2025年北京高考英语二轮复习：阅读理解议论文（解析版）

热点题型•选择题攻略

阅读理解议论文

01题型综述

2024年北京高考英语阅读理解试题题材广泛，涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然等多个主题语境，

贴近时代、贴近社会、贴近生活、贴近学生。试题依托语篇，全面考查学生的阅读理解能力，突出高阶思

维的考查，引导中学教学回归课标、回归课堂。阅读理解的选材注重价值引领，体现学科的育人功能。例

如，有的文章讲述了作者在一次考试失败后，不断突破自我、锲而不舍追逐梦想的历程；有的文章指出人

类应停止“宇宙是不是模拟”的争论，依托新的科技成果，创造性地探索未知世界；还有的文章从科学的

视角探讨道德规范的根源。这些文章不仅有助于考生获取有效信息，正确认识世界和中国发展大势，还能

培养考生的国际意识和文化素养。

阅读理解题型多样，包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。试题考查考生对语篇内容、语篇

结构的理解和把握，以及对语篇内容的分析、阐释和评价。

考点分布

年份体裁词数话题细节推理主旨词义

理解判断大意猜测

2024说明文384人与社会:人类道德准则的形成过程及人类建立道德准则1110

的标准

2022议论文400人与社会：量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？1111

2021议论文480人与社会/自然：文章通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们1210

应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。

2020议论文433人与社会：通用人工智能技术1201

02解题攻略

议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论

据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。

在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合

理的推断。

题型01主旨大意题

【题型诠释】

主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。根据多年的备考及高考实践，这类题

目考查的范围是：基本论点、文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运

用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题。

干扰项：可能是文中某个具体事实或细节、可能是从文中某些（不完全的）事实或细节片面推出的错误结

论、可能是非文章事实的主观臆断。而正确答案需要根据文章全面理解而归纳概括出来；不能太笼统、言

过其实或以偏概全。

国国国图

考生在解答这类题型时，需要从整体上理解语篇内容，找出贯穿语篇的主线；不管是何种体裁的文

章，都是围绕一个主题来展开的。在试题设计上，3个干扰项的内容一般在文章里或多或少都有涉及，

但并非主要内容，需要注意甄别。

【典例】

（2023•北京朝阳•二模）Superhumanartificialintelligenceisalreadyamongus.Well,sortof.Whenitcomes

toplayinggameslikechessandGo,orsolvingdifficultscientificchallengeslikepredictingproteinstructures,

computersarewellaheadofus.Butwehaveonesuperpowertheyaren'tclosetomastering:mindreading.

Humanshaveamysteriousabilitytoreasonthegoals,desiresandbeliefsofothers,acrucialskillthatmeans

wecananticipateotherpeople'sactionsandtheconsequencesofourown.Readingmindscomessoeasilytous,

though,thatweoftendon'tthinktospelloutwhatwewant.IfAisaretobecometrulyusefulineverydaylife——to

cooperateeffectivelywithusortounderstandthatachildmightrunintotheroadafterabouncingball-wehaveto

givethemthisgiftthatevolutionhasgivenustoreadotherpeople'sminds.

Psychologistsrefertotheabilitytoinferanother'smentalstateastheoryofmind.Inhumans,thiscapacity

startstodevelopataveryyoungage.Howtoreproducethecapabilityinmachinesisfarfromclear,though.Oneof

themainchallengesiscontext.Forinstance,ifsomeoneaskswhetheryouaregoingforarunandyoureply"it's

raining”,theycanquicklyconcludethattheanswerisno.Butthisrequireshugeamountsofbackgroundknowledge

aboutrunning,weatherandhumanpreferences.

Moreover,whetherhumansorAI,thetheoryofmindissupposedtoemergenaturallyfromone'sownlearning

process.BuildingpriorknowledgeintoAImakesitreliantonourimperfectunderstandingoftheoryofmind.In

addition,AImaybecapableofdevelopingapproacheswecouldneverimagine.Therecanbemanyformsoftheory

ofmindthatwedon'tknowaboutsimplybecauseweliveinahumanbodythathascertaintypesofsensesanda

certainabilitytothink.

YetwemightstillwantAItohaveamorehuman-likeformoftheoryofmind.Humanscanclearlyexplain

theirgoalsanddesirestoeachotherusingcommonlanguageandideas.WhilelettingAIformthetheoryofmindin

theirlearningprocessislikelytoleadtodevelopingmorepowerfulAI,plainlybuildinginsharedwaystorepresent

knowledgemaybecrucialfbrhumanstotrustandcommunicatewithAI.

Itisimportanttoremember,though,thatthepursuitofmachineswiththeoryofmindisaboutmorethanjust

buildingmoreusefulrobots.ItisalsoasteppingstoneonthepathtowardsadeepergoalforAIandrobotics

research:buildingtrulyself-awaremachines.Whetherwewillevergetthereremainstobeseen.Butalongtheway

thinkingaboutotherpeopleandotheragents,weareonthepathtolearningtothinkaboutourselves.

35.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AIwithItsOwnTheoryofMindIsExpected

B.AIwithTheoryofMindWillReshapeOurFuture

C.Al'sTheoryofMindIsaBlessingorSufferingtoHumans

D.TheoryofMindBridgestheGapBetweenHumansandAI

【答案】35.A

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。当涉及到下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等棘手的科学挑战时，

计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术。作者希望人工智能也能具备这

种思维能力，实现人类与人工智能的交流。

35.主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“Itisimportanttoremember,though,thatthepursuitofmachines

withtheoryofmindisaboutmorethanjustbuildingmoreusefulrobots.Itisalsoasteppingstoneonthepath

towardsadeepergoalforAIandroboticsresearch:buildingtrulyself-awaremachines.（然而，重要的是要记住，

追求具有思维理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是迈向人工智能和机器人研究更深层目

标的垫脚石：建造真正有自我意识的机器）”可知，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智

能具备思维理论。故A项“AIwithItsOwnTheoryofMindIsExpected（期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论）”

可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。

题型02词义猜测题

【题型诠释】

阅读理解的测试中经常有猜测词、短语、习语、句子意义的题目，近几年高考阅读中词义猜测题的考

查方法呈多样化，其中根据上下文语境推测词义将会越来越多。有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或

短语，后文接着会出现其定义、解释或例子，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。

我们还可以根据转折或对比关系进行判断：根据上下句的连接词，如but,however,otherwise等就可

以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号（；）也可以表示转

折、对比或不相干的意义。还可以根据因果关系进行判断。

国目国

解答此类题的要领：（1）从文中找线索或信息词；（2）根据熟悉的词及词义判断新词的意思；（3）根据

上下文判断新词在特定句中的确切意思。（4）要特别注意熟词新意！

【典例】

（23-24高二上U匕京石景山•期末）Thereexistcruelwars,fightingandsadnessintheworldtoday,soifsnot

onlynecessary,butalsoessentialtohaveagoodsenseofhumorjusttohelpustidethroughdifficulttimesinour

lives.Puttingasmileonsomeone'sfacewhenyouknowtheyarefeelingdepressed,asthesayinggoes,makesme

feelgoodandwarmsmyheart.

Howwouldyoufeelifyoucouldnotjokearoundwithyourwife,husband,child,co-worker,neighbor,close

friend,orevenjustsomeonethatyouarestandinginlinewithatyourcomerstore?Iamalwayssayingthingsthat

makeotherssmileorlaugh,evenifIdon'tknowthepersonFmjokingaroundwith.MyGrandmaalwaysfound

humorineverythingshedid,evenifitwasthehardestjobanyonecouldimagine.Thisnotonlyrelievesstressin

anysituation,butalsoiscommoncourtesy（礼貌）tospeaktoothersthatarearoundyou.

Iknowofafewpeoplethatdon'thaveafunnyboneintheirbodies,astheysay.Everyonearoundthemcould

berollingonthefloorafterhearingagreatjokeandtheywouldsittherewithouttheslightestsmileontheirface.

Theydon'tgetthejokethatmakesotherslaugh.Iambustingagutwhiletheyjustsitthere,lookingatmeasifI

werefromouterspace.Howcanpeoplenotgetareallyfunnyjoke?

Laughingisessentialtokeepingyourstresslevelsundercontrol.Withouthumorwewouldfindourselveswith

alotofpsychologicalproblems,oronalotofmedicationstokeepusfromgoingcrazy.Thereistoomuchsadness

inthispresentworld.Itdrivespeoplecrazy.Weallneedtofindawaytobypassthesadnessandbringalittlelight

intoourlives.So,Ibelieveourbestmedicineistogettogetherandtellsomejokesandhavesomefunlaughing

together.

7.Thephrase"bustingagut“underlinedinParagraph3canbereplacedby.

A.speakingloudlyB.laughinghard

C.actingstrangelyD.explainingcarefully

【答案】7.B

【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是幽默和笑的重要性。

7.词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Everyonearoundthemcouldberollingonthefloorafterhearingagreatjoke

andtheywouldsittherewithouttheslightestsmileontheirface.Theydon'tgetthejokethatmakesothers

laugh.（他们周围的每个人都可能在听到一个很棒的笑话后在地板上打滚，他们会坐在那里，脸上没有一丝微

笑。他们听不懂让别人发笑的笑话。广和“whiletheyjustsitthere（而他们只是坐在那里）”可知，作者听到笑话

会笑得很厉害，划线短语bustingagut的意思是“大笑”。故选B。

题型03推理判断题

【题型诠释】

推断题要求学生在理解文章表面信息的基础上，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者态度,

理解文章的寓意等。推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思,

通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理

判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。

推断题是议论文中出现频率最高、难度最大的题目。推断题常常考查写作目的、作者意图、结论推断

或者文章出处推断等。常见的题目如下:

①Fromtheexampleinparagraph...,wecaninferthat.

②Whatsthepurposeofthetext?

③Whatstheattitudeoftheauthortowards...?

图图图困

做此类题的要领：既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章的隐含意思，又要求学生对作者

的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断，力求从作者的角度考虑而不是固守自己的看

法。不可用主观臆断来代替文中作者的观点，不能用事实代替推理，不能用具体代替抽象，不能用现象

代替实质。

【典例】

（23-24高二下•北京丰台•期末）Allovertheworld,formaleducationsuppliestheeconomywithworkers

whowillincreaseproductivitytofueltheeconomicmachine.Butthismachinenowthreatensourverysurvival.If

theentireworldreachesthelevelsofconsumptionseeninhigh-incomecountriestoday,we'llneedmultipleplanet

Earthstosupplytheresources.Theabsurd（荒谬的）ideaofinfinitegrowthwithinafiniteterritoryisattheheartof

oureconomicsystem.

Tokeepthismachinerunning,formaleducationgeneratesevermoreefficient“humancapital”.Increasing

productivitymetrics（指标）ratherthantheindividualityofstudentsdrivesourcivilization'sapproachtoschooling

ouryoungpeople.WhereastheSustainableDevelopmentGoalscallforturningeducationintoaforcefor

sustainability,theoppositeisoftentrue:ThewaysWesternsocietieshavecometothinkabouteducationundermine

ourabilitytodealwiththeenvironmentalcrisis.Togetthroughthiscrisis,weneedtocultivateourimagination,not

undermineit.

Growingup,noneofmyschoolingfosteredmyabilitytoimagineaworlddifferentfromwhatIsawaround

me.Besides,Irealizethesuppression（抑制）ofchildren'simaginationdoesn'ttakeplaceonlyinunderresourced

communities,butin<6elite^^institutionsthattout"'criticalthinking”.Schoolswanttoseetheirgraduatessucceed,

andsuccessistoooftenaboutmaintainingcurrentstructures-notaboutreimaginingtheirfoundations.

Essentially,oureducationsystemsshapechildrenintheimageofartificialintelligence.Theperfect“worker”,

AI,continuallyimprovesitsownproductivitybutdoesn'tchallengethelargerstructureswithinwhichitoperates.It

isoneofthegreatparadoxesofourtimethatweinvestsomuchintobuildingsupercomputerswhilemarginalizing

theimaginativepotentialofmillionsofhumanbrains.Whafsmore,weevenputourhopeinsolvingthe

environmentalcrisisonALButAI,likeourothertechnologies,canonlytreatthesymptomsoftheenvironmental

crisis,notthecauses

Throughouthistory,achieversofgreatchangehavereliedontheirimaginationstoaddressfundamentalflaws

insociety.Inmycountryofbirth,communistskepttheirdreamsofdemocracyalivefordecadesbyimagining

differentfutures.InSouthAfrica,NelsonMandela'sfollowershadtoberadical（激进的）intheirimaginationto

createavisionofafairersociety.Imaginingdemocracywhenlivingunderatotalitarianregime（极权主义政权）

isn'tthatdifferentfromimaginingdegrowthwhenlivinginaworldofinfinitegrowth.

ThekindofintelligencethatNelsonMandelaandsuchpossessedwasnotartificial.Theabilitytoreimagine

thefutureanddisruptthecurrentsituationremainsadistinctlyhumanquality.UnlikeAI,childrenarenaturally

imaginativeandquestionthepremisesofsociety.Inmyresearch,Ihaveobservedthatyoungerchildrenareoften

themostradicalinimaginingdifferentfutures.

Aslongasourimaginationiscurtailed,ideaslikedegrowthsoundutopian（乌托邦的）tomany,Cultivating

imaginationmeanslearningfromhistory'sdisrupterswhomadetheimpossiblepossible.Insteadofdismissing

a4childish^^ideasabouttheworld'sfuture,itmeansseeinginspirationinchildren'simaginations.Inaneducation

systemthatcelebratesimagination,artsandcreativityareasimportantasmathandscience.Idealismcoexistswith

pragmatism.Theenvironmentalcrisisisnotacrisisoftechnologyorscience,itisacrisisofimagination.Ifwelet

childrenbeourguides,wemightbeabletoimagineourwaytosurvival.

1.Theauthorhopeseducationcanplayitsrolein.

A.developinghumanresources

B.promotingsustainabledevelopment

C.increasingproductivity

D.maximizingeconomicgrowth

2.Fromthepassage,wecanlearnthat.

A.imaginationisn'twelldevelopedinschools

B.AIhelpsexploitthepotentialofhumanbrains

C.graduates9successchangesthesocialstructures

D.AIcanaddresstherootcauseofeconomiccrisis

3.NelsonMandelaismentionedas.

A.asuccessinbuildingafairsociety

B.aleaderwhohadagreatinfluence

C.apioneerpossessingthequalityofAI

D.aninspirationtosolvesocialproblems

4.Accordingtothepassage,theauthormayagreethat.

A.children'simaginationensureshuman5ssurvival

B.theenvironmentalcrisisresultsfromtechnology

C.imaginationcanhelpsolveenvironmentalcrisis

D.thet<childish^^ideaswillruintheworld'sfuture

【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.C

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕当前教育系统如何影响人类应对环境危机的能力展开讨论，提

出了对现有教育模式的批判，并强调了培养想象力和创新能力的重要性。

1.推理判断题o根据第二段中的"WhereastheSustainableDevelopmentGoalscallforturningeducationintoa

forceforsustainability,theoppositeisoftentrue:ThewaysWesternsocietieshavecometothinkabouteducation

undermineourabilitytodealwiththeenvironmentalcrisis.Togetthroughthiscrisis,weneedtocultivateour

imagination,notundermineit.（虽然可持续发展目标呼吁将教育转变为可持续发展的力量，但事实往往恰恰相

反：西方社会对教育的思考方式削弱了我们应对环境危机的能力。为了度过这场危机，我们需要培养我们

的想象力，而不是削弱它）”可推知，作者希望教育能在促进可持续发展方面发挥作用。故选B。

2.推理判断题。根据第三段“Growingup,noneofmyschoolingfosteredmyabilitytoimagineaworlddifferent

fromwhatIsawaroundme.Besides,Irealizethesuppression（抑制）ofchildren'simaginationdoesn'ttakeplace

onlyinunderresourcedcommunities,butintlelite^^institutionsthattout“criticalthinking”.Schoolswanttosee

theirgraduatessucceed,andsuccessistoooftenaboutmaintainingcurrentstructures-notaboutreimaginingtheir

foundations.（从小到大，我所受的学校教育都没有培养我想象一个不同于我所看到的世界的能力。止匕外，我

意识到对儿童想象力的压制不仅发生在资源匮乏的社区，也发生在鼓吹“批判性思维”的“精英”机构。学校希

望看到他们的毕业生成功，而成功往往是维持现有的结构，而不是重新构想他们的基础）”可推知，学校教育

中想象力并未得到充分发展。故选A。

3.推理判断题。根据第五段中的“InSouthAfrica,NelsonMandela5sfollowershadtoberadical（激进的）intheir

imaginationtocreateavisionofafairersociety.Imaginingdemocracywhenlivingunderatotalitarianregime（极

权主义政权）isn'tthatdifferentfromimaginingdegrowthwhenlivinginaworldofinfinitegrowth.（在南三日，

NelsonMandela的追随者必须在他们的想象中变得激进，才能创造一个更公平的社会。生活在极权主义政权

下想象民主与生活在无限增长的世界里想象去增长并没有什么不同）”可推知，提及NelsonMandela是为了强

调其作为历史变革者的角色，他拥有重新构想未来的独特人类特质，从而激励人们解决社会问题，作为一

个解决社会问题的灵感来源。故选D。

4.推理判断题o根据第二段中的"WhereastheSustainableDevelopmentGoalscallforturningeducationintoa

forceforsustainability,theoppositeisoftentrue:ThewaysWesternsocietieshavecometothinkabouteducation

undermineourabilitytodealwiththeenvironmentalcrisis.Togetthroughthiscrisis,weneedtocultivateour

imagination,notundermineit.（虽然可持续发展目标呼吁将教育转变为可持续发展的力量，但事实往往恰恰相

反：西方社会对教育的思考方式削弱了我们应对环境危机的能力。为了度过这场危机，我们需要培养我们

的想象力,而不是削弱它个和最后一段中的"Theenvironmentalcrisisisnotacrisisoftechnologyorscience,itis

acrisisofimagination.Ifweletchildrenbeourguides,wemightbeabletoimagineourwaytosurvival.（环境危

机不是技术或科学的危机，而是想象力的危机。如果我们让孩子成为我们的向导，我们也许能够想象我们

的生存之路）”可知，作者认为想象力是解决环境危机的关键，如果释放孩子们的想象力并从中得到启发，我

们或许能够想象出通往生存的道路。由此推知，作者同意想象力有助于解决环境危机的观点。故选C。

题型04细节理解题

【题型诠释】

细节理解题主要考查考生对文章中某些细节或重要事实的理解能力。它一般包括直接理解题和语意理

解题两种。直接理解题的答案与原文直接挂钩，从阅读材料中可以找到。这种题难度低，只要考生读懂文

章，就能得分，属于低层次题。它们往往以what,which,who,when,where,how来提问，有时还会加上一个

前提，如：Accordingtothepassage/thefirst/lastpara-graph...»

图国I

做此类题时可以使用定位法与跳读法。定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相

应的句子（即定位），然后进行比较和分析（尤其要注意一些同义转换），从而选出正确答案。跳读法即根

据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子（有时可能是几个句子）或段落，然后进行简单

分析、推理等，从而找出正确答案。

【典例】

（2023•北京西城•一模）Technologyseemstodiscourageslow,immersivereading.Readingonascreen,

particularlyaphonescreen,tiresyoureyesandmakesitharderforyoutokeepyourplace.Soonlinewritingtends

tobemoreskimmableandlist-likethanprint.ThecognitiveneuroscientistMaryWaltarguedrecentlythatthis

“newnorm“ofskimreadingisproducing“aninvisible,game-changingtransfbrmation^^inhowreadersprocess

words.Theneuronalcircuitthatsustainsthebrain9scapacitytoreadnowfavorstherapidabsorptionofinformation,

ratherthanskillsdevelopedbydeeperreading,likecriticalanalysis.

Weshouldn'toverplaythisdanger.Allreadersskim.Skimmingistheskillweacquireaschildrenaswelearn

toreadmoreskillfully.Fromabouttheageofnine,oureyesstarttobouncearoundthepage,readingonlyabouta

quarterofthewordsproperly,andfillinginthegapsbyinference.Noristhereanythingnewinthesefearsabout

decliningattentionspans.Sofar,theanxietieshaveprovedtobefalsealarms.""Quiteafewcriticshavebeen

worriedaboutattentionspanlatelyandseeveryshortstoriesassignsofculturaldecline,theAmericanauthor

SelvinBrownwrote.<4Nooneeversaidthatpoemswereevidenceofshortattentionspans.”

AndyettheInternethascertainlychangedthewayweread.Forastart,itmeansthatthereismoretoread,

becausemorepeoplethaneverarewriting.Ifyoutimetravelledjustafewdecadesintothepast,youwouldwonder

athowlittlewritingwashappeningoutsideaclassroom.Anddigitalwritingismeantforrapidreleaseandresponse.

Anonlinearticlestartsformingacommentstringunderneathassoonasitispublished.Thismodeofwritingand

readingcanbeinteractiveandfun.Butoftenittreatsotherpeople'swordsassomethingtobequicklyharvestedas

foddertosaysomethingelse.Everyonetalksoverthetopofeveryoneelse,desperatetobeheard.

Perhapsweshouldslowdown.Readingisconstantlypromotedasasocialgoodandsourceofpersonal

achievement.Butthisadvocacyoftenemphasizes"enthusiastic","passionate"or"eager“reading,noneofwhich

adjectivessuggestslow,quietabsorption.

Toaslowreader,apieceofwritingcanonlybefullyunderstoodbyimmersingoneselfinthewordsandtheir

slowcomprehensionofalineofthought.Theslowreaderislikeaswimmerwhostopscountingthenumberofpool

lapshehasdoneandjustenjoyshowhisbodyfeelsandmovesinwater.

Thehumanneedforthiskindofdeepreadingistootenaciousforanynewtechnologytodestroy.Weoften

assumethattechnologicalchangecan'tbestoppedandhappensinonedirection,sothatoldermedialike"dead-tree”

booksarekickedoutbynewer,morevirtualforms.Inpractice,oldertechnologiescancoexistwithnewones.The

Kindlehasnotkilledofftheprintedbookanymorethanthecarkilledoffthebicycle.Westillwanttoenjoy

slowly-formedideasandcarefully-chosenwords.Eveninafast-movingage,thereistimeforslowreading.

41.Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethat.

A.advocacyofpassionatereadinghelpspromoteslowreading

B.digitalwritingleadstotoomuchspeakingandnotenoughreflection

C.thepublicshouldbeawareoftheimpactskimminghasonneuronalcircuits

D.thenumberofInternetreadersisdecliningduetotheadvancesoftechnology

【答案】41.B

【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了作者对于慢阅读的看法，指出了慢阅读的重要性和好处，并指

出科技不能改变人们对这种深度阅读的需求。

41.细节理解题。根据第三段“Anddigitalwritingismeantforrapidreleaseandresponse.Anonlinearticlestarts

formingacommentstringunderneathassoonasitispublished.Thismodeofwritingandreadingcanbe

interactiveandfun.Butoftenittreatsotherpeople'swordsassomethingtobequicklyharvestedasfoddertosay

somethingelse.Everyonetalksoverthetopofeveryoneelse,desperatetobeheard.（数字写作意味着快速释放和

反应。一篇在线文章一经发表，就开始在下面形成一个评论字符串。这种写作和阅读的模式可以是互动的

和有趣的。但它经常把别人的话当作可以迅速收获的素材，用来说别的东西。每个人都说得比别人多，渴

望被别人听到）”可知，作者认同数字写作导致过多的表达，而缺乏足够的思考。故选B。

03高考练场

【高考真题】

【2024北京卷】

Thenotionthatweliveinsomeoneelse'svideogameisirresistibletomany.Searchingtheterm"'simulation

hypothesis^^（模拟彳发说）returnsnumerousresultsthatdebatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulationa

conceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobably

neverknowwhetherifstrue.Wecan,instead,usethisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.

The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsofthings-in-themselvesthat

areunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmindplaysanecessaryrolein

structuringandshapingourperceptions.Modemscienceshaverevealedthatourperceptualexperienceoftheworld

istheresultofmanystagesofprocessingbysensorysystemsandcognitive（认知的）functionsinthebrain.Noone

knowsexactlywhathappenswithinthisblackbox.Ifempirical（实证的）experiencefailstorevealreality,

reasoningwon'trevealrealityeithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentoooursocial,cultural

andpsychologicalhistories.Again,ablackbox.

So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillneverknowifweliveinacomputer

simulation.Andthen,wecanshiftourinquiryfrom“Istheuniverseacomputersimulation?"to"Canwemodelthe

universeasacomputersimulation?”Modellingrealityiswhatwedo.Tofacilitateourcomprehensionoftheworld,

webuildmodelsbasedonconceptualmetaphors（隐喻）thatarefamiliartous.InNewton'sera,weimaginedthe

universeasaclock.InEinstein's,weuncoveredthestandardmodelofparticle（粒子）physics.

Nowthatweareintheinformationage,wehavenewconceptssuchasthecomputer,informationprocessing,

virtualreality,andsimulation.Unsurprisingly,thesenewconceptsinspireustobuildnewmodelsoftheuniverse.

Modelsarenotthereality,however.Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoran

outputofcomputation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemore

toolswehave,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.

Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingpreviousscientificmodels,developingthe

"computersimulation^^metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewardingexercise.

28.Whatdoestheauthorintendtodobychallengingahypothesis?

A.Makeanassumption.B.Illustrateanargument.

C.Giveasuggestion.D.Justifyacomparison.

29.Whatdoesthephrase"'contingenton^^underlinedinParagraph2probablymean?

A.Acceptedby.B.Determinedby.C.Awakenedby.D.Discoveredby.

30.AsforKanfsargument,theauthoris.

A.appreciativeB.doubtfulC.unconcernedD.disapproving

31.Itisimpliedinthispassagethatweshould.

A.comparethecurrentmodelswiththepreviousones

B.continueexploringtheclassicalmodelsinhistory

C.stoparguingwhethertheuniverseisasimulation

D.turnsimulationsoftheuniverseintorealitiesup.

【答案】28.C29.B30.A31,C

【解析】

【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的

看法。

【28题详解】

推理判断题。根据第一段“Searchingtheterm"'simulationhypothesis^^（模拟假说）returnsnumerousresultsthat

debatewhethertheuniverseisacomputersimulationaconceptthatsomescientistsactuallytakeseriously.

Unfortunately,thisisnotascientificquestion.Wewillprobablyneverknowwhetherifstrue.Wecan,instead,use

thisideatoadvancescientificknowledge.（搜索“模拟假说"这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的

争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不

知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识）”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是

为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。

[29题详解】

词句猜测题。根据第二段“Ifempirical（实证的）experiencefailstorevealreality,reasoningwon'trevealreality

eithersinceitreliesonconceptsandwordsthatarecontingentonoursocial,culturalandpsychologicalhistories.

Again,ablackbox.（如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingenton我们的社会、

文化和心理历史的概念和词语）”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词conceptsandwords,且

结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于"，与determinedby

意义相近。故选B项。

【30题详解】

推理判断题。根据第二段“The18th-centuryphilosopherKantarguedthattheuniverseultimatelyconsistsof

things-in-themselvesthatareunknowable.Whileheheldthenotionthatobjectiverealityexists,hesaidourmind

playsanecessaryroleinstructuringandshapingourperceptions.（18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可

知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发

挥着必要的作用）''以及第三段"So,ifweacceptthattheuniverseisunknowable,wealsoacceptwewillnever

knowifweliveinacomputersimulation4因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知

道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中）”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论

述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。

【31题详解】

推理判断题。根据第四段“Thereisnopointinarguingiftheuniverseisaclock,asetofparticlesoranoutputof

computation.Allthesemodelsaretoolstodealwiththeunknownandtomakediscoveries.Andthemoretoolswe

have,themoreeffectiveandinsightfulwecanbecome.（争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产

物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变

得越有效、越有洞察力）”以及第五段“Itcanbeimaginedthatcomparabletotheprocessofbuildingprevious

scientificmodels,developingthe'"computersimulation^^metaphor-basedmodelwillalsobeahugelyrewarding

exercise.（可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有

益的工作）”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，

而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。