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高中英语语法知识词法部分详解介词及练习

一、概念:介词处"OS让力川又叫做前置词,一般置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,一般不重读,在句中不单独作任

何句子成分,只表示其后面的名词或相当于名词的其他结构与句中其他成分的关系。

介词后面的名词或相当于名词的词语叫做介词宾语。可作介词宾语的词语通常有:

1)名词或名词性从句:eg.①Helivesnearourschool.②Thiswillgivemesomeideaofwhatlifeis.

2)代词:eg.①Iamangrywithhim.②Sheisn'tsatisfiedwithme.

3)动名词或动名词短语:eg.Ihaveanideaforsolvingthisproblem.

4)不定式(只限于介词but和except)

eg.(T)Icandonothingforthembutjustsitthereandhope.②Icandonothingforthemexcepttosendthem

money.

5)数词:eg.Fourfromsevenleavesthree.

6)形容词:eg.Iknowitfromold.我早就知道它。

7)副词:eg.Ican*tstayforlong.

【注急】英语介词往往相当于汉语的动词。

eg.①Thepolicemanhelpedtheoldwomanacrossthestreet.警察帮助老大娘过马路。("过”=across)

②Areyouforitoragainstit?你赞成还是反对?(“赞成”=for;“反对”=against)

二、介词的种类:

J2L介均按其构成分为1)简单介泡(simplepreposition):eg.at;in;ofsince,before,after等。

2)复合介词(compoundpreposition):eg.asfor;asto;into;outof等。

3)二重介沟(doublepreposition):eg.fromunder;frombehind;untilafter;exceptin等。

4)短语介词(phrasalpreposition):eg.accordingto;becauseof;inspiteof;onbehalfof等。

5)分恒介沟(participlepreposition):eg.regarding;concerning;including;providing等。

K介词按其词义分为1)地点介词:eg.across;among;around;above;after;along;at;before;behind;below等。

2)时间介词:eg.about;after;around;asat;before;behind;between;by;during;for,from..

3)比较介词:eg.as;like;over;above等。

4)除外介谓:eg.besides;but;except叫

5)反对介词:eg.against;with等。

6)原因介词:eg.for;with;from等。

力结果介词:eg.for;with;without

8)方式介词:eg.by;in;with等。

9)所属介词:eg.of;with等。

1O)条件介词:eg.on;without;considering

11)让步介词:eg.inspiteof;despite等。

12)目的介词:eg.for;to等。

13)根据介词:eg.on;accordingto等。

三、介词短语及其切用:介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语(Pr纱0s让介词短语在句中可用作:

1)主语:eg.FromBeijingtoTianjingistwohoursbytrain.4)定语:eg.Afriendinneedisafriendindeed.

2)表语:eg.Shelookslikeanactress.5)补语:eg.Theyfoundthemselvesinadarkwood.

3)宾语:eg.Tilgiveyouuntiltomorrow.

6)状语:eg.Alberthassomuchworktodosothatheisstayinglateattheoffice.

四、相关知识点精讲:

1,表示地点位置介词:1)at,讥on,to:

@Clt:(1)表示在小地方;eg.Hearrivedatthestationatten.

(2)表示“在...附近,旁边";eg.Heissittingatthedesk.

(3)表示的位Jt是某一点;eg.atthethirdcrossroad/at108BeijingStreet/attheNorthPole

(4)可接集体活动。eg.ataparty/concert/lecture/meeting...athome/atthecornerofthestreet/atthefrontofthehall

@in:(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示"在...范围之内〃;(3)表示的位,往往是立体的,有长、宽、离等。

eg.①HearrivedinShanghai②JiangsuliesintheeastofChina.③inthedesk/inthecornerofthe

yesterday.room/inapicture/inthewall

@on:(1)表示毗邻,接壤;(2)表示的位置往往是一个平面或一条线。

eg.RussialiesonthenorthofChina.Zacityontheriver/ahotelonthisroad

@to:表示在...范围外(不强调是否接壤)。eg.FujianistothesouthofJiangsuProvince.

2)above,over,on:在...上

@above:(i)指在…上方,不强调是否垂直,与below相对;两物体中间有一定的空间距离。

eg.①Thebirdisflyingabovemyhead.②Therearelightsabove/overourheads.

③Canyouseetheplaneflyingover/abovethebuilding?

(2)与刻度连用时,用aboveo

eg.①threedegreesabovezero.②Thewatercameabove/overourknees.

@over:(1)指垂宜的上方,与under相对,但over与物体次•一定的空间,不Jt接接触.eg.①Thereisabridgeovertheriver.

(2)表示“布满”,“盖满”

eg.①There'sathickcloudoverthenorthofChina.©Thereisatableclothoverthetable.

(3)表示“穿越”,“越过”,用over或acrosso

eg.①Hewalkedover/acrossthebridge.②Thereisabridgeover/acrosstheriver.

(4)与数字连用时用over=morethan。eg.over100people/over800metresabovesealevel

@OTU表示某物体上面并与之接触eg.Heputhiswatchonthedesk./Thereisapictureonthewall

3)tmder:在...下面

@under:(i)表示在…正下方,有垂直之意。eg.Thereisacatunderthetable.

(2)接普通数词,under=lessthaneg.100metresbelowsealevel/childrenundersevenyearsofage/underfifty

@BeCaw:(1)表示在...下,不一定在正下方eg.Pleasewriteyournamebelowtheline.

(2)与刻度连用时,用belowoeg.tendegreesbelowzero

【小测试】1.Mary's__________thegarden.A.inB.atC.onD.into

2.Don'tworry.She'llfinishtheworkin__________twentyminutes.A.belowB.onC.aboveD.over

3.Fromthebridgewecouldseetheriver________.A.belowusB.belowC.underusD.underourselves

ourselves

4.Theweatherhereis20degrees__________zerotoday.A.underB.inC.belowD.on

5.Hewillbeback_______________20minutes.A.afterB.inbelowC.afterunderD.inunder

below

6.Whentheylookedup,theysawaplane_________thetallbuilding.A.onB.overC.throughD.in

7.Hefinishedhisworkafter___________twentyminutes.A.aboveB.belowC.overD.across

8.Helives______________203HuangheStreet.A.onB.inC.atD.to

2.表示时间介词:

i)in,on,at:在...时:

@in:表示较长时间,如世纪,朝代,时代,年,季节,月及一般(非特指)的早,中,晚等。

eg.inthe20thcentury/inthe1950s/in1989/insummer/inJanuary/inthemorning/inthenight(在夜间)/inone's

life/inone'sthirties等。

@on:表示具体某一天及其早,中,晚。

eg.onMay1st/onMonday/onNewYear'sDay/onacoldnightinJanuary/onafinemorning/onSundayafternoon等。

@at:表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。

eg.at3:20/atthistimeofyear/atthebeginningof/attheendof.../attheageof.../atChristmas/atnight/atnoon

/atthismoment等。

【注意】在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前一律不用介词。eg.Wemeeteveryday.

2)in,after:在...之后

@tn+段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后”:eg.Mymotherwillcomebackinthreeorfourdays.

@after+段时间“表示过去的一段时间以后”:eg.Hearrivedafterfivemonths.

@after-b将来点时间“表示将来的某一时刻以后”:eg.Shewillappearafterfiveo'clockthisafternoon.

3)jrom,since自从...:

@from:仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;eg.Hestudiedthepianofromtheageofthree.

@since:表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。eg.Theyhavelivedheresince1978.

4)after,BefimcC:在...之后;

@after:主要用于表示时间;eg.Weshallleaveafterlunch.

@befimd:主要用于表示位置;eg.Lucyishidingbehindanoldhouse.

5)untif/tiCQ直到…为止eg.till/untillastweek/till/untilnow/frommorningtillnight

6)在某时间之前;不晚于•…”时间。eg.bytheendoflastyear

【小测试】1.WeoftengototheparkSundaymorning.A.onB.inC.atD.from

2.Myaunthasworkedinaclinic_____________1949.A.afterB.beforeC.tillD.since

3.HisfatherwillbebackfromLondonafewdavs.A.sinceB.onC.inD.to

4.Ithappenedtobeverycold___themorningofoursportsmeet.A.atB.ofC.onD.with

5.Hedecidedtovisitthefactory_________Fridaynight.A.atB.inC.onD.over

6.Hesuddenlyreturned_________arainynight.A.onB.atC.inD.during

7.Thedoctorwillbefree________

A.10minuteslaterB.after10minutesC.in10minutesD.10minutesafter

8.“Howlonghashisbookshopbeeninbusiness?”"____________1982.”

A.AfterB.InC.FromD.Since

9.Thetrainleavesat6:00p.m.So1havetobeatthestation_____________5:40atthelatest.

A.untilB.afterC.byD.around

10.“CanIstaytheweekend?""Yes,butyou'llhavetoleaveMondaymiddayatthelatest//

A.by;untilB.until;aroundC.till;byD.at;on

11.Theyhavebeeninthestore_

A.foralongtimeagoB.fornineo'clockC.sincetwohoursD.sincetwohoursago

12.1havebeenplayingchess___________manyyears,butI'mhardlyanexpert.

A.inB.withC.sinceD.for

3.表示方式介词:

(1)+接人或方式等。eg.madebyhim/bythismeanseg.bydoingthis/bycar/bus/train/bike/us/comeinbythedoor

(2)tn:+接语言/衣物等。eg.inthiswayeg.inthe(this/that)way/inahigh(low)voice/inpen/ink/

English/therain

(3)W比丘+接工具性的名词或其他名词。eg.withthismethodeg.withahammer/apen(pencil)

(4)(m:+接人体名词和TV等词。eg.lieonone'sback/tolearnEnglishonTV/ontheradio

(5)to:+接乐器或乐曲名词。eg.tosingtothepiano(guitar)/todancetomusic

【注意】Lbyweight(volume):按重/体积2.byheight:按高度3.bythepound按英镑

4.byfax/radio/telephone:施传真、无线电、电话5.bytheweek/thehour/theyear按周/按小时7按年

【小测试】1.Heworkedouttheproblemthatmeans.A.inB.withC.byD.on

2.Pleaseanswermyquestion__________aloudenoughvoice.A.byB.atC.withD.in

3.Thisisthecarhecamehere.A.bywhichB.bythatC.inwhichD.withwhich

4.Helay_________hisback,hiseyes_________upward.

A.with;lookedB.to;lookingC.on;lookingD.on;looked

5.Heoftenwrote_________apen,butnowheiswriting________pencil.

A.in;withB.with;inC.with;withD.in;in

6.Hebuiltatelescope__________whichhecouldstudytheskies.A.byB.throughC.onD.with

7.Heoftensleeps___________thewindow___________.

A.by;openB.when;openedC.while;openingD.with;open

8.Howbeautifulthegirllooks________hernewclothes.A.onB.inC.withD.for

9.HeoftenlearnsEnglish___________TVafterwork.A.byB.fromC.onD.in

10.Theyoftendance______________onSundaynights.A.bymusicB.bythemusicC.tomusicD.tothemusic

11.Thetallbuildingwasdestroyed__________abigfire.A.withB.inC.byD.on

12.Theyoungmanoftenwritesmusic___________.A.todanceB.todancebyC.todanceD.todanceto

with

13.Themanagerkeepsintouchwithme___________.A.withfaxB.tofaxC.byfaxD.bythefax

14.Hewascaught__________theheavyrain.A.byB.onC.inD.through

4.表示除外介词:除外介词有:besides;but;except和apartfrom。

(1)besides:除外...之外(还包括)。eg.Weneedfifteenmorepeoplebesidesyourgroup.

besides+doingsth.eg.Whatelsedidyoudobesideswritingaletter?

注意:♦besides:adv.而且;再说eg.1don'treallywanttogo.Besides,itstoolatenow.

喙beside:prep.在...之旁。eg.Sheissittingbesidemeonthebench.

(2)except/but:除...之外(不包括)。eg.Weworkeverydayexcept/butSaturdayandSunday.

exceptfor+sth.:除去整体的一部分或对部分缺点要修正。eg.①Exceptforthecolor,1likethecarverymuch.

eg.②Yourcompositionisgoodexceptforsomespelling

mistakes.

exceptthat+从句:eg.WeknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisAmerican.

exceptwhen+从句:eg.Hecomestoseemeeverydayexceptwhenitrains.

except/but+todosth.eg.①Shedidnothingbut(to)cry.②1havenothingelsetodoexceptlookafterthechild.

(3)Wehadnootherchoicesbut(to)gotothepolicestationforhelp.

(3)besides:用于否定句=except/buteg.1havenoothertoolsbesides/except/butthese.

(4)apartfrom:

♦=exceptfor:除...之外(不包括)eg.Tvefinishedapartfromthelastquestion.

♦=inadditionto;aswellas除外...之外(还);此外;加之eg.Whatothersportsdoyoulikeapartfromfootball?

(5)otherthan=except:除・••以外eg.①1don'tknowanyFrenchpeopleotherthanyou.

(2)We'regoingawayinJunebutotherthanthatI'llbe

hereallsummer.

【4、测试】1.Shesaidthattheyhadnootherchoicesgototheteacherforhelp.

A.besideB.besidesC.acceptD.except

2.DoesJohnknowanyotherforeignlanguageA.exceptB.butC.besidesD.beside

___________French?

3.NooneknewMr.Benson'saddress_______hisdaughter.A.exceptB.expectC.onlyD.beside

4.____________hiswife,noonewenttoseehim.A.BesideB.BesidesC.ExceptD.Exceptfor

5.Thefilmisgood___________itsuglycolor.A.exceptB.besidesC.besideD.exceptfor

6.Weknownothingabouthershelivesdownstairs.A.exceptwhenBbutwhenC.exceptforD.exceptthat

7.Thiskindofanimalsnevercomesoutit'sdark.A.exceptforB.exceptthatC.expectwhereD.exceptwhen

8.Heseldomcomestoseemeformoney.A.exceptaskedB.besidestoaskC.buttoaskingD.excepttoask

5.表示原因介词:

(i)becauseof+名词/ft询/w/iat从句,说明做某事的原因。意为“因为,由于\普通用语,比其他短语更口语化;构成

的短语在句子中通常作状语,一般不作表语用;后面可接名词、代词、分恒或what引导的名为性从旬等。

eg.®SamprasislikelytomisstheUSOpenbecauseofhisbackinjury.桑普拉斯因为开部有伤可施岐席美国公开赛。(,于旬后作状语)

②BecauseofmybadlegJcouldn'twalksofastastheothers.

由于我的腿坏了,我不能像其他人走得那么快。(Jt于句管做状语,但用逗号与箕他部分分开)

③Becauseofhiswife^beingthere,Isaidnothingaboutit.因为他妻子在场,我对此事只字未提。(按-ing分洞短语)

@Herealizedthatshewascryingbecauseofwhathehadsaid.他意识到她在哭是因为他说的那整话。(接what从旬)

(2)dueto”由于,因…造成〃,别导的短语在句中除可作状语(此时不用于句首)外,也可作表语或定语。有整讲英语的人

仅将dueto用于动词be之后作表语,但目前普通认为可将dueto看作是owingto的同义词。

®eg.Yourfailureisduetonegligence.②Apartoftheenergyiswastedinmachinesduetofriction.

你的失败是由于疏忽所造成的。一部分能量由于摩擦而消耗在机部内。

③ThatShelleybecameapoetmayhavebeenduetohismother'sinfluence.图案成为诗人可能丑由于受母亲的影响。

@Accidentsduetodrivingathighspeedwereverycommonthatweekend.在那个周末因高速理驶逾成的交通事故很多。

®Joe'sapplicationtotheUniversitywasnotacceptedduetohisfailingEnglish.乔因英语不及格申报那所大学没被录取。

【注意】dueto除可表示原因外,还有“应给于,应属于"的意思。eg.Ourgratefulthanksareduetoyou.向你我示我们

哀”的感谢

(3)thanksto”由于或因为某人(某事匕通常用于好的方面,译为"受辱",但有时作区语;引导的介词短语可Jt于句看成句未。

eg.。Theplaysucceededthankstofineactingbyallthecast.由于全体演员的出色表演,那出戏才成功。

②Itwasthankstohiscarelessnessthatwelostthegame.由于他的硫血大急我们输掉了这场比赛。

®Thankstoyourhelp,weweresuccessful.多亏了你的好劭,我们得以成功。

@Thankstothebadweather,thematchhadbeencancelled.多亏这个倜毒天气,挺好的比赛取消了。(及语)

【注意】Smallthanksto一点也不感漱

eg.Weweresuccessful,butsmallthankstoyou.我们成功了,但一点也不感激你。

(4)onaccountof:因为,由于

@Hewasgrantedspecialadmissiononaccountofhiseffort.由于他自己的势力,他被破格录取。

@Onaccountofhismoreelevatedposition,thegeneralhadtheenemyatvantage.因为处于校高的位Jt,那位将军占敌人的上风。

③Thepricedropgreatlyonaccountoflargeofferingsfromothersource.自其他方面的大登报垂,价格已产*下跌。

@Onaccountofdifferenceintaste,yourdesigndonotsuitthismarket.由于趣味不同。您的歙式不合此间市场。

⑤Thewalldeclinedslightlyonaccountoftheearthquake.墙蟹因地震而恢斜。

®Wedelayedourdepartureonaccountofthebadweather.由于天气不好,我们将启程的时间推迟了

(Z)Thatwasonaccountoflackofexercise.那处由于喊乏概域。【注意】0Onmy/youraccount为了我(你)(的缘故)

伞Onthis/thataccount由于这个(那个)缘故eg.Shethinksyou'releavingAuntKettyonheraccount.

eg.®Onthisaccount,weshouldbecautious.因为这个缘故我们应该慎。她以为你是为了她才打算两开凯蒂阿姨的。

②Heisangryonthataccount.由于那个缘故他生气了。

(5)oyvingto:因为,由于eg.。Owingtotherain,themeetinghastobeputoff.会议因雨而推迟了。

@Icouldn/tattendthemeeting,owingtoillness.我因病不能出席金•议。

③Hisdeathwasowingtoanaccident.他死于一场事故。®Theydecidedtoposponethetrip,owingtobadweather.

@Owingtohiscarelessdriving,hedied.由于天气不好他们决定推迟旅行。

=Theaccidentwasduetohiscarelessdriving.这次车祸愚由于他的驾驮疏忽。

【注意】G>owi%to与Oecaase"一样引出的介词短语,也强调因果关系,在句中作状语,做状语时,习惯上用逗号和

句子其他部分分开。

<3>作状语时修饰整个句子,可在句管或句末,用遑号隔开。ow的£。除作状语外,也可作表语,但Cecause炉不作表语。

eg.Theydecidedtocanceltheflight,owingtothestorm.由于这场暴风雨,他们决定明消这个航班。

<S>awe:vt.(债等);应该向(某人)付出,把…归功于(to);认为...是靠…的力置;由于;感激;感恩;感谢

eg.0IowehimtendoHars.我欠他10美元。②Heoweshissuccesstohishardwork.

®Ioweyouforyourhelp.我感谢你的骅劭。他认为自己取得成功是•辛勤劳动的结果。

<$>血e3引出造成后果的原因,在句中作表语、状语和定语。作表语和状语时与留to冏义,作状语时,一般不与其他

成分隔开。

(6)for:for…reason(为了…原因)或用于固定搭配。eg.①Shedecidedtogetajobforseveralreasons.

②Icouldn'tspeakforlaughing.③Forwhatreasonwereyoulate?④Heispraisedforwritingagoodpoem.

⑤Chinaisfamousforitslonghistory.⑥Hewasscoldedforbeinglate.⑦Hegotanawardforbravery.

(7)asaresuCt布・・"由于…的结果”,可Jt于句首或句末。eg.QTheriverwasfloodedasaresultoftheheavyrain.

=becauseof©Hehadsomebadfish.Asaresult,hedidn'tfeelwellthismorning.他吃了些变质的鱼,因此,今天早上感於到不超服。

G)Asaresultoftheflood,thousandsofpeoplelosttheirhomes.因为发大水,成千上万的人失去了家园。

=resultfrom:由于...=Thousandsofpeoplelosttheirhomesresultfromtheflood.

QMistakesduetoseriousconsequencesmayresultfromcarelessness.由于疏忽大愈可施带来产重的后果。

©Accidentsresultingfromhighspeedoroverspeedwereverycommonthatweekend.

在那个周末因高速或超速驾驶造成的交通事故很多。

【小测试】

1.Shedidn'tcometotheparty_______whatyouhadsaid.A.becauseB.forC.becauseofD.asof

2.Hedoesn'tbelieveyouwhatyousaidiswrong.A.becauseB.becauseofC.forD.owingto

3.Hewaspunishedbreakingthelaw.A.asB.becauseC.sinceD.for

4.Thebuildingwasburneddownthebigfire.A.becauseB.forC.asaresultofD.owedto

5.__________whatreasonwasMarkputintoprison?A.BecauseofB.BecauseC.ForD.Since

6.1waswellagain.thedoctor.A.thankstoB.becauseofC.owingtoD.dueto

7.Jobsarehardtogetand,_________,moreyoungpeoplewanttocontinuetheireducation.

A.thankstoB.asaresultofC.asaresultD.owingto

8.Over60drugshavebeenremovedfromsale________recenttest.A.owingB.becauseofC.asaresultofD.dueto

to

9.________hisyouth,hewasnotallowedtotaketheseniorcourse.A.OwingB.AsaresultofC.DuetoD.For

to

10.Thatwas__________thelackofexercise.A.onaccountofB.asC.becauseD.for

6.表示方向介词:

(i)at:表示方向的一个“点”,具有攻击的意思。eg.Heshotatabird./shoutatsb.Zrushatsb./comeatsb.

(2)to:指方向,不强调点。eg.Hewenttothefactory./throwaballtosb.

(3)towards:强调向某处运动的方向。eg.Hewalkedtowardsme.

(4)across:表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关;eg.Sheswamacrosstheriver./walkacrossthedesert

(5)tfvrougfi:穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。eg.Hewalkedthroughtheforest./walkthroughtheforest

[4、^?]试】1.Heshot_________thebird,butitflewaway.A.towardsB.atC.toD./

2.Thewolfjumped_________thefarmertoeathim.A.toB.forC.atD.on

3.Ittookmefivehourstowalk________theforest.A.overB.acrossC.throughD.in

4.1walked___________thesquaretothehotel.A.onB.throughC.acrossD.towards

5.Hewalked________thehall,smilingstrangely.A.overB.acrossC.onD.at

6.Theywantedtoswim_________therivertothechurch.A.acrossB.overC.crossD.through

7.表示目的介词:for

(i)for+名词=todostfLeg.①togooutforfood=togoouttolookforfood

(2)for+doingstfL:表示用途和原因。②togotothepubforadrink=togotothepubtohaveadrink

eg.①Thepenisusedforwriting.②Hewaspraisedforsavingachild.

(3)for+宾语+不定式eg.Iopenedthedoorforyoutocomein.

【小测试】

1.HewenttothecollegeProfessorWang.A.forseeingB.withseeingC.toseeD.fortosee

2.HewenttothecollegeaninterviewwithProfessorWang.A.withB.forC.onD.forhaving

3.Isthatcakeorjust?

A.toeat;tolookatB.toeat;forlookingatC.foreating;tolookatD.foreating;forlookingat

4.It'susual______foxestocomesoclosetotown.A.ofB.withC.forD.to

5.Itisimportant__theretobeplentyofdiscussion.A.thatB.whichC.forD.with

6.Itistoolate_______anyoneintheroom.A.forB.fortobeC.forittobeD.forthereto

be

7.I'manxiousthepartytobeasuccess.A.aboutB.withC.ofD.for

8.表示价值等5t•交换eg.atalowcost/atahighprice/atatop(full)speed/atfiftykmsanhour

(1)at:用表示“以…的价格或速度eg.achickenforfivedollars/acheckfor1,000dollars

用表示“等价交换”。

【小测试】1.1boughtthebook______oneyuanacopy.A.atB.onC.byD.in

2.1can'tbuythehouse__________suchaprice.A.forB.onC.withD.at

3.Thespaceshipleavestheground__highspeed.A.withB.onC.atD.for

4.Theoldmansoldhisoldcartwothousanddollars.A.withB.atC.forD.on

9.表示关系介词:of,from,on,4和to等。

表示所属、关于、同位或说明事物的性质、内容、状况等。

eg.theroofofthehouse(所属)/storiesofLeiFeng(关于)

eg.amanofability/amatterofgreatimportance/thecityofDandong

(2)from:表示来源。eg.asentencefromBookII/aletterfromAmerica/amanfromBeijing

(3)on

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