高考英语一轮复习语法专题之高中构词法

高考英语一轮复习语法专题之高中构词法构词法目录一知识网络构词法的转化法、合成法、混合法、缩略法、派生法、名词后缀、动词后缀和形容词后缀二考点考法关于充当句中各成分的最典型的词类，请记住以下三条：1.作主语或宾语要用名词；2.作定语、表语或补足语一般用形容词；3.修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用副词。三真题回顾展现命题趋势，明确考试目标四真题训练近几年构词法高考专题训练五考情分析在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中。掌握构词法是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。六模拟操练再次巩固所掌握的知识点体系并能灵活应用知识网络1.转化法动词→名词

Let’sgooutforawalk.我们出去散散步吧。(walk)名词→动词

WelunchedatWhite’s.

我们在怀特家吃午饭。(lunched)形容词→动词

Culturehasfurtheredtheadvanceoflanguage.文化促进了语言的发展。(hasfurthered)2.合成法合成名词

如：bookmark(书签)；guidebook(指南手册)；workshop(研讨会；车间)；sunset(日落)合成形容词

如：lifelong(终身的；毕生的)；heartbreaking(令人心碎的)；absent-minded(心不在焉的)合成动词

如：whitewash(用石灰水刷白)；overcome(战胜)；overthrow(推翻)合成副词

如：anyway(无论如何)；everywhere(到处)；however(尽管如此)；forever(永远)合成介词

如：inside(在……里)；outside(在……外)；throughout(遍及)；within(在……之内)3.混合法如：smog(smoke+fog)

烟雾；brunch(breakfast+lunch)

早午餐；newscast(news+broadcast)

新闻广播;faction(fact+fiction)

纪实文学；sci-fi(science+fiction)

科幻小说；docudrama(document+drama)

纪实电影4.缩略法如：television→TV(读字母音)电视;veryimportantperson→VIP(读字母音)贵宾；TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福

5.派生法1)前缀

表否定

1.dis-

如：ability→disability(无能力;

残疾)；agree→disagree(意见不一致)；appear→disappear(消失)2.un-

如：dress→undress(除去……的衣服);lock→unlock(开锁)；fold→unfold(展开；显露)3.in-,il-,im-,ir-

如：accurate→inaccurate(不准确的);legal→illegal(不合法的)；polite→impolite(不礼貌的)；possible→impossible(不可能的);regular→irregular(不规则的)4.mis-

如：behave→misbehave(行为不端)；understand→misunderstand(误解);fortune→misfortune(不幸)5.non-

如：anon-drinker不喝酒的人；non-existence不存在；non-smoking非吸烟(区)6.表重复re-

如：arrange→rearrange(重新安排)；consider→reconsider(重新考虑)；

create→recreate(重现；重建)7.表动化en-

如：able→enable(使能够)；large→enlarge(扩大)；rich→enrich(使充实)2)后缀

表示人

1.-er

如：buy→buyer(买主，购买者);design→designer(设计者)；dance→dancer(舞者)2.-or

如：act→actor(男演员);invent→inventor(发明者)；direct→director(指导者;

导演)3.-ee

如：employ→employee(受雇者,雇员);

interview→interviewee(被采访者；被面试者)4.-ist

如：art→artist(艺术家，美术家);special→specialist(专家)；violin→violinist(小提琴演奏家)5.-ian

如：music→musician(音乐家;

乐师);politics→politician(政治家)6.-ant

如：account→accountant(会计)；assist→assistant(助手);serve→servant(仆人；佣人)7.-ess或woman如：god→goddess(女神)；poet→poetess(女诗人);

policeman→policewoman(女警察)2)名词后缀1.-ness

如：awkward→awkwardness(笨拙;

尴尬)；careless→carelessness(粗心)2.-ment

如：achieve→achievement(成就;

达成);accomplish→accomplishment(成就；成绩)3.-al

如：approve→approval(赞成;

批准)；arrive→arrival(到达)；survive→survival(存活；幸存)4.-tion

如：attract→attraction(吸引)；

collect→collection(收藏品)；connect→connection(联系;

连接物)5.-(ss)ion

如：discuss→discussion(讨论);express→expression(表情);admit→admission(入场费；准入)6.-ance

如：accept→acceptance(接受);appear→appearance(出现;

外表);assist→assistance(帮助)7.-ence

如：depend→dependence(信赖,

依赖);differ→difference(差异);exist→existence(存在；生存)8.-ture

如：mix→mixture(混合；混合物);fail→failure(失败;

没做到);press→pressure(压力)9.-y

如：recover→recovery(恢复,

痊愈);deliver→delivery(递送，投递);discover→discovery(发现)10.名词后缀-(i)ty

如：electric→electricity(电);equal→equality(同等;

平等);safe→safety(安全)3).动词后缀-en

如：length→lengthen(使)变长,

延伸;strength→strengthen(加强)；fright→frighten(恐吓)4).形容词后缀-en

如：gold→golden(金制的)；wood→wooden(木制的)考点考法关于充当句中各成分的最典型的词类，请记住以下三条：1.作主语或宾语要用名词；2.作定语、表语或补足语一般用形容词；3.修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，作状语，用副词。1.Themansaidthathewas__________(mere)apasser-byandthathedidn’twatchtheaccident.(答案为merely)2.Somepeoplesaythatthisnewdiscoverymightchangethewholesociety__________(complete).(答案为completely)3.I’m_______________(true)sorrythatthingshadtoendlikethis.(答案为truly)4.Toour__________,theheadmasterwasvery___________withourreport.(satisfy)

(答案为satisfaction,satisfied)5.Weshouldformgoodeatinghabitsanddoproperexerciseinordertostay___________(health).(答案为healthy)真题回顾1．(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)TheGPNP'smaingoalistoimproveconnectivitybetweenseparatepopulationsandhomesofgiantpandas,and________(eventual)achieveadesiredlevelofpopulationinthewild.【解析】此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词achieve。故填eventually。2.(2021·全国乙卷)Itisdifferentfromtraditionaltourismbecauseitallowsthetravelertobecome________(educate)abouttheareas—bothintermsofgeographicalconditionsandculturalcharacteristics,andoftenprovidesmoneyforconservationandbenefitsthe________(develop)ofthelocalareas.【解析】第一空在系动词become后应用形容词作表语，educated“受过教育的，有教养的”。第二空在冠词the之后，应用名词development。3.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Itwill________(undoubted)helpyougetrefreshed!【解析】此处应用副词作状语修饰谓语动词help，意为“无疑地”，应用副词形式。故填undoubtedly。4.(2021·全国乙卷)Provide________(finance)aidandotherbenefitsforlocalpeoples.【解析】设空处在名词aid之前，应用形容词作定语，financial“财政的”,

故填financial。5.(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Butthat'shownatureis—alwaysleavingus________(astonish)．【解析】此句中含有“leavesb/sth＋adj.”结构，表示“使……处于某种状态”。宾语为us，应用形容词astonished作宾语补足语，说明人的感受，意为“吃惊的”,

故填astonished。6.(2021·全国甲卷)Supposedlyyoucandoitintwohours,butwestoppedatthedifferentgatesandwatchtowerstotakepicturesorjusttowatchthelocalpeoplegoingabouttheir________(day)routines.【解析】句意：据说你可以在两个小时内完成，但我们在不同的大门和瞭望塔旁停下来拍照，或者只是看当地人进行他们的日常生活。名词routines前面要用形容词修饰，故填daily。7.(2020·北京高考)Oliversaysifyou're________(luck)enoughtohavesomeoneclosetoyouwhoenjoyscooking,askthemif/whetheryoucanjoininwhenit'spossible.【解析】设空前有be动词，设空处应用形容词作表语。故填lucky。8.(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷)Inthe18thand19thcenturies,________(wealth)peopletravelledandcollectedplants,historicalobjectsandworksofart.【解析】句意：在18和19世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史文物和艺术品。此处修饰名词people，应用形容词作定语。故填wealthy。9.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)ChineseNewYearisa________(celebrate)markingtheendofthewinterseasonandthebeginningofspring.【解析】不定冠词a后接名词形式。故填celebration。10.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)________(certain)duringtheholidayperiod,thisplantisamust.【解析】句意：当然，在假日期间，这种植物是必需品。此处用副词修饰整个句子，且句首单词首字母大写。故填Certainly。

11.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷)Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular__________(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(环形山),moresothanthefamiliarnearside.

【解析】句意：月球背面令科学家尤其感兴趣……。此处为“be+of+n.”结构，相当于“be+adj.”，故填名词interest。12.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷)

Landingonthemoon’sfarsideis___________(extreme)challenging.

【解析】考查副词。修饰形容词challenging应用副词，故填extremely。13.(2020年全国Ⅱ卷)The__________(beauty)longbranchescoveredwithpink-coloredbuds(蓓蕾)makefantasticdecorations.

【解析】与long并列修饰名词branches，应用形容词，故填beautiful。14.(2020年全国Ⅲ卷)Filledwith___________(curious),theartistpackedhisbagsandleft.

【解析】作介词with的宾语，用名词，故填curiosity。15.(2019年全国Ⅰ卷)Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen___________(poor)studied.【解析】修饰动词studied作状语，应用副词，意为“研究很少”，故填poorly。16.(2019年全国Ⅰ卷)InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunavuthavereportedincreasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa___________

(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.【解析】前面的不定冠词提示我们，空格处应填名词，故填belief。17.(2019年全国Ⅱ卷)Heryearsofhardworkhave___________(final)beenacknowledgedafteracustomernominated(提名)hertobeCheshire’sWomanOfTheYear.

【解析】修饰动词havebeenacknowledged，应用副词，故填finally。18.(2019年全国Ⅱ卷)Butthenwegotanofficialletterandwewereblownaway.Wearesoproudofher.It’s____________(wonder).【解析】在系动词is后作表语应用形容词,

故填wonderful。19.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷)Whentheywerefreefromwork,theyinvitedustolocaleventsandletusknowofaninteresting____________(compete)towatch,togetherwiththestorybehindit.【解析】由空格前的不定冠词an及形容词interesting可知，空格处应该填名词，故填competition。20.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷)Theyalsosharedwithusmany___________(tradition)storiesaboutHawaiithatwere___________(huge)popularwithtourists.【解析】修饰名词stories应用形容词，故填traditional；修饰形容词popular应用副词，故填hugely。21.(2018年全国Ⅰ卷)Runningischeap,easyandit’salways___________

(energy).

【解析】作表语要用形容词，energetic表示“精力旺盛的，充满活力的”，故填energetic。22.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷)Atasteformeatis___________

(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens,pigs,andcattle.

【解析】修饰动词is作状语，用副词，故填actually。23.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷)Thisswitchhasdecreased___________(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.

【解析】作动词decreased的宾语，用名词，故填pollution。24.(2018年全国Ⅱ卷)AccordingtotheWorldBank,Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal_______(globe)fertilizerconsumption.

【解析】在名词短语fertilizerconsumption前作定语要用形容词，意为“全球的化肥消耗量”，故填global。25.(2018年全国Ⅰ卷)Toavoidkneepain,youcanrunonsoftsurfaces,doexercisesto_________

(strength)yourlegmuscles(肌肉),avoidhillsandgetgoodrunningshoes.

【解析】句意：为了避免肌肉疼痛，你可以在柔软的路面上跑步，做运动来增强腿部肌肉……。空处为表示目的的不定式，“to+动词原形”，故填动词形式strengthen，意为“增强，强化”。26.(2018年全国Ⅲ卷)MynameisMireyaMayor.I’ma__________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.

【解析】句意：我的名字是MireyaMayor。我是一名研究大猩猩和猴子之类的动物的科学家。根据句意及空格前的冠词a可知，此处应填名词，表示“科学家”，故填scientist。27.(2017全国Ⅰ卷)However,be________(care)nottogotoextremes.【解析】作表语要用形容词，句意为：小心别走极端，故填careful。28.(2017全国Ⅱ卷)Thisdevelopmentwasonlypossiblewiththe____________

(introduce)ofelectric-poweredenginesandlifts.

【解析】作介词的宾语要用名词以及在冠词the后要用名词，表示“采用，引入”，故填introduction。29.(2017全国Ⅱ卷)TheCentralLondonRailwaywasoneofthemost___________(success)ofthesenewlines,andwasopenedin1900.【解析】themost后要加形容词表最高级，故填successful。考情分析在近年高考中，直接体现在语法填空中的应用主要有：给出形容词提示词，填写副词或名词；给出动词，填写名词或形容词；给出名词，填写形容词。然而，构词法不仅体现在语法填空中，而是广泛分布在阅读、完形等各种题型中。掌握构词法是快速拓展词汇量，深入理解语篇的法宝。模拟操练1.(2023届江苏无锡期中调研)The___________(tradition)valuesofkungfu,actually,areinthemindsofallChinesepeople.【解析】修饰名词values应用形容词，故填traditional。2.(2023届贵州遵义期中考试)Ontheirroadback,theservicemenwereoverwhelmedbylocalresidents’_______(warm).【解析】在名词所有格residents’后应接名词，故填warmth。3.(2023届河南洛平许济一检)Thedolphin’s_________(able)topleasehumanshasmadeitoneofourfavouritesintheanimalkingdom.【解析】根据名词所有格dolphin’s可知，应用名词形式，表示“能力”。4.(2023届山东泰安期中考试)Studentsneedtomakerealeffortswhentakinglabourcourses,sotheycan________(real)cultivate(培养)virtuesofstrongwillpower,perseveranceandteamwork.【解析】修饰动词cultivate用副词，意为“真正地”，故填really。5.Tryingtomotivateyourselfinawaythatisn’t_________(attract)toyouwillmakeitdifficulttoconvinceyourselftowork.【解析】作表语用形容词，故填attractive。6.(2023届江苏常州期中考试)“Idon’twanttoparticipateatallinthemachinethat’sgoingto_________(cheap)whatIdo,”saidDanielDanger.【解析】因begoingto后接动词原形，结合句意可知，此处表示“使降价；使贬值”，故填cheapen。7.(2023届广西北海一模)Atfirst,thefarmersmisunderstandthe___________(intend)ofChengRan,oneoftheofficials,butthentheybecomefriends.【解析】作动词misunderstand的宾语，或在定冠词the和介词of之间用名词形式，意为“意图”，故填intention。8.(2023届广东广州阶段训练)Theseheritagesites__________(effective)protectedChina’srepresentativegeologicalrelics,mountains,forestsandlakes.【解析】修饰动词protected应用副词，故填effectively。9.(2023届重庆11月调研)Timemaylimitourabilitytokeepsocialties,butourdesireforsocialcommunicationis_______(limit).【解析】在系动词is后作表语，用形容词。由but可知，与前文“时间可能会限制我们保持社会联系的能力”相对，表示“但我们对社会交流的渴望是无限的”，故填limitless。10.(2023届江苏徐州期中考试)Aspartofthishistoricbreakthrough,theregionhasbeenmakingeffortstoenhancetheprotectionandinheritanceofethnicsportsandthe_____________(develop)ofoutdoorsports.【解析】作动词enhance的宾语，或在定冠词the和介词of之间用名词形式，表示“户外运动的发展”，故填development。11.(2023届山东烟台期中考试)ProfessorYangLeiandZhangLiangdiscussedChinesepoetryandpaintingwhileDaiJingangexposedtheaudiencetothecharm(魅力)oftraditionalChinesemedicineandthe_________(wise)ofhealthpreservation.【解析】在定冠词the和介词of之间用名词形式，表示“智慧”。12.(2023届江苏苏州期中调研)InSouthChina,thereisacustom__________(popular)knownas“havingQiucai(anautumnvegetable)ontheAutumnEquinoxday”.【解析】修饰known应用副词作状语，故填popularly。13.(2023届四川绵阳一诊)Now,theseedlingsofthetallshootricevarietyhavereacheda________(high)ofabout30cm.【解析】作动词havereached的宾语，或在冠词a和介词of之间，应用名词，故填height。14.(2023届河北保定期中测试)Amongtheexcavatedartifacts(出土文物),acompletegoldmaskabout10gramsin________(weigh),37.2centimeterswide,and16.5centimetershighwasunearthedfromNo.3Pitafewdaysago.【解析】作介词in的宾语应用名词，故填weight。15.(2023届辽宁沈阳期中考试)EmergingevidenceinhumanssuggeststheWesternhigh-fatandhighsugarjunkfooddietcanquickly_________(weak)yourbrain’sappetitecontrol.【解析】在情态动词can后应用动词，故填weaken。16.(2023届山东德州期中考试)Manyclimbingenthusiastsliketospendawholenightreachingitspeaktorecorditsbeautifulsunriseandenjoythehotspringfor__________(relax).【解析】作介词for的宾语，应用名词，故填relaxation。17.(2023届四川泸州一诊)Throughtheparticipationofagreaternumberofonlineusers,whogrowvirtualtrees,theSEEFoundationhasbeenprovidingsubsidieswhileoffering___________(power)supportintechnologyfordesertareas.【解析】修饰名词support，用形容词作定语，故填powerful。18.(2023届浙江湖州、丽水、衢州质检)Overthenext30years,videogamesexplodedin_____________(popular).Moreandmorecountries,suchasSouthKorea,ChinaandtheUnitedStates,startedtodevelopeSportsintoanindustry.【解析】作介词in的宾语，用名词形式，意为“受欢迎；流行”，故填popularity。19.(2023届河南焦作期中考试)SunMoonLakeislocatedinthecentralregionofTaiwan.Itcoversanareaof7.7squarekilometersandhasanaveragewater_______(deep)of40meters.【解析】作动词has的宾语，应填名词形式depth，adepthof意为“深度为……”，故填depth。20.(2023届重庆11月调研)Inthepast,friendshipswere

________(great)limitedbytime,spaceandattention.【解析】修饰动词werelimited，用副词作状语，故填greatly。21.(2023年1月浙江卷)Thehutongstheyformedwereorderly,linedby__________(space)homesandwalledgardens.【解析】修饰名词homes，用形容词作定语，表示“宽敞的”，故填spacious。22.(2023届四川资阳一诊)Thosepassageways,withatotallengthof59kilometers,enableantelopes(羚羊)andotheranimalstogoacrosstherailway_______(free).【解析】修饰动词go，用副词作状语，表示“自由地”，故填freely。23.PlasticlabeledBPA-freemightuseotherchemicalsthathave_________(harm)healtheffects.【解析】在名词前作定语，意为“有害健康的化学物质”，用harm的形容词形式harmful。24.(2023届河南新乡一模)Inadditionto__________(extreme)largeamountsofmanualwork,technologyalsoprovidesaprotectivebarrierforthecitywall.【解析】修饰形容词large，用副词作状语，故填extremely。25.Thankstothehotanddryclimatethatresultsfrombeingsurroundedbythedesert,hugequantitiesoflargeand_________(juice)grapeswithverythinskinsareproduced.【解析】修饰名词grapes作定语，应用形容词，故填juicy。26.(2023届山东德州期中考试)TheQinlingpandaisdistinguishedbyits__________(slight)smallersizeandfurthatisbrownratherthanblack.【解析】修饰形容词smaller应用副词作状语，故填slightly。27.Robotsarealsoabletoworkin____________(danger)situations.【解析】修饰名词situations应用形容词，故填dangerous。28.(2023届广东大湾区一模)Otheractivitiesduringthefestival__________(main)includesweepingdustandmakingChinesepapercutsforwindowdecoration.【解析】修饰动词include应用副词，故填mainly。29.It’sobviousthatthisserviceis_____________(convenience)totheold,especiallytothedisabledcustomers.【解析】作表语用形容词，故填convenient。30.(2023届江苏盐城期中考试)Theefficiencyofwateruseintheareaisamongthehighest_________(global),saidanofficialattheadministrativecommitteeofBeijingE-Town.【解析】修饰介词短语amongthehighest，用副词作状语，故填globally。31.ThestructuralprinciplesofChinesearchitecturehaveremainedlargely___________(change),themainchangesbeingonlythedecorativedetails.【解析】因remained在此处是系动词，由后面的only可知是没有变化，故填形容词unchanged。32.(2023届河南洛平许济一检)Butwhiledolphinsshowsuchfriendlinesstowardshumans,__________(unlucky),humansdon’treturnthefavour.Pollutionandfishingnetsaretwooftheterribledangerstheyface.【解析】修饰整个句子作状语，应用副词，故填unluckily。33.“Thisisimportanttohelptargeteffortstoreducedepression,whichmakesitmuchharderforpeopletoadopt

________(health)lifestylehabits,”saidDrJessTyrrell.【解析】修饰名词lifestylehabits应用形容词，故填healthy。34.Evenifagradeisnotgiven,thestudentis____________(responsibility)forlearningthematerialassigned.【解析】系动词后应接形容词作表语，故填responsible。35.(2023届四川资阳一诊)Basedonyearsof__________(science)observationofwildlifemigrationintheregion,thebridgewasbuiltwiththepurposeofreducingthehighway’seffectontheanimals.【解析】在名词observation前作定语，用形容词，表示“科学观察”，故填scientific。36.DragonisabeliefofChinesenationanda_______(gold)Chineseelement(元素).【解析】修饰名词element需用形容词，故填golden。37.(2023届山东济南期中考试)___________(hopeful),thedonatedbookswillopenanewwindowofunderstandingofChinesec