2017年华东交通大学考博英语真题

2017年华东交通大学考博英语真题语法1.Conversationbecomesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedto______ithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.

A.as

B.which

C.that

√

D.what2.Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,______theyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

A.be

√

B.being

C.were

D.are3.Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjust______andneedsproving.

A.spontaneous

B.hypothetical

√

C.intuitive

D.empirical4.Theintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowandarrow______,particularlyinWesternEurope.

A.obscure

B.obsolete

√

C.optional

D.overlapping5.Somedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould______.

A.descend

B.decline

√

C.deteriorate

D.depress6.______forthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.

A.Haditnotbeen

√

B.Wereitnot

C.Beitnot

D.Shoulditnotbe7.Theprofessorcanhardlyfindsufficientgrounds______hisargumentinfavorofthenewtheory.

A.whichtobaseon

B.onwhichtobase

√

C.tobaseonwhich

D.whichtobebasedon8.Thesupervisordidn’thavetimesofartogointoit______,buthegaveusanideaabouthisplan.

A.athand

B.inturn

C.inconclusion

D.atlength

√9.Itwasaboldideatobuildapowerstationinthedeepvalley,butit______aswellaswehadhoped.

A.cameoff

√

B.wentoff

C.broughtout

D.madeout10.WhenI______mysenses,Ifoundmyselfwrappedupinbedinmylittleroom,withGrandmabendingoverme.

A.wokeup

B.tookto

C.pickedup

D.cameto

√11.YoucanarriveinLondonearlierforthemeeting______youdon’tmindtakingthenighttrain.

A.provided

√

B.unless

C.though

D.until12.Withprice______somuch,it’shardforthecompanytoplanabudget.

A.vibrating

B.waving

C.swinging

D.fluctuating

√13.Fromthismaterialwecan______hundredsofwhatyoumaycalldirectproducts.

A.derive

√

B.discern

C.diminish

D.displace14.Themachineneedsacomplete______sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.

A.amending

B.fitting

C.mending

√

D.renovating15.Alltheoff-shoreoilexplorerswereinhighspiritsastheyread______lettersfromtheirfamilies.

A.sentimental

B.affectionate

√

C.intimate

D.sensitive16.Thepursuitofleisureonthepartoftheemployeeswillcertainlynot______theirprospectofpromotion.

A.spur

B.further

√

C.induce

D.reinforce17.Please______yourselffromsmokingandspittinginpublicplaces,sincethelawforbidsthem.

A.restrain

√

B.hinder

C.restrict

D.prohibit18.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownsoftenseemmorefriendlythanthosewholivingin______populatedareas.

A.abundantly

B.intensely

C.densely

√

D.intensively19.Iamnot______withmyroommatebutIhavetosharetheroomwithher,becauseIhavenowhereelsetolive.

A.concerned

B.compatible

√

C.considerate

D.complied20.BecausepartsofthecontinentofSouthAfricaarestillcoveredwiththickforests,______tosomepartsofitisstilldifficult.

A.orientation

B.voyage

C.procession

D.access

√阅读21.

Culturalrulesdetermineeveryaspectoffoodconsumption.Whoeatstogetherdefinessocialunits.

Forexample,insomesocieties,thenuclearfamilyistheunitthatregularlyeatstogether.The

anthropologistMaryDouglashaspointedoutthat,fortheEnglish,thekindofmealandthekindof

foodthatisservedrelatetothekindsofsociallinksbetweenpeoplewhoareeatingtogether.She

distinguishesbetweenregularmeals,Sundaymealswhenrelativesmaycome,andcocktailparties

foracquaintances.Thefoodservedsymbolizestheoccasionandreflectswhoispresent.Forexample,

onlysnacksareservedatacocktailparty.Itwouldbeinappropriatetoserveasteakorhamburgers.

Thedistinctionsamongcocktails,regularmeals,andspecialdinnersmarkthesocialboundaries

betweenthoseguestswhoareinvitedfordrinks,thosewhoareinvitedtodinner,andthosewho

cometoafamilymeal.Inthisexample,thetypeoffoodsymbolizesthecategoryofguestandwith

whomitiseaten.

InsomeNewGuineasocieties,thenuclearfamilyisnottheunitthateatstogether.Thementake

theirmealsinamen’shouse,separatelyfromtheirwivesandchildren.Womenprepareandeattheir

foodintheirownhousesandtakethehusband’sportiontothemen’shouse.Thewomeneatwith

theirchildrenintheirownhouses.ThispatternisalsowidespreadamongNearEasternsocieties.

Eatingisametaphorthatissometimesusedtosignifymarriage.InmanyNewGuineasocieties,like

thatoftheLesuontheislandofNewIrelandinthePacificandthatoftheTrobriandIslanders,

marriageissymbolizedbythecouple’seatingtogetherforthefirsttime.Eatingsymbolizestheirnew

statusasamarriedcouple.InU.S.society,itisjustthereverse.Acouplemaygoouttodinnerona

firstdate.

Otherculturalruleshavetodowithtaboosagainsteatingcertainthings.Insomesocieties,members

ofaclan,atypeofkin（family）group,arenotallowedtoeattheanimalorbirdthatistheirtotemic

ancestor.Sincetheybelievethemselvestobedescendedfromthatancestor,itwouldbelikeeating

thatancestororeatingthemselves.

Thereisalsoanassociationbetweenfoodprohibitionsandrank,whichisfoundinitsmostextreme

forminthecastesystemofIndia.Acastesystemconsistsofrankedgroups,eachwithadifferent

economicspecialization.InIndia,thereisanassociationbetweencasteandtheideaofpollution.

Membersofhighlyrankedgroupscanbepollutedbycomingintocontactwiththebodilysecretions,

particularlysaliva,ofindividualsoflower-rankedcastes.Becauseofthefearofpollution,Brahmans

andotherhigh-rankedindividualswillnotsharefoodwith,noteatfromthesameplateas,noteven

acceptfoodfromanindividualorfromalow-rankingcaste.（1）.Accordingtothepassage,theEnglishmakecleardistinctionsbetween______.

A.peoplewhoeattogether

B.thekindsoffoodserved

√

C.familymembersandguests

D.snacksandhamburgers

（2）.Accordingtothepassage,whowillNOTeattogether?

A.TheEnglish.

B.Americansontheirfirstdate.

C.MenandwomeninNearEasternsocieties.

√

D.Newly-wedsontheislandofNewIreland.

（3）.Accordingtothepassage,eatingtogetherindicatesallthefollowingEXCEPT______.

A.thetypeoffood

√

B.socialrelations

C.maritalstatus

D.familyties

（4）.ThelastparagraphsuggeststhatinIndia（）decideshowpeopleeat.

A.pollution

B.food

C.culture

D.socialstatus

√（5）.Whichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetopicofthepassage?

A.Differentkindsoffoodintheworld.

B.Cultureandmannersofeating.

C.Symbolicmeaningsoffoodconsumption.

D.Relationsbetweenfoodandsocialunits.

√22.

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.

Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthe

firmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labouris

simplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuys

rawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporate

hierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.The

postofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthe

corporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsand

hasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer（CEO）.Bywayofcontrast,inJapanthehead

ofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,afterthe

CEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infact

theyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoney

theydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthe

limitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthe

specificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeit

possibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,for

example,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkers

inGermany（astheydo）,theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisinthe

UnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedfor

extensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnew

equipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendthe

skillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’t

effectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgo

withtheseprocesseswilldisappear.（1）.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.

C.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’ownbusiness.

√

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.（2）.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

A.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

√

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinthefirms.

D.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirms.

（3）.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto______.

A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment

B.topexecutives

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

√（4）.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis______.

A.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

B.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

C.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

D.theimprovementofworkers’basicskills

√（5）.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

√

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.23.

Itishardlynecessaryformetocitealltheevidenceofthedepressingstateofliteracy.Thesefigures

fromtheDepartmentofEducationaresufficient:27millionAmericanscannotreadatall,anda

further35millionreadatalevelthatislessthansufficienttosurviveinoursociety.

Butmyownworrytodayislessthatoftheoverwhelmingproblemofelementalliteracythanitisof

theslightlymoreluxuriousproblemofthedeclineintheskillevenofthemiddle-classreader,ofhis

unwillingnesstoaffordthosespacesofsilence,thoseluxuriesofdomesticityandtimeand

concentration,thatsurroundtheimageoftheclassicactofreading.Ithasbeensuggestedthatalmost

80percentofAmerica’sliterate,educatedteenagerscannolongerreadwithoutanaccompanying

noise（music）inthebackgroundoratelevisionscreenflickeringatthecorneroftheirfieldof

perception.Weknowverylittleaboutthebrainandhowitdealswithsimultaneousconflictinginput,buteverycommon-senseintuitionsuggestsweshouldbeprofoundlyalarmed.Thisviolationof

concentration,silence,solitudegoestotheveryheartofournotionofliteracy;thisnewformof

part-reading,ofpart-perceptionagainstbackgrounddistraction,rendersimpossiblecertainessential

actsofapprehensionandconcentration,letalonethatmostimportanttributeanyhumanbeingcan

paytoapoemorapieceofproseheorshereallyloves,whichistolearnitbyheart.Notbybrain,by

heart;theexpressionisvital.

Underthesecircumstances,thequestionofwhatfuturethereisfortheartsofreadingisarealone.

Aheadofuslietechnical,psychic,andsocialtransformationsprobablymuchmoredramaticthan

thosebroughtaboutbyGutenberg,theGermaninventorinprinting.TheGutenbergrevolution,aswe

nowknowit,tookalongtime;itseffectsarestillbeingdebated.Theinformationrevolutionwill

toucheveryfactofcomposition,publication,distribution,andreading.Nooneinthebookindustry

cansaywithanyconfidencewhatwillhappentothebookaswe’veknownit.

（1）.ThepictureofthereadingabilityoftheAmericanpeople,drawnbytheauthor,is______.

A.quiteencouraging

B.fairlybright

C.veryimpressive

D.ratherbleak

√（2）.Theauthor’sbiggestconcernis______.

A.thereadingabilityandreadingbehaviorofthemiddleclass

√

B.thesurprisinglylowrateofliteracyintheU.S.

C.themusicalsettingAmericanreadersrequireforreading

D.elementaryschoolchildren’sdisinterestinreadingclassics

（3）.Amajorproblemwithmostadolescentswhocanreadis______.

A.theirfondnessofmusicandTVprograms

B.theirlackofattentivenessandbasicunderstanding

√

C.theirignoranceofvariousformsofartandliterature

D.theirinabilitytofocusonconflictinginput（4）.Theauthorclaimsthatthebestwayareadercanshowadmirationforapieceofpoetryorproseis______.

A.tomakeafairappraisalofitsartisticvalue

B.toanalyzeitsessentialfeatures

C.tothinkitoverconscientiously

D.tobeabletoappreciateitandmemorizeit

√（5）.Aboutthefutureoftheartsofreadingtheauthorfeels______.

A.upset

B.uncertain

√

C.alarmed

D.pessimistic24.

Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobisto

exploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.

Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedfor

expressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,

phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth’sdaffodilstoBaudelaire’sflowersof

evil.

Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuch

misery.Butit’snotasifearliertimesdidn’tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreof

innocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessinthe

worldtoday.

Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepicting

happiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmass

media,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.

Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,lived

withfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themost

powerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperil

andthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirartto

beabummertoo.

TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,

andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Our

magazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethese

messageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappiness

seemunreliable.“Celebrate!”commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefound

outitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.

Butwhatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting—isthathappinessismorethan

pleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossand

disappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusas

religiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthat

happinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclove

cigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.

（1）.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthat______.

A.poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.

B.artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.

C.artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.

√

D.poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.

（2）.Theword“bummer”（Line4.paragraph5）mostprobablymeanssomething______.

A.unpleasant

√

B.religious

C.entertaining

D.commercial

（3）.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertising______.

A.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart

B.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself

√

C.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformation

D.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpublic

（4）.Wecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelieves______.

A.happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.

B.theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing

√

C.miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.

D.theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms.

（5）.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?

A.Massmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.

B.Artprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.

C.Peoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.

D.Religiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.

√25.

Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinat

leastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionand

anxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatrist

atNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.

Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectsthestress

response,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunder

thesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries（the

femalereproductiveorgans）removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.

Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.

“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocope

with,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”she

observes,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromit

morevisiblyandsooner.”

Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomen

areexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedto

combatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonal

violencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentso