《大学英语》-上册unit two

BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrasesTextAFourKindsofReadingUnitTwoDonaldHall:

anAmericanwriterofproseandpoetry,borninNewHaven,Connecticut,in1928(HestudiedatHarvard,Stanford,andOxforduniversities,andhastaughtatbothStanfordUniversityandtheUniversityofMichigan.HehastwicewonNationalBookAwardsin1968and1992.“FourKindsofReading”wasfirstpublishedintheNewYorkTimesin1969.)BackgroundInformation

MobyDick

anovelwrittenbyHermanMelville(1819),Americannovelist,amajorliteraryfigure(Hisexplorationofpsychologicalandmetaphysicalthemesforeshadowed20thcenturyliteraryconcerns.Hisworksremainedinobscurityuntilthe1920s,whenhisgeniuswasfinallyrecognized.)ChaucerChaucer:GeoffreyChaucer（13431400）,oneofthegreatestEnglishpoets,whosemasterpiece,TheCanterburyTales,wasoneofthemostimportantinfluencesonthedevelopmentofEnglishliterature(HislifeisknownprimarilythroughrecordspertainingtohiscareerasacourtierandcivilservantundertheEnglishkingsEdwardⅢandRichardⅡ.)

JohnnyCarson:anAmericantelevisionentertainerandhost,borninCorning,Iowa,andeducatedattheUniversityofNebraskaTheValleyoftheDolls:apopularnovelbyJacquelineSusannVirginiaWoolf:(1882-1941）Britishnovelist,essayist,andcritic,whohelpedcreatethemodernnovel(Herwritingoftenexplorestheconceptsoftime,memory,andpeopleinnerconsciousness,andisremarkableforitshumanityanddepthofperception.)TwelfthNight:comedybyWilliamShakespeare,whichwasprobablywrittenaround1600（AsanexampleofaplaywrittenduringShakespeare'ssecondperiod,whichincludeshisEnglishhistoryplaysandsocalledjoyouscomedies,TwelfthNightpresentsahappybalanceofplot,characterizationanddiction.ThemainplotisderivedfromanItaliannovellaanddealswiththehaplessloveofViola,disguisedasapage,forhermaster,theDukeOrsino.OnbehalfofOrsino,shebearshismessagesoflovetotheLadyOlivia,whoatoncefallsinlovewithher.WhenViolastwinbrotherSebastianappears,Oliviamistakeshimforthepageandmarrieshim.Thetangledsituationisclearedupwhenbrotherandsistermeetandrecognizeeachother;theDukerewardsViolasdevotionbyhisofferofmarriage,andallendshappily.）LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:TheadventofTVhasincreasedthefalsevaluesascribedtoreading,sinceTVprovidesavulgaralternative.(Para.1)Analysis:TheappearanceofTVhasmadepeopleviewreadingfromfalseaspect,becauseTVprovidesauncouthreplacement.

Sentence:Itisworthaskinghowtheactofreadingbecamesomethingtovalueinitself,asopposedforinstancetotheactofconversationortheactoftakingawalk.(Para.2)Analysis:Itisworththinkinghowtheactofreadingbecomevaluableinitself,comparedtotheactofconversationortheactofwalkingwhichareopposetoreading.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Butmostofthereadingwhichispraisedforitselfisneitherliterarynorintellectual.Itisnarcotic.(Para.6)Analysis:Mostofthereadingthatispraisedforitselfisnarcotic,itisnotliteraryorintellectualLongorDifficultSentencesNewwords&phrases

pietyn.(对上帝的）虔诚；虔敬Wewantnogoody-goodypiety;wehavetoomuchofit.我们不需要伪善的虔诚；伪善已经够多了。adventn.重要人物、事件的）来临；到来Sincetheadventofthesetools,theirusehasevolved.自从这些工具出现以来，使用它们的方法也有所变化。ascribev.认为某事物是由某人／某事物所造成或写成；归功于、归咎于某人或某事物Someascribehealingpowerstothemuddyshoresandmineral-richsalts.一些人把这些归因于泥泞的海岸和高矿物质含量vulgaradj.粗俗的；庸俗的He’sgottopandertothevulgarandstupidaudiences.他不得不去迎合那些庸俗愚昧的观众。literacyn.读写能力Literacyisanessentialfoundationfordevelopmentandprosperity.识字是发展和繁荣必不可少的基础。relicn.遗物；遗迹；遗风；遗俗Anyrelicofthedeadisprecious,iftheywerevaluedliving.死人的任何遗物都是珍贵的，如果他们生前就被人重视的话。badgen.徽章Theboypinsabadgeonhisjacket.这个男孩子把一枚徽章别在外套上。gentilityn.文雅风度；彬彬有礼；高贵的社会地位或身份Manypeoplethinkfineclothesareamarkofgentility.很多人认为精致的服饰是文雅的标志。metaphorn.隐喻Thismetaphorisveryappropriate.这个比喻很贴切。clutterv.胡乱地填满、塞满或覆盖住某事物Iexcludedtableformattingtoavoidclutter.我排除了表格式以避免混乱。clichen.陈腐的词语或主意；陈词滥调Soundslikeacliche,butitreallyworks.听上去是陈词滥调，但是却很有效。squeezev.挤；榨Somearewellplacedtobenefitfromaprospectivesqueezeonspace.一些开发商已经准备好从预期的拥挤空间中受益。adjacenta.与某物临近的；毗连的Thehouseadjacenttooursisunderrepairs.与我家相邻的房子正在修缮offensivea.烦扰人的；冒犯的；得罪人的Offensiveisthebestdefense.进攻是最好的防御。decoden.译码；解码Let'swritesomethingthatusesbasicfrequencyanalysistodecodeanencodedmessage.让我们编写一些程序以使用基本频率分析将编码信息解码。sensuala.感官享受的Toanysensualfeastwiththeealone.你的个人的任何感官的宴会。continuumn.连续统一体Andlifeisthecontinuumofbirthanddeath,whichgoesonandon.生命就是连续不断的出生与死亡，持续不断，直到永恒。lyrica.(指诗)抒情的Thislyricsingswell.这首抒情诗唱起好听。narcotica.催眠的；麻醉的Acertainamountofdreamingisgood,likeanarcoticindiscreetdoses.一定程度的梦想，正如适量的镇静剂，是好的。regurgitationn.将(别人的意见等)当做自己的表达Theconclusioncanpushpointsdiscussedinthepaperfurtherorintroducenewideas;itshouldnotmerelyserveasaquickregurgitationofeverythingyoualreadysaid.结论可以进一步推进文章所讨论的要点或者提出新的观点；它不应该仅仅只是作为你已说过的内容的重复。addictn.离不开麻醉药或酒类等的人；有瘾的人I’llbeteveryoneinthisroomknowsanaddict!我敢打赌在座的每个人都认识一个瘾君子！lethargyn.无生气；死气沉沉；呆滞；冷漠Heremainsfitandhealthyandshowsnosignoflethargy.他仍然身体健康，并没有显示出昏睡的迹象。spurnv.傲慢地或轻蔑地拒绝；唾弃Iasked,hurtthatthisguy,ofallpeople,wouldspurnme.我问，有些伤心。这个人，所有的人，仿佛看不起拒绝了我。analogyn.类推Theanalogyisratherfarfetched.这个比方有点驴唇不对马嘴。melodraman.情节剧TheScalesfinditdifficulttoliveintheturmoilandmelodramathatyouthriveon.天秤很难生活在骚动不安的情节剧中，而你对这些却乐此不疲。superimposev.将某物置于另一物上(尤指后者仍可见、可闻等）Iwasgoingtosuperimposeormatteinamonsterovertheactor.我打算在演员身上添加，或者说叠加上怪兽的形象。tangiblea.可触知的；真实的Theexperienceisalmosttangible.这种体验几乎是有形的。lavisha.慷慨的，大方的Forthefirst,hethrewalavishchurchweddingandreceptiondinner.他为大女儿办了一个奢华的教堂婚礼和招待酒会。dwindlev.逐渐变少或变小；减少；缩小Astheriversdwindle,theconflictscouldspread.河流在减少，冲突却在扩大。rufflev.使起伏不平SheacknowledgedthatherremarksmightrufflesomefeathersatGoogleheadquartersinMountainView,California.她承认，她的言论可能会激怒美国加州山景城谷歌总部的一些人。comeupwithsth.找到或提出(答案、办法等)Buthowdoyoucomeupwiththearchitectureforthisevolutionaryprototype?但是你将如何为这个进化的原型提出系统的架构呢？concernoneselfwithsth.

忙于(某事),关心(某事)Theaccentwasnotontheknowledgeoftheselfbutontheconcernwithoneself.重点不再是了解自己，而是关怀自己。takesth.intoaccount把……考虑在内Theplanningshouldtakeintoaccounttheburdenofdiseaseinthecountry.进行规划时应该将这个国家目前承受的疾病负担一并考虑在内。chancesare(that)

很可能……Chancesarethatifyouknowaboutherproblemswithhairsproutingoutinembarrassingplaces,thensodoesshe.如果你想让她们知道她们有在身体尴尬部位露出毛发的问题机会多的是。accountforsth.

解释某事的原因Howdoyouaccountforthis.你对这件事怎么解释?BackgroundInformationLongorDifficultSentencesTextBPopulation，PlentyandPoverty

PaulR．Ehrlich：

professoratStanfordUniversity（AlongwithhiswifeAnneH．Ehrlich，hestudiespopulationproblems，andthisresearchteamarguesforaglobalapproachinanessayfirstpublishedinNationalGeographicmagazine．）BackgroundinformationHomosapiens：

Latinfor“knowingman”grainbelt：

theprairie-regionstatesacrossthenorthernMidwestoftheUnitedStates，aregionthatproducesmuchoftheworld’sgrainandsoybeans（ThisareaincludesmostofOhio，Indiana，Illinois，Missouri，allofIowa，andpartsofWisconsin，Minnesota，NebraskaandKansas．）

Sentence:Itimmediatelyexposesthemyththattheimpactofthepopulationexplosionstemsprimarilyfrompoorpeopleinpoorcountrieswhodonotknowenoughtolimittheirreproduction．

Analysis:Itsoonexposestherealitythatthepopulationexplosionresultsmainlyfrompoorpeopleinpoorcountrieswholackofawarenessoflimitingreproduction.LongorDifficultSentences

Sentence:Now，inanevolutionaryblinkoftheeye—meredecades—thishasbeenreversed，andlimitingreproductionhasbecomeessentialforcivilization’ssurvival．Analysis:Now,thesituationhasbeenreversed,andlimitingreproductionhasbecomeessentialinsteadofmaximizingreproductionforcivilization’ssurvival,andthischangejusthappenedmeredecadesaftertheevolutionaryhistory,justlikeblinkofeye.LongorDifficultSentences专题补充讲解词义的引申

引申指不拘泥于词的字面或字典意义，而按具体上下文对词义作必要的调整。引申分为具体化引申、抽象化引申、搭配引申等。例如：例1Wehaveprogressedalongwayfromtheearlydaysofelectricalengineering.译文:从早期的电器工程开始以来，我们历经了长期发展历程。解析:此例中的alongway本来是“长长的道路”，但是可以引申为抽象的“历程”。例2Weinsistthatinternationaltradeshouldnotbeaone-waystreet.译文:我们坚持主张国际贸易不应有来无往。解析:此例中的one-waystreet本意为“单行道”，在有关国际贸易的上下文中，可将其引申为“有来无往”这一含义。此为抽象化引申。专题补充讲解例3Theavalancheunleashedbythefilmprovidedthebesto