1ll.1-­2Inaway,ofcourse,thesubwayistheliving（鲜活的，活生生的）symbolofallthat(定从=what)addsupto（thosewhoare）lackofstatus

(tobeinlowsocialposition)inNewYork(theveryindication

thatthosewhotakethesubwayhavealowsocialposition).在某种程度上，地铁无疑是纽约所有缺乏身分的因素的生动象征。VI.Paragraph1ll.2-­3 Thereisasenseofmadnessanddisorientation（confusion）atalmosteveryexpressstop

(快车车站

amajorrapidtransit运输；运输线stopwhere“expresstrains”stop,ascontrasted

to

a

“localstop”大站wherealltrainsstop).几乎每一站都有疯狂和令人迷失方向的气息。VI.Paragraph1IntheNewYorksubwaysystem,weoftenfindmanyexamplesoflow‐classbehavior(beggars,winos,etc.).Thesubwayispoorlyorganizedandpassengersmoveaboutwildlyateachexpressstop.VI.Paragraph1ll.3-5Theceilingsarelow,thevistasarelong,therearenolandmarks,thelightingisaneerie

(frightening,deathlike)blend

(mixture/combination)offluorescenttubing(荧光灯),electriclightbulbsandneonadvertising.Thewholeplaceisagross

(heavy/terrible)assault

(suddenattack)onthesenses

(5ofoursenses:hearing,smell,touch,sightandtaste).地铁站的天花板很低，通道很长，没有什么标志性建筑，荧光灯管、电灯泡和霓虹广告的光线融合成光怪陆离的混合体。VI.Paragraph1ll.5­-9Thenoiseofthetrainsstoppingorroundingcurveshasahigh-pitchedharshness（声调高的/尖声的,刺耳的声音）thatisdifficulttodescribe.Peoplefeelnoqualms(=uneasiness.Theyfeelease.)aboutpushingwheneveritbecomescrowded.Yourtactilesense（thesenseoftouch）takesacrucifying(torture/torment)youneverdreamedpossible.Theodors

(smell)becomeunbearablewhentheweatheriswarm.整个站台对人的感观是极大的伤害。列车停止和转弯时发出的噪音之尖锐刺耳实在让人无法描述。人们在感到拥挤时毫无顾忌地乱推乱搡。你的触觉会感受到前所未有的煎熬。当天气暖和时，气味会让人无法忍受。

VI.Paragraph1Howdoesaterribleplaceattackour5senses?5senses

5organs

ImplicationabouttheN.Y.subwayhearing ear noisysmell nose disgustingtouch Body(hands,legs,feet«)Thereisnoenoughroom forourbodies.Crowded.sight eyes 1)it·sallinamess, confusion,poorlyorganized2)verydarktaste tongue Terriblesmell,Dirty,disgustingTheN.Y.subwayisnotasfragrantasagarden,orasdeliciousasakitchen.Thewholeplacesickensusonallsenses.VI.Paragraph1Youarebumpedandpushedinthecrowd.Maybeyouhaveneverexpectedsuchaterriblesituation.在拥挤不堪的人群中，你被推来搡去，

也许连做梦你都没想到自己会受这份洋罪。VI.Paragraph1ll.9­-12Betweenplatforms,record（唱片）shopsbroadcast45r.p.m.recordswithmetallictones

(harshsoundsproducedbymetals)andlunchcountersservethekindofhotdogsinwhichyoubitethroughatensile(有弹性的),rubber(soft)surfaceandthenhitasoft,oleaginous(oily/fatty)

centerlikecottonseedmeal(棉籽粉),在站台之间，唱片行会播放45转/分的重金属唱片，供应午餐的柜台会提供热狗，如果你咬下去一口，你会先感受到有如橡皮般有弹性的外壳，然后会吃到柔软多油的棉籽饭般的中心部分。VI.Paragraph145r.p.m.records:

（唱片的转速为

45

圈/分钟r.p.m.=revolutions旋转；转数perminute.

Itisameasure

ofthespeed

ofarecord.A45r.p.m.record

goesroundinacircle45times

inaminute.）VI.Paragraph1ll12-13andthecustomerssittherewithpastry(cakes)andbreadflakes(thinpieces面包渣)caked（coatthickly粘在嘴上）aroundtheirmouths,belching(打嗝)tothemselvessothattheircheekspopout（突出）flatulently(肠胃气胀的withgasesfromthestomach)nowandthen.顾客们坐在那里，嘴边糊满了热狗皮和面包屑之类的东西，他们会不时打个饱嗝，而他们的腮帮子也会随之不时鼓起。VI.Paragraph2ll.14-16Theundergroundspacesseemtoattracteveryeccentric

(unusual)

passion

(=everypersonwitheccentricpassion).Asmallandancientman

(veryoldman.Ancientisusedhumorously

here.)withaBible,anAmericanflagandamegaphonehaunts

(go/visitfrequently)thesubwaysofManhattan.地下的空间似乎能够吸引每一种具有怪异激情的人。一个身材矮小、穿着古旧的人总会拿本圣经、带着一面美国国旗和一个扩音器出入于曼哈顿的地铁。VI.Paragraph2ll.16-18HeopenstheBibleandquotes(repeat/read)fromitinastrongbutoldandmonotonousvoice.Heusesthemegaphoneatexpressstops,wherethenoiseistoogreatforhisvoicetobeheardordinarily,andcallsforredemption

(forgiveness;

areligiousterm

赎罪，忏悔).他会翻开圣经，用沧桑而又单调的声音引述上面的经文。因为周围的噪音太大以至于他的正常嗓音不能被人很好的听见，他在每一站都使用扩音器，并且总是号召人们进行救赎。与数字有关的拉丁字根mono;one,single;monologue,monotonous

uni;one;unicycle,uniform,universe,unique

bi;two;biannual,biweekly,bicycle

di;two;dioxide,dialogue,divide,disyllable

tri;three;tricycle,tripod,triple,triangle

quadr;four;quadrilateral,quadrillion,tetra;four;tetrapod,tetragon

penta;five;pentagon,pentacle,pentagram,pentameter

hex;six;hexagon,hexapod,hexameter

hepta;seven;heptagon,heptagram,heptathlon

oct;eight;octagon,octopus,October

deca,deci;ten,tenth;decade,decimalcent;100,100th;century,centimeter,cents,hect;hundred;hectogram,hectometer,

kilo;one-thousand;kilometer,kilowatt,kiloton

milli;1/1000,1000;millimeter,million,multi;many,much;multiphy,multinational,multitude

poly;many;polygon,polytheistic,polynomialVI.Paragraph3ll.19-20.

Alsobeggars.(incomplete/ellipticalsentence.Theundergroundspacesseemtoattractalsobeggars.)AndamongthebeggarsNewYork’sstatuscompetition

(struggling

toachieveamoredesirable

socialposition)isrenewed

(becomesevere,begins

again),thereinthemuch-despised

(much-hated)subway.还有乞丐。在这令人无比厌恶的地铁上，在乞丐之间，纽约的身份竞争得到了光大和发扬。这种竞争在第七大道的城际快车上达到了癫狂的程度。VI.Paragraph3ll.20-23.OntheSeventhAvenueIRTline(theInter-boroughRapidTransitline区间（行政区之间的）高速直达线)thecompetitionismaniacal[mə'naɪəkəl]（crazy）.Someeveningsthebeggarsricochetoff[,rɪkə'ʃet](jumpup,bounce

off)oneanotherbetweenstops,callingoneanother‐‐‐‐‐sand‐‐‐‐sandtellingeachothertogofindtheirown‐‐‐‐car(Theblanksstandforobscenecursewordsorswearwordsthatare

unfitforprintingout.).在第七大街的区间（行政区之间的）高速直达线上，乞丐们疯狂争斗。晚上，乞丐们有时互争地盘，警告对方不许越雷池一步，一边争斗，一边辱骂，污言秽语，不堪入耳。VI.Paragraph3Theundergroundspacesseemtoattractalsobeggars.InNewYork‘smuch-hatedsubway,beggarsfight/competeagainstoneanother.Onthe7thavenueIRTline,thebeggarscompetecrazily.Someeveningsthebeggarsspoteachotherbetweenstops.Whilespotting,theycurseeachother,calleachothernamesandwarneachothertostayawayfromtheirspots.VI.Paragraph3ll.23-23.Amere（单单的,只，不过）blindmanwithacane（walkingstick）andacupisamediocre

[,miːdɪ'əʊkə]business

(common/ordinaryimage).Whatisdemandedisentertainment.Ablindmanwithacaneandacupisthetypicalimageofabeggar.Thesightistoocommontoattractanyattention.Or:atypicalbeggaralwaysbringsacaneandacup.It’stoocommon.Nobodypaysanyattentiontoit.一个拿着拐杖和杯子的普通盲人只能算是平庸的乞讨者。VI.Paragraph3ll.23-26.Twoboys,oneofthemwithabongodrum

(Bongo

drum-eitherofapairofsmall

drumsplayedwiththehands),geton

(thesubway/train)andthebigboy,withthedrum,startsbeatingonitassoonasthetrainstartsup,andthelittleboygoesinto

(beginsto

dance)whatpassesfor(whatisconsidered

to

be)anativedance.有两个男孩，其中一个拿着一只小手鼓，上了车。大点的男孩在列车起步时开始击打手鼓，小点的男孩就开始跳通常认为是土著舞的舞蹈。VI.Paragraph3ll.26-33.Then,ifthereisroom,hegoesintoatumblingact

(翻筋斗,打滚，翻滚).Herunsfromoneendofthecar,firstinthedirectionthetrainisgoing,anddoesacompletesomersault

(=makeatumblingact.cut/make/throw/turnsomersaults)intheair(360度空翻),landingonhisfeet（双脚落地）.Thenherunsbacktheotherwayanddoesasomersaultintheair,onlythistimeagainstthemotionofthetrain.Hedoesthisseveraltimesbothways,doingsomenativedancinginbetween.然后，如果车厢内有空间的话，他会开始进行空翻表演。他从车厢的一头跑到另一头，先顺着车行驶的方向在空中来一个完整的空翻，双脚着地。然后他会逆着车行驶的方向奔跑，再来一个空翻。他会来回做上好几次这样的空翻，其间穿插一些土著舞表演。VI.Paragraph3ll.26-33.Thisact（theperformance=thetumblingact/thesomersault+dance）takessolongthatitcanbedoneproperlyonlyoveralongstretch（=onalongride长途）,suchastherunbetween42ndStreetand72ndStreet.Aftertheactisover,theboyspassalongthecarwithDixiecups(papercupusedforbeverages,icecream,etc.),askingforcontributions.这样的表演一般需要较长的时间才能很好的完成，例如列车从第42街行驶到第72街期间。表演完毕后，两个男孩会拿着装饮料用的纸杯沿着车厢索要小费。VI.Paragraph4ll.34-39.TheDixiecupistheconventionalcontainer.ThereisoneyoungNegroontheSeventhAvenuelinewhousedtogetonat42ndStreetandstartsingingasong,IWishThatIWereMarried.Hewasyoungandlooksperfectlyhealthy.Buthewouldgetonandsingthissong,IWishThatIWereMarried,atthetopofhislungs(sing/cryasloudlyashecould)andthenpullaDixiecupoutfromunderthewindbreakerhealwaysworeandwalkupanddownthecarwaitingforcontributions.Ineversawhimgetacent.VI.Paragraph4装饮料用的纸杯是传统的容器。在第七大道的线路上有一个年轻的黑人，他通常在第42街上车，然后开始唱“我希望我已经结婚了”这首歌。他很年轻，看起来身体非常健康。但他会上来唱这首“我希望我已经结婚了”，并且在唱到最高音的时候从他经久不变的防风外衣里掏出一个装饮料用的纸杯，然后沿着车厢来回走动，希望能得到一些小费.我从未见到他得到一分钱。VI.Paragraph4ll.39-44.Lately,however,lifehasimprovedforhimbecausehehasbeguntounderstandstatuscompetition(fightingtoachieveahighersocialposition).Nowhe(=ayoungnegrobeggarinthesubway)getsonandsingsIWishThatIWereMarried,onlywhenheopensuphiswindbreaker,henotonlytakesoutaDixiecupbutrevealsacardboardsign,onwhichiswritten:MYMOTHERHASMULTIPLESCHLERROSSISANDIAMBLINDINONEEYE.(Multiplesschlerrossis(=sclerosis)

)VI.Paragraph4然而最近由于他开始了解身份竞争，他的生活开始有了改观。现在他上车后只会在他解开防风大衣时唱“我希望我已经结婚了”这首歌，他不但会拿出他的纸杯，还会露出一块纸板，上面写着“我母亲患了硬化症，我的一只眼是瞎的”。VI.Paragraph4ll.39-45.Hisbesttouchissclerosis,whichhehasaddedeveryconceivable

(imaginable/possible/thinkable)consonantto,creatingagood(=effective),intimidating

(terrible /frightening)Germanphysiology-textbooksolidity（reliability）（averyeffectivesolidityintroduce/describedinGermanphysiology-textbook）(=intheGermanphysiology-textbook,theauthordescribeshowterriblethedisease(=sclerosis)is.)Literateilliterate literacyLiteralliteralmeaningLiteraryliteratureletterVI.Paragraph4很可怕的德文生理学教科书上所表述的那种信任感。也许德文生理学教科书介绍了这种硬化症有多么可怕.他的这成功的/绝妙的一笔就创造出了一种信任感。德文生理学教科书上也许在描述硬化症有多么可怕，人们一看到“硬化症这个词，可能会谈/见虎色变，就会相信这小伙子真的有这么可怜；加之其中的单词拼写错误，说明他文化水平不高；我一只眼失明。看到这种可怜相，人们当然会慷慨解囊，给他施舍一些。VI.Paragraph4ll.45-47.Sotodayhedoesmuchbetter.Heseemstomakealiving.Heisnoidler

(懒人；游手好闲者),lollygagger

(lollygag〔美口〕浪费时间；闲游浪荡;lollygagger=onewhofoolsround愚弄者/蒙蔽玩弄别人者)orbum（=idler）.Hecanlookwithcondescension

(高高在上的态度anattitudewithsuperiority)uponthestates（ofbeingbums）towhichmenfall.他似乎可以以此谋生。他不再是懒惰者、消磨时间者或者是游荡者。他可以带着超然的态度看待他人的没落。ParaphrasingSincehehasimprovedhisbeggingskill,thesituationoftheyoungblackmanhasbeenchanged.Peopletendtogivehimmoney.Heisnolongeralollygaggerorabum,i.e.hehasajob.Nowhelooksdownuponthosewhohaveunfortunatelybecomebums,i.e.nowheisself-satisfied.VI.Paragraph4VI.Paragraph4Questionsaboutpar.4(theauthortellsthestoryofyoungblackbeggar):1)2partsinpar.4.Whereisthedividingpoint?ll.34‐39&ll.40‐47;l.40´however2)Whyhastheyoungblackman’ssituationbeenchanged?Becausehehaschanged/improvedhisbeggingstrategy/method.Hemakesagooduseofpeople’ssympathy.Onhiscardboard,whathewritesmeans´Mymotherisseriouslyill,andI’mblindinoneeye.µHiswordsappealsto(呼吁，感染)people’ssympathy.Ordinarypeoplearedeeplymovedbythesympatheticsituationandcontributehim.VI.Paragraph5ll.47-51.OntheEastSideIRTsubwayline(theInter-boroughRapidTransitline区间（行政区之间的）高速直达线),forexample,at86thStreet,thetrainstopsandeveryonecomessqueezingoutofthecarsinclots（extremelycrowdedgroups）andthereonabenchinthegray-greengloom,underthegirders(【建筑】纵梁，大梁，撑柱，大型工字梁)and1905tiles(【建筑】瓷砖，花砖；瓦1905titles—tileswhichwereputinasearlyas1905.HowoldistheNewYorksubway?),isanoldmanslouched

(vi.sit/standinatiredway没精打采地走[坐，站)backfastasleep,wearingacottonwindbreakerwiththesleevespulledoff.VI.Paragraph5在东部的城际快车线路上，比如说第86街，列车停下后人们互相拥挤，成群地挤出车厢，而在灰绿色阴影中的一条长凳上，在那些大梁和1905年铺设的瓷砖下面，有一位懒散地斜靠着椅背的老人似乎在酣睡，他穿着一件棉风衣，衣服的袖子已经被扯掉了。VI.Paragraph5ll.51-52.Thatisallheiswearing.Hisskinisthecolorofcongealed(stiffened/hardened)Wheatena

(冷却凝固的麦片粥的颜色，边上还毛茸茸的)lacedwithpocketlint（口袋中的茸毛/绒毛）(灰白色，灰底白点的颜色。ashengreyspeckledwithpalewhite.Wheatenaisthebrandnameofacereal(〔美国〕(加过工的)谷类食物〔麦片粥等〕).CongealedWheatenaiscookedcerealwhichhascooledoffandbecomethickandalmostsolid.Pocketlintistheflufforfuzz茸毛/绒毛onefindsinthepocket.).他就穿了这么多东西。他的肤色死灰，间杂着苍白的斑点。VI.Paragraph5ll.52-57.Hislegsarecrossedinagentlemanly

fashionandhiskindlyjuice-head

(

(slang)

alcoholic)faceisslopped

(thrown)overonthebackofthebench.Apparently,otherwinos,whoarenotoriousthievesamongoneanother,hadstrippedhimofallhisclothesexcepthiswindbreaker,whichtheyhadtriedtopulloff(take

off)him,butonlymanagedtorip

(tear/break)thesleevesoff,andlefthimtherepassedout((slang)faint,

lose

consciousness)onthebenchandnaked,

butinagentlemanlyposture(姿势，姿态).VI.Paragraph5他双腿以一种绅士般的方式交叉，他酒鬼特有的脸耷拉在长凳的后面。显然那些同时又身为臭名昭著的小偷的其他酒鬼曾经扒光了他的所有衣服，只剩下这件风衣，他们也曾试图把这件风衣扒走，（但最终没有成功），只能够将袖子拽掉，然后任由这位老人裸坐在长凳上人事不省，但他们还是给他保留了一个绅士般的姿态。VI.Paragraph5ll.57-62.Everyonestaresathimbriefly(ashortperiodoftime),athiscongealedWheatena-and-lint（l.52,grayandpalewhite）carcass

(body)(bodycoveredwithverydirtyclothes),butnoonebreaksstride(stops),andwhoknowshowlongitwillbebeforefinallytwopolicemenhavetocomeinandholdtheirbreathandscrapehimup(removehim)outofthegloom andintothebosomofthelaw(takehimtothepolicestation),fromwhich(thepolicestation)hewillemerge

(appear)withasetofgreenfatigues[fə'tiːg](plaingreenclothes),atleast,andanhonorableseatatnightonthesubwaybench.VI.Paragraph5Thebodyoftheoldmaniscoveredwithverydirtyclothesingreyandpalewhite.Peoplelooksathisdirtybodybrieflyandwalkedon.Nobodystops.Nooneknowshowlongitwillbebeforetwopolicemenrecognizehim.Whentheytakehimtothepolicestation,thepolicemenhavetoholdtheirbreathbecauseofhisterriblesmell.Theywillgivehimasetofgreenclothes.Theclotheswillmakehimmorepresentable/gracefulpresentableenoughtohaveaseatonthesubwayatnight.行人只是瞥他一眼，瞅瞅他那衣衫褴褛、肮脏不堪的（灰白色）躯体，但无人驻足观望。谁知，过了有多久，终于来了两名警察，他们屏住气，将他拖出昏暗的角落，带到警察局。过几天走出警察局的他，会身着一套朴素的绿装，这身打扮至少可使他在地铁的长凳上得到一席之地。

VII.ComprehensionworkⅠ.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkcanbemostappropriatelyregardedasstatingtheideathatcontrolsthedevelopmentoftheselection.(B)A.ThesubwayinNewYorkCityposesagreatordealforallone'ssenses.B.ThesubwayinNewYorkCityisavividdemonstrationofthecity'slackofstatus.C.ThesubwayinNewYorkCityischaracterizedbyfilthyandconfusion,wherepeoplearemolestedbyeccentricsandbeggars.VII.ComprehensionworkⅡ.Judgewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.1.Thestruggleforstatus,typicalamongtheNewYorkers,canbefoundevenamongbeggarsonthesubwaylines. T2.Somebeggarsdance,dotumblingactsandsomersaultsinthecarsjusttoentertainthepassengers. F3.ItisimpliedthattheNewYorkCitysubwayisatleastnearlyone-centuryold. T4.SomebeggarsinNewYorkCitysubwaynotonlyaskothersforcontributions,butalsorobeachothertogetwhateverthereis. TⅢ.Answerthefollowingquestions.1.Howisthestatement"Thewholeplaceisagrossassaultonthesenses"supportedbydetailsinthefirstparagraph?assaultonthesenseofhearing-noiseofthetrains,high-pitchedharshness,metallictonesfromrecordsassaultonthesenseoftouch-pushingandbeingpushedincrowdsassaultonthesenseofsmell-unbearableodorsassaultonthesenseofsight-Thesightofcustomerswithbreadflakescakedontheirmouthsandflatulentcheeksatlunchcountersisfarfrompleasant.VII.Comprehensionwork2.Whatdoestheword"qualms“inline7mean?Whatdoesthewholesentencecontainingthewordimply?unease,apangorsuddenfeelingofdoubt,esp.concerningmoralconduct.Pushingothersinacrowdedpublicplaceisconsideredrude,butintheN.Y.subwaythepassengers,wheninacrowd,seemtohaveforgottenthisbasicmoralnorm.3.Howisparagraph3connectedtoparagraph2?Theword"also“setsupalinkbetweenthetwoparagraphs."Theundergroundspacesseemtoattractalsobeggars."VII.Comprehensionwork4.Traditionalrhetoricdoesnotapproveoftheuseof"and"inasentence-initialposition.Leaveouttheword"and"inthesecondsentenceofparagraph3andseewhatdifferenceitmakes.Beggarsareleastexpectedtobeassociatedwithstatuscompetition.Theword"and"herehelpsbringoutafactthatiscontrarytoordinaryexpectations.Leavingoutthewordwouldrenderthesentenceamerestatementofafact.5.Whatdoestheauthormeanbythesentence"Amereblindmanwithacaneandacupismediocrebusiness“inline23?Thistypicalimageofabeggarisacommonsightandisnotlikelytoattractanyattention.VII.Comprehensionwork6.Paragraph4hastwoparts.Whereisthedividingpoint?Whathaseffectedtheyoungblackman'simprovement?Canyouthinkofonewordthatbestdescribeshisattitudeasindicatedbythelastsentenceofparagraph4?theword"however"inline40Hehaschangedhiswayofbeggingbytryingtoappealtopeople'ssympathy."self-satisfied“7.Thephrase"forexample"atthebeginningofparagraph5indicatesthatanexampleisprovidedforillustration.Whatistheexample?Andwhatdoesitillustrate?theoldmandescribedinparagraph5Thisisusedtoillustrate"thestatestowhichmenfall,“uponwhichtheyoungblackmancanlookwithcondescensionnow.VII.Comprehensionwork8.Inwritingadescription,thewriter'schoiceofwordsshouldbebothaccurateandeffectivesothathepresentstherightpicturetohisreadersandalsoproducestheintendedeffectonthem.Wolfehassuccessfullyattainedbothaims.Whateffectwouldhavebeenlostifhehadused"pouring"and"groups“respectivelyfor"squeezing"and"clots"(paragraph5)?Trytofindothersimilarinstancesintheselection.Fewdescriptionsare"pure“descriptions,i.e.theauthoraimsataccuratelypresentingapictureonly,withoutconcerninghimselfwithwhathehaspresented.Wolfe'sattitudetowardstheNewYorkCitysubwayisdefinitelyunfavorable;thatiswhyhehaschosenamongagroupofsynonymstheoneswithnegativeconnotations.Similarinstancesinclude:oleaginous(line11),haunts(line15),maniacal(line21),scrapehimup(line60)insteadoftheirconnotationallymoreneutralsynonyms"mushy,frequents,crazy,remove".VII.ComprehensionworkVIII.LanguageworkⅠ.Providesynonymouswordsorphrasesforthefollowingitalicizeditemsfromthetext.Thewordorphraseyousupplyineachcaseshouldfitthecontextsemanticallyaswellasgrammatically.1.Thewholeplaceisagrossassaultonthesenses.(repulsivelysickeningonallsensoryfronts)2.Peoplefeelnoqualmsaboutpushingwheneveritbecomescroweded.(arenothesitant/shy)3....andthelittleboygoesintowhatpassesforanativedance.(whatisconsideredtobe)4.Thisacttakessolongthatitcanbedoneproperlyonlyoveralongstretch,suchastherunbetween42ndStreetand72ndStreet.(onalongride)5.Hislegsarecrossedinagentlemanlyfashionandhiskindlyjuice-headfaceissloppedoveronthebackofthebench.(cheeksreddenedfromalcoholicdrink;thrown)VIII.LanguageworkⅤ.Choosethewordorwordgroupthatbestcomleteseachofthefollowing.1.Sincenylonisunaffectedbymold,fungus,andmoisture,itwasusefulduringWorldWarⅡinmaking＿＿.A.equipmentf