英语专业词汇学的部分重点讲解

英语专业词汇学的部分重点讲解

chapter3

questionsandtasks

1)explainthefollowingtermswithexamples:

a.morpheme

b.allomorphs

c.freeandboundmorpheme

d.boundroot

e.inflectionalmorpheme

2)whatarethedifferentsbetweeninflectionalandboundaffixes?

3)howarewordsclassifiedonthemorphemelevel?

4)inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixesclassified?

5)whataretheinflectionalaffixesinmodernenglish?

6)analyzethemorphologicalstructuresofthefollowingwordsandpointoutthetypeofmorphemes.

recollection

nationalists

unearthly

revive

分析“denaturalization”

关于第三章的笔记！

denaturalization

n.非自然化,剥夺国籍,变性

a)de*natur*al*iz*ation

i.

de-

isaddedtoaverbinordertochangethemeaningoftheverbtoitsopposite.

de-

isaddedtoanouninordertomakeitaverbreferringtotheremovalofthethingdescribedbythenoun.

eg.1)defrost:vt.除霜,使(冰的食物)融化vi.解冻

frost:n.霜,霜冻,严寒v.结霜

1.naturalizationn.移入,移植

ii.nature

*naturen.自然,自然界,大自然,自然状态,本性,天性,种类

iii.–al:adjectivesuffix

suffixn.[语]后缀,下标vt.添后缀

*natural

adj.自然的,自然界的,关于自然界的,天生的,天赋的,普通的,正常的,简单自然的本位号

iv.

–ize

:verbsuffix

1.natural:adj.(1)天然的,自然产生的;(2)物质(世界)的,非精神的

2.naturalizev.使入国籍,移植；促使符合于自然

(ifthegovernmentofacountrynaturalizessomeone,theyallowapersonwhowasnotborninthatcountrytobecomeacitizenofit.)

3.–ation:nounsuffix（1）表示“动作”（2）表示“结果”（3）表示“状态”naturalization

n.移入,移植

关于Chapter4(1)

1)构词法的种类：affixation;compounding;conversion;shortening(clipping,cronymy);blending

2)clipping:截短法

a)cell:cellularphone(n.便携式电话)

b)flu:influenza(流行性感冒)

3)acronymy:首字母缩略词

a)WTO:WorldTradeOrganization

b)laser:lightamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation

4)blending:拼缀词

a)smog:(n.烟雾)

sm(oke)+(f)og

b)brunch:br(eakfast)+(l)unch

(n.早午餐)

c)motel:motor+hotel

(n.汽车旅馆)

d)

telephone+quiz

{这两个拼成什么我忘了？？？？）

区别non-与un-前缀

Thereisoccasionaluncertaintyastothechoicebetweentheprefixesun-andin-.

Ingeneral,thenativeEnglishformun-isthemorewidelyapplicable.Itistheusualchoicewithsimplestems,asinunfair,unclean,uneven,or

unripe,andwithwordsbearingnativeEnglishendings:

unceasing,unmindful,unwealthy,unselfish,or

unwholesome.In-isusedprimarilywithestablishedwordsoriginallyhavingLatinendings:inaccurate,incapacity,indivisible,insignificant,illegal,impossible,orirregular.SometimestheadditionofaLatinatesuffixtoawordchangesitfromthe

un-categorytothein-category:thus,wehaveunable,unequal,unjust,undivided,andunstablebutinability,inequality,injustice,indivisible,and

instability.AfewwordswithLatinatesuffixesdotakeun-:

unadventurous,unceremonious,unconditional,and

unconventional.Afewstemsappearwithbothprefixeswithdistinctionsofmeaning.

Inhumanmeans“brutal,monstrous”whileunhumanmeans“notofhumanform,superhuman.”Whenusedwithadjectives,

un-oftenhasasensedistinctfromthatof

non-.Non-picksoutthesetofthingsthatarenotinthecategorydenotedbythestemtowhichitisattached,whereasun-picksoutpropertiesunlikethoseoftheprototypicalexemplarsofthecategory.Thusnonmilitarypersonnelarethosewhoarenotmembersofthemilitary,whereassomeonewhois

unmilitaryisunlikeaprototypicalsoldierindress,habits,orattitudes.

例如：non-scientific(非科学领域)

unscientific(notscientific不科学的)

c)Juxtaposition(ofantonyms):反义词并置

.hereandthere四处，到处

.upanddown上上下下，一处处

.hitormiss不论命中不命中;不管成功不成功;胡乱地

（hitandmiss不论命中不命中;不管成功不成功;胡乱地）

.rainorshine(1)不论晴雨,风雨无阻(2)无论如何,在任何情况下

.wealandwoe(for[in]wealandwoe)无论是祸是福,无论在顺境或逆境

.firstandlast总的说来,主要地,始终,完全

.highandlow各处，到处;高低贵贱的人们

.backandforth来回;往复；前前后后

.rightandleft(1)向[从]左右两边(2)到处,四面八方

.soonerorlater或早或迟

.playfastandloose(takeadvantagebytellinglies)反复无常;出尔反尔;靠不住

.moveheavenandearth(doanythingpossible)想尽一切办法;竭尽全力

.fromheadtofoot从头到脚

.fromstarttofinish自始自终,彻头彻尾

.manandwife:夫妻

.throughthickandthin同甘共苦;在任何情况下;不避艰险,赴汤蹈火

.nowandthen(=everyonceinawhile).不时,时而,偶而

.offandon(=onandoff)断断续续地;不规则地

.sinkorswim(1)孤注一掷;不管好歹(2)独立生活,自己去闯

3.figuresofspeech(修辞格):

a)Largenumbersofidiomsareusedintheirmetaphoricalmeaning.

b)simile:

Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducedbylikeoras,asinHowlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeenorSoareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife(Shakespeare).明喻一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）

.(As)muteasafish:默不作声

.asdeadasadoornail:Undoubtedlydead.确已死亡的

.asgracefulasaswan:姿态优美,举止端庄

.likearatinahole:瓮中之鳖

.eatlikeahorse:大吃

.sleeplikealog:睡得死死地

.Timeflieslikeanarrow:光阴似箭。

.spendmoneylikewater:花钱如流水

.asfirmasrock:屹立不动的；值得信赖的

c)metaphor:

Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison,asin

“aseaoftroubles”or“Alltheworld'sastage”(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)

i.Insomeidioms,animalsareusedtorefertopeople:

.blacksheep:败类；害群之马；不肖之徒(thememberthoughttobeadisgraceinthefamily)

.adarkhorse:(1)赛马时出冷门的马(2)出人意料的获胜者(3)[美政]出冷门的候选人(4)品德、性格、才能不明的人(apersonwhotendstokeeptheiractivities,feelings,orintentionssecret,andwhomayhaveunexpectedqualitiesorabilities.)

.greymare:(thewiferulesherhusband)

ii.Inanimatethingstorefertopeople:

1.newbroom:新就职者,新上任的官员

Anewbroomsweepsclean.新官上任三把火

2.flattire:(AmEaboringperson)讨厌的人

3.thesaltoftheearth:社会中坚(来自《圣经》);为众人表率的人物,最好的人(thefewofthehighestexcellence)

iii.Thingstorefertosomethingelse.

1.bedofdust坟墓(grave)

2.crocodiletears鳄鱼泪,假慈悲(signsofinsinceresorrow)

3.awetblanket扫兴的事,扫兴的人(somethingthatspoilsthepleasure,etc)

4.blackbottle毒药(poison)

iv.Actions,statetorefertoabstractideasorotheractions,state,etc.

1.sitonthefence观望形势,抱骑墙态度;踌躇;犹豫未决(takeimpartialattitude)

2.cutthegroundfromundersb拆某人的台;以先发制人的手段破坏某人计划;使某人论点站不住脚(destroysomeone’ssuccessbytakinghisideas,actingbeforehim)

3.fallfromgrace堕落,犯罪;【宗】失却天恩(deteriorateorcommitcrime)

d)metonymy:

Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseof

WashingtonfortheUnitedStatesgovernmentorof

theswordformilitarypower.

换喻，转喻一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美政府或用剑代替军事力量

i.inthecradle在幼年时代;在最初的时侯(inone’schildhood)

ii.livebyone’spen以写作为生,吃笔墨饭(livebywriting)

iii.fromthecradletothegrave从生到死(frombirthtodeath)

iv.make(up)apurse(1)募捐,筹款(2)储蓄,攒钱(raisemoney)

e)synecdoche:

Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole(as

handfor

sailor),thewholeforapart(as

thelawfor

policeofficer),thespecificforthegeneral(as

cutthroatfor

assassin),thegeneralforthespecific(as

thieffor

pickpocket),orthematerialforthethingfromwhichitismade(as

steelfor

sword).

举隅法，提喻法一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）

metonymy&synecdoche

Theydifferinthattheformerisacaseofusingthenameofonethingforanothercloselyassociatedwithitandthelatteristhatofsubstitutingpartforthewholeandviceversa.

i.earnone’sbread维持生活(makealiving)

ii.fallintogoodhands遇到好人（goodpeople）

iii.twohandsarebetterthanone两人智慧胜一人

f)personification:

Afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanform,asin

Hungersatshiveringontheroador

Flowersdancedaboutthelawn.拟人，人格化给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象，如在句子饥饿站在路上颤抖或花儿在草地上翩翩起舞

Artisticrepresentationofanabstractqualityorideaasaperson.

拟人化表现把抽象事物或思想赋予人性的艺术表现手法

i.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.失败是成功之母。

ii.Actionspeaklouderthanwords[谚]行动比语言更有效。

iii.Thepotcallsthekettleblack.[谚]五十步笑百步;乌鸦嫌猪黑。

iv.Fireandwateraregoodservants,butbadmasters.[谚]水火无情。

g}euphemism:

Afigureofspeechinwhichanoffensive,harsh,orbluntwordorexpressionisavoidedandonethatismilderbutlesspreciseoraccurateisusedinstead.

委婉，委婉的说法用一个适度的、不直接的、含糊的词来取代一个令人感到粗鲁的、过于率直、具有冒犯性的词：

i.payacallofnature[口](大小便的委婉语)上厕所,解手(theneedtopasswateroremptythebowels)

ii.sleeparound到处去睡，到处与人发生性行为(befreewithone’ssexualfavoursorbehavepromiscuously)

iii.powderone’snose(妇女上厕所的委婉语)去化妆室,出去一下(gototherestroom)

3}variationofidioms:习语的变异形式

1.Characterizedbysemanticunityandstructuralstability,idiomsdonotallowchangesasarule.

Butstructuralstabilityisnotabsolute.

2.variationofidioms:

a}replacement:（代替）

Insomeidioms,aconstituentmaybereplacedbyawordofthesamepartofspeech,resultinginsynonymousorantonymous

i.makeafigure:崭露头角

cutafigure:崭露头角,出风头

ii.makeagreatcoup:大获成功,一鸣惊人

pulloffagreatcoup:极大成功，一鸣惊人

iii.catchholdof:抓住v.

get/seize/takeholdof:抓住,得到/抓住,占领/握住

iv.keepone’sword:守信v.

breakone’sword:食言,失信v.

v.takeheart:振作v.

loseheart:丧失勇气v.

b)additionordeletion:（增词或减词）

Insomeinstances,moreconstituentscanbeaddedordeleted,whichdoesnotaffectthemeaningoftheidioms.

i.behindbars:关在监牢里

behindthebars

ii.allnight:整夜,通宵,彻夜

forallnight:

iii.forgood:永久地,一劳永逸地

forgoodandall:永久地adv.

iv.asbroadaslong:长宽相等的,无区别的

asbroadasitislong:

v.thankone’sstarts:谢天谢地

thankone’sluckystarts:谢天谢地

c)position-shifting:（移位）

Thepositionofcertainconstituentsinsomeidiomscanbeshiftedwithoutanychangeinmeaning.

i.dayandnight=nightandday:

ii.youngandold=oldandyoung:

iii.pinbacksb’sears=pinsb’searsback:收拾某人

d)shortening:（缩略）

Thisoccasionallyoccursinproverbsandsayings,whereonlyapartofthemisusedinsteadofthewhole.

i.thelaststraw:终于使人不支的最后一击,导火线

Itisthelaststrawthatbreaksthecamel'sback.[谚]最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼背脊;最后凑上的一个细小因素引发一场大祸。

ii.velvetpaws:(1)虚假的温柔(2)掩盖残酷行为的外衣

velvetpawshidesharpclaws:笑里藏刀,口蜜腹剑

iii.Jackofalltrades(Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone三脚猫):n.万事通；博而不精的人

e)dismembering:（肢解）

ItiswhatImeanbybreakinguptheidiomsintopieces,anunusualcaseofuseofidiomsparticularlyinliteratureorpopularpresstoachievespecialeffect.

Idiomsandphrase:

1)heartandsoul:adv.全心全意地

2)whiteelephant:n.[a.+n.]somethinguselessandunwantedbutbigandcostly.大而无用的东西,白象,累赘物

3)hightea:n.Afairlysubstantialmealthatincludesteaandisservedinthelateafternoonorearlyevening.下午茶下午或傍晚前进食的非常丰富的餐食包括茶水

4)coldshoulder:n.InformalDeliberatecoldnessordisregard;aslightorasnub怠慢故意的冷落或轻视；怠慢或轻慢

5)redherring:n.Somethingthatdrawsattentionawayfromthecentralissue.转移注意力者把注意力从中心论题转移开的东西

6)narrowescape:n.九死一生,幸免于难

7)braintrust:n.[n.+n.]agroupofpeoplewithspecialknowledgewhoanswerquestionsorgiveadvice.智囊团，专家顾问团一个通常非正式地担任顾问和政策制定者的专家小组，尤指政府部门中的

8)fleshandblood:n.[n.+conj.+n.]relativesorfamily一个人的血亲；亲属

(2)Humannatureorphysicalexistence,togetherwithitsweaknesses.人的本性包括各种弱点的人的本性或物质存在

9)anappleofdiscord:n.[n.+prep.+n.]causeofdisagreementorargument,etc.争端,祸根

10)Jackofalltrades(Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone三脚猫):n.万事通；博而不精的人

11)flyintheointment:n.[n.+prep.+n.]somethingthatspoilstheperfectionofsomething.小挫折

12)braindrain:n.智囊流失

13)theinsandtheouts:n.执政党和在野党,复杂情况

14)sonandheir:n.子嗣

15)partandparcel:n.重要的部分

16)afriendincourt:n.有势力的朋友

17)wetblanket:n.弄湿的毯子,扫兴的事Onethatdiscouragesenjoymentorenthusiasm.

18)cat'spaw:n.受人利用者；傀儡

19)king'sweathern.好天气

20)Achilles'heel:n.Aseeminglysmallbutactuallymortalweakness.阿喀琉斯的脚踝一看来很小但致命的弱点//

21)cutanddried:adj.[a.+a.]alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged.固定的；已成定局的；已决定的;不大会改变的//

22)aspoorasachurchmouse:adj.[as+a.+as+n.]having,orearning,barelyenoughmoneyforone’sneeds.一贫如洗,赤贫的//

23)wideofthemark:adj.[a.+prep.+n.]notatallsuitable,correctetc.毫不相关

24)beyondthepale:adj.[prep.+n.]beyondthelimitofproperbehaviour.在...范围之外

25)upintheair:adj.[adv.+prep.+n.]uncertain.悬而未决

26)highanddry:adj.（船）在岸上；孤立无援，被遗弃【a.+a.】

Heleftmehighanddry.他使我陷于困境

27)uptothehammer:adv.第一流,极好

28)nullandvoid:adj.无效的

29)highandmighty:<口>趾高气扬地;骄傲自大的；位高权大的

30)onthego:(1)[口]在进行活动,忙碌;(2)刚要动身

31)oncall:adj.随叫随到的,待命的

32)wetbehindtheears:adj.少不更事的,初出茅庐的,乳臭未干的

33)lookinto:调查，研究

34)goon:continue

35)putoff:推迟,拖延,搪塞,使分心,使厌恶,扔掉,脱掉,劝阻

36)turnon:

37)getawaywith:dosomethingwrongwithoutbeingpunished.(phrasalverbs)侥幸成功,逃避惩罚[责备,追究]

38)putdownto:statethatsomethingiscausedorexplainedby.(phrasalverbs)把……归结于

39)followone’snose:[v.+poss.+n.]gostraightahead,gointhesamedirection.笔直走,凭本能做事(verbphrases)

40)makeit:[v.+pron.]arriveintime;succeed.及时赶到，成功(verbphrases)

41)fallflat:[v.+a.]failcompletelyinitsintendedorexpectedeffect.达不到预期效果,完全失败(verbphrases)

42)givesb.thebag:[v.+pron.+n.]fireordismisssomebody.(verbphrases)

43)singadifferenttune:[v.+a.+n.]changeone’sopinionorattitude(verbphrases)

44)callitaday:[v.+pron.+n.]decideoragreetostopeithertemporarilyorforgood.暂时停止；结束一天的工作(verbphrases)

45)chopandchange:[v.+conj.+v.]fluctuateorvaryconstantly;keepchangingone’sopinion,etc.

持续浮动或变动；不断变换注意和观点，等等(verbphrases)

46)swimagainstthestream:[v.+prep.phrase]dotheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplewanttodo;goagainstthewaythingsarehappening.反潮流；逆潮流行事(verbphrases)

47)comebacktoearth:[v.+adv.+prep.phrase]stopimaginingordreaming.(verbphrases)

48)makeendsmeet:[v+n+v]earnwhatitcoststolive.收支相抵(verbphrases)

49)keepthepotboiling:[v+n+v-ing]earnenoughtomaintainanadequatestandardofliving;keepasituationactive,amusing,etc.谋生,维持生活,使保持活泼(verbphrases)

50)letthedogseetherabbit:[v+n+inf(不定是式)]donotgetinthewayofanotherwhowishestoseeordosth.不要挡某人的视线或碍某人的事(verbphrases)

51)bitethehandthatfeedsone:repaykindnesswithwrong,turnagainstorhurtahelperorsupporter.恩将仇报(verbphrases)

52)playtothegallery:v.迎合低级趣味;哗众取宠,迎合低级趣味

53)fallshort:v.

缺乏;不足;达不到(目标);不符合

54)singlow:谨慎小心地说话,说话谦和有节制

55)makegood:v.成功,补偿,赔偿;成功,实现

56)comeclean:v.全盘招供

57)toothandnail:adv.[n+n]withgreatviolenceanddetermination.竭尽全力

58)innothingflat:adv.[prep+n+a]inaverylittletime;soon.马上,立刻

59)throughthickandthin:adv.[prep+n+conj+n]throughalldifficultiesandtroubles不畏艰险

英语词汇学中的习语

1)heartandsoul:adv.全心全意地

2)whiteelephant:n.[a.+n.]somethinguselessandunwantedbutbigandcostly.大而无用的东西,白象,累赘物

3)hightea:n.Afairlysubstantialmealthatincludesteaandisservedinthelateafternoonorearlyevening.下午茶下午或傍晚前进食的非常丰富的餐食包括茶水

4)coldshoulder:n.InformalDeliberatecoldnessordisregard;aslightorasnub怠慢故意的冷落或轻视；怠慢或轻慢

5)redherring:n.Somethingthatdrawsattentionawayfromthecentralissue.转移注意力者把注意力从中心论题转移开的东西

6)narrowescape:n.九死一生,幸免于难

7)braintrust:n.[n.+n.]agroupofpeoplewithspecialknowledgewhoanswerquestionsorgiveadvice.智囊团，专家顾问团一个通常非正式地担任顾问和政策制定者的专家小组，尤指政府部门中的

8)fleshandblood:n.[n.+conj.+n.]relativesorfamily一个人的血亲；亲属

(2)Humannatureorphysicalexistence,togetherwithitsweaknesses.人的本性包括各种弱点的人的本性或物质存在

9)anappleofdiscord:n.[n.+prep.+n.]causeofdisagreementorargument,etc.争端,祸根

10)Jackofalltrades(Jackofalltradesandmasterofnone三脚猫):n.万事通；博而不精的人

11)flyintheointment:n.[n.+prep.+n.]somethingthatspoilstheperfectionofsomething.小挫折

12)braindrain:n.智囊流失

13)theinsandtheouts:n.执政党和在野党,复杂情况

14)sonandheir:n.子嗣

15)partandparcel:n.重要的部分

16)afriendincourt:n.有势力的朋友

17)wetblanket:n.弄湿的毯子,扫兴的事Onethatdiscouragesenjoymentorenthusiasm.

18)cat'spaw:n.受人利用者；傀儡

19)king'sweathern.好天气

20)Achilles'heel:n.Aseeminglysmallbutactuallymortalweakness.阿喀琉斯的脚踝一看来很小但致命的弱点

21)cutanddried:adj.[a.+a.]alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged.固定的；已成定局的；已决定的;不大会改变的//

22)aspoorasachurchmouse:adj.[as+a.+as+n.]having,orearning,barelyenoughmoneyforone’sneeds.一贫如洗,赤贫的//

23)wideofthemark:adj.[a.+prep.+n.]notatallsuitable,correctetc.毫不相关

24)beyondthepale:adj.[prep.+n.]beyondthelimitofproperbehaviour.在...范围之外

25)upintheair:adj.[adv.+prep.+n.]uncertain.悬而未决

26)highanddry:adj.（船）在岸上；孤立无援，被遗弃【a.+a.】

Heleftmehighanddry.他使我陷于困境

27)uptothehammer:adv.第一流,极好

28)nullandvoid:adj.无效的

29)highandmighty:<口>趾高气扬地;骄傲自大的；位高权大的

30)onthego:(1)[口]在进行活动,忙碌;(2)刚要动身

31)oncall:adj.随叫随到的,待命的

32)wetbehindtheears:adj.少不更事的,初出茅庐的,乳臭未干的

33)lookinto:调查，研究

34)goon:continue

35)putoff:推迟,拖延,搪塞,使分心,使厌恶,扔掉,脱掉,劝阻

36)turnon:

37)getawaywith:dosomethingwrongwithoutbeingpunished.(phrasalverbs)侥幸成功,逃避惩罚[责备,追究]

38)putdownto:statethatsomethingiscausedorexplainedby.(phrasalverbs)把……归结于

39)followone’snose:[v.+poss.+n.]gostraightahead,gointhesamedirection.笔直走,凭本能做事(verbphrases)

40)makeit:[v.+pron.]arriveintime;succeed.及时赶到，成功(verbphrases)

41)fallflat:[v.+a.]failcompletelyinitsintendedorexpectedeffect.达不到预期效果,完全失败(verbphrases)

42)givesb.thebag:[v.+pron.+n.]fireordismisssomebody.(verbphrases)

43)singadifferenttune:[v.+a.+n.]changeone’sopinionorattitude(verbphrases)

44)callitaday:[v.+pron.+n.]decideoragreetostopeithertemporarilyorforgood.暂时停止；结束一天的工作(verbphrases)

45)chopandchange:[v.+conj.+v.]fluctuateorvaryconstantly;keepchangingone’sopinion,etc.

持续浮动或变动；不断变换注意和观点，等等(verbphrases)

46)swimagainstthestream:[v.+prep.phrase]dotheoppositeofwhatmostpeoplewanttodo;goagainstthewaythingsarehappening.反潮流；逆潮流行事(verbphrases)

47)comebacktoearth:[v.+adv.+prep.phrase]stopimaginingordreaming.(verbphrases)

48)makeendsmeet:[v+n+v]earnwhatitcoststolive.收支相抵(verbphrases)

49)keepthepotboiling:[v+n+v-ing]earnenoughtomaintainanadequatestandardofliving;keepasituationactive,amusing,etc.谋生,维持生活,使保持活泼(verbphrases)

第一章

1.WordAwordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.

2.Thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningasthesymbolicconnectionbetweenthemisarbitraryandconventional.E.g.“woman”means‘Frau’inGerman,‘Femme’inFrenchand‘Funv‘inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound/rait/canmeanright,riteandwrite,thoughdenotingdifferentthings,yethavethesamesound.

3.Thedifferencebetweensoundandformresultfrom4majorfactors.

(Atleast80%oftheEnglishwordsfitconsistentspellingpatterns)

a).theinternalreasonisEnglishalphabetdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguage.

b).Pronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspelling

c).Influenceoftheworkofscribes/printingfreezesthespellingofwordsin1500

d).Borrowingofforeignlanguage

4.VocabularyVocabularyismostcommonlyusedtorefertothesumtotalofallthewordsofalanguage.Itcanalsorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivensubjectandallthewordspossessedbyanindividualpersonaswellasallthewordscurrentinaparticularperiodoftimeinhistory.

ThegeneralestimateofthepresentdayEnglishvocabularyisover1millionwords.

Ë5.ClassificationofWords—byusefrequency,bynotion,byorigin

1).Basicwordstock–thefoundationofthevocabulary.

1.allnationalcharacter(mostimportant)–

naturalphenomena

mostcommonthingsandphenomenaofthe

humanbodyandrelations

worldaroundus

namesofplantsandanimals

action,size,domain,state

numerals,pronouns,prep.,conj.

2.stability–theydonatethecommonestthingnecessarytolife,theyareliketoremainunchanged.Onlyrelative,someareundergoingsomechanges.Butthechangeisslow.

e.g.

arrow,bow,chariot,knight–past

electricity,machine,car,plane--now

3.productivity–theyaremostlyrootwordsormonosyllabicwords,

theycanformnewwordswithotherrootsandaffixes.

e.g.foot–football,footage,footpath,footer

4.polysemy–oftenpossessmorethanonemeaning.Becomepolysemous.

e.g.taketomoveorcarryfromoneplacetoanother

toremove

5.collocability–quiteanumberofsetexpressions,idiomaticusages,proverbialsayingandothers

e.g.heart–achangeofheart,aheartofgold

Non-basicvocabulary--

1.terminology–technicalterms

photoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus

2.jargon–specializedvocabularyincertainprofessions.

Bottomline,ballparkfigures,bargainingchips,holdhimback,holdhimin,paranoid

3.slang--substandardwordsoftenusedininformaloccasions

doughandbread,grassandpot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,

Certainwordsarelabeledslangbecauseoftheirusage.

4.

argot–wordsusedbysub-culturedgroups

can-opener,dip,persuader

cant,jargon,argotareassociatedwith,ormostavailableto,specificgroupsofthepopulation.

5.dialectalwords–onlybyspeakersofthedialect

beauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog

6.archaisms–wordsnolongerincommonuseorrestrictedinuse.Inolderpoems,legaldocumentandreligiouswritingorspeech.

7.neologism–newlycreatedwordswithnewmeaninge.g.microelectronics,futurology,

AIDS,internet,E-mail

oldmeaningacquirednewmeaninge.g.mouse,monitor

2).Contentword(notionalword)–denoteclearnotions.

Functionalword(emptyword,formword)–donothavenotionsoftheirown,expresstherelationbetweennotions,wordsandsentences.

a.

ContentwordsconstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabularyarenumerous.

Functionalwordsareinasmallnumber.

b.Contentwordsaregrowing.

Functionalwordsremainstable.

c.Functionalwordsdofarmoreworkofexpressionthancontentwords.

3).Nativewords–arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe15centurybytheGermantribes.

Ango-SaxonWords,50,000-60,000

Whatistrueofthebasicwordstockisalsotrueofnativeworld.Moreare

1.neutralinstyle

(notstylisticalspecific)

2.2.frequentinuse(inacademicfieldsandscienceFrench,LatinorGreekareused)(usage70-90%)

Borrowedwords(loanwords,borrowing)–wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguage.80%

Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloanwordsunder4classes.

1.Denizens–wordsborrowedearlyandnowarewellassimilatedintoEnglishlanguage.

e.g.

port

fromportus(L)shift,change,shirt,pork

cupfromcuppa(L)

2.Aliens–retainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling

e.g.décor(F)

blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,statusquo

3.translationloans–formedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.

1).Wordtranslatedaccordingtothemeaning

e.g.

mothertoughfrom

linguamaternal(L)

blackhumorfromhumornoir

longtimenosee,surplusvalue,masterpiece

2).Wordstranslatedaccordingtothesound

e.g.

kulakfromkyrak(Russ)

lamafromlama(Tib)

ketchup

tea

4.Semanticloans–theirmeaningareborrowedfromanotherlanguage

e.g.

stupidolddump

newsassy

dreamoldjoyandpeace

pioneeroldexplorer/persondoingpioneeringwork

newamemberoftheyoungpioneer

fresholdimpertinent,sassy,cheeky

第二章

Indo-Europeanlanguagefamily(Europe,theNearEast,India)

Balto–Slavic

Indo-Iranian

Italic

Germanic

Prussian

Persian

Portuguese

Norwegian

Lithuanian

Hindi

Spanish

Icelandie

Polish

Italian

Danish

Bulgarian

Roumanian

Swedish

Slovenian

French

English

Russian

German

Albanian

Armenian

Celtic

Hellenic

Irish

Greek

Breton

Scottish

2.History(时间，历史事件，特征)

1)OldEnglish(450-1150)totally50,000-60,000words

The1stpeopleknowntoinhabitEnglandwereCelts,thelanguagewasCeltic.

ThesecondlanguagewastheLatinoftheRomanLegions.

TheGermanictribescalledangles,SaxonsandJutesandtheirlanguage,Anglo-SaxondominatedandblottedouttheCeltic.NowpeoplerefertoAnglo-SaxonasoldEnglish.

Attheendof6thcentury,theintroductionofChristianityhasagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.

Thecommonpracticewastocreatenewwordsbycombiningtwonativewords.

Inthe9thcentury,manyScandinavianwordscameintoEnglish.Atleast900wordsofScandinavianareinmodernEnglish,ourdailylifeandspeech.

特点:

highlyinflectedlanguage

complexendingsorvowelchanges(fullending)

2)MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)English,Latin,French

Until1066,althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.ButtheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.

Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Englishgraduallycomebackintopublicareas.

Between1250and150about9000wordsofFrenchorigincomeintoEnglish.75%ofthemaretillinusetoday.

Asmanyas2500wordsofDutchorigincomeintoEnglish.

特点:fewerinflections

leveledending

3)ModernEnglish(1500-uptonow)earlymodernEnglish(1500-1700)

latemodernEnglish(1700-uptonow)

TheRenaissance,LatinandGreekwererecognizedasthelanguagesoftheWesternworld’sgreatliteraryheritage.

TheIndustrialRevolutionwasinthemid-17century.Withthegrowthofcolonization,Britishtentaclesbeganastretchingoutoftoeverycorneroftheglobe,thusenablingEnglishtoabsorbwordsfromallmajorlanguagesoftheworld.

AfterWorldWarII,manynewwordshavebeencreatedtoexpressnewideas,inventionsandscientific