2017年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷

2017年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷一、PartIReadingComprehension1.

Directions:Inthispartofthetest，therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageOneMrGordonisrightthatthesecondindustrialrevolutioninvolvednever-to-be-repeatedchanges.But

thatdoesnotmeanthatdriverlesscarscountfornothing.MessrsErixonandWeigelarealsorightto

worryabouttheWest’sdismalrecentrecordinproducingnewcompanies.Butmanyoldfirmsarenot

runbybureaucratsandhavereinventedthemselvesmanytimesover：

GeneralElectricmustbeonatleast

itsninthlife.Andtheimpactofgiantnewfirmsbominthepast20yearssuchasUber,Googleand

Facebookshouldnotbeunderestimated:theyhavealltheSchumpeteriancharacteristicstheauthors

admire.

Onthepessimists*sidethestrongestargumentreliesnotoncloselywatchingcorporateandinvestor

behaviorbutratheronmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.Thefiguresfromrecentyearsaretruly

dismal.KarimFoda,oftheBrookingsInstitution,calculatesthatlaborproductivityintherichworldis

growingatitsslowestratesince1950.Totalfactorproductivity（whichtriestomeasureinnovation）has

grownatjust0.1%inadvancedeconomiessince2004,wellbelowitshistoricalaverage.

Optimistshavetworetorts.Thefirstisthattheremustbesomethingwrongwiththefigures.One

possibilityisthattheyfailtocountthehugeconsumersurplusgivenawayfreeofchargeontheInternet.

Butthisisunconvincing.TheofficialfiguresmaywellbeunderstatingtheimpactoftheInternet

revolution,justastheydownplayedtheimpactofelectricityandcarsinthepast,buttheyarenot

understatingitenoughtoexplaintherecentdeclineinproductivitygrowth.

Another,secondlineofargumentthattheproductivityrevolutionhasonlyjustbegunismore

persuasive.OverthepastdecademanyITcompaniesmayhavefocusedonthingsthatweremore“fun

thanfundamental”inPaulKrugman’sphrase.ButSiliconValley’sbestcompaniesarecertainlyfocusing

onthingsthatchangethematerialworld.

UberandAirbnbarebringingdramaticimprovementstotwolargeindustriesthathavebeenmoreor

lessstuckfordecades.MorganStanleyestimatesthatdriverlesscarscouldresultin$507billionayear

ofproductivitygainsinAmerica,mainlyfrompeoplebeingabletostareattheirlaptopsinsteadofatthe

road.

（1）.Whathasledtothepessimisticopinionconcerningtheworld’seconomy?

A.Itisbasedonmacro-levelstatisticsonproductivity.

√

B.Itisbasedoncloseobservationoncorporateandinvestorbehavior.

C.Itisduetothefactthatmanyoldfirmsarenotrunbybureaucrats.

D.Itisduetothefactthatnotenoughnewfirmshavebeencreated.（2）.Thefirstargumentontheoptimists’sideisunconvincingbecausetheofficialfigures,______.

A.arebothwrongandunconvincing

B.downplaytheInternetrevolution

C.failtoincludetheconsumersurplus

D.can’texplainthedeclineinproductivitygrowth

√（3）.WhatistrueabouttheITcompaniesinSiliconValley?

A.Theyhaveonlyfocusedonthefunpartoflife.

B.Theyhavemadeadifferenceintherealworl正确答案:D

C.Theyhavemorepersuasiveproductivity.

D.Theyhaveonlyjustbeguntodevelop.（4）.HowcandriverlesscarsbenefitAmericanindustries?

A.DriverlesscarshaverevivedtwolargeAmericanindustries.

B.Thesaleofdriverlesscarscanreachhundredsofbilliondollars.

C.Thankstothempeoplefreefromdrivingcandomorecreativework.

√

D.DriverlesscarshavestimulatedthedevelopmentofUberandAirbnb.

2.Directions:Inthispartofthetest，therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageTwoWinstonChurchillwasoneofthecentralstatesmenofthe20thcenturyand,almost50yearsafter

hisdeath,remainsasubjectofenduringfascination.Partofthecurrentinterestinthisvenerablefigure

canbeattributedtotwosuperbbiographieswritteninthe1980sbyhistorianWilliamManchester：The

LastLion:VisionsofGloryandTheLastLion:Alone.Thesetwobooksexaminedthefirsttwo-thirdsof

Churchill’slife.

Unfortunately,aftercompletingthesecondvolume,Manchester’shealthdeclinedandtherestof

theprojectstalled.Sogreatwaspublicinterestinthelong-delayedfinalvolumethatitwasthesubject

ofafrontpagestoryinTheNewYorkTimes.

Eventually,in2003,ManchesteraskedhisfriendPaulReidtocompletethetrilogy.Now,nearlya

decadelater,ReidhaspublishedTheLastLion,thefinalpieceofthismonumentalundertaking.Reid

startswhenChurchillwasappointedprimeministerinMay1940andfollowshimthroughhisdeathin

1965.WhilemostofthisvolumeisappropriatelydevotedtoWorldWarII,italsoincludesthevast

expansionoftheBritishwelfarestatefollowingthewar,thestartoftheColdWarandtheenormous

dangersitcarried,andthelossoftheBritishEmpire.

Reidhaswrittenathoroughandcompleteanalysisoftheseyears,anditisaworthyfinaletothe

firsttwovolumes.Exhaustivelyresearchedandcarefullywritten,itdrawsonafullrangeofprimary

andsecondarymaterials.Thisbookwillbeessentialreadingforthosewhoenjoyedthefirsttwovolumes

andthosewithadeepinterestinunderstandingthisseminalfigureandhisplaceinhistory.

ReiddoesawonderfuljobofcapturingChurchillinallhiscomplexity.HegivesChurchillgreat

praiseforhispersonalcourageandinspirationalleadershipduringthedarkdayswhenBritainstood

alone,butheisequallyclearaboutChurchill’spoorstrategicjudgments,suchastheeffortstodefend

GreeceandCrete,theAlliedassaultonAnzio,andthedecisiontosendthebattleshipPrinceofWales

andbattlecruiserRepulsetotheSouthChinaSeawithoutadequateaircoverwheretheywerepromptly

sunkbytheJapanese.

HehighlightsChurchill’snaiveteindealingwithSovietPremierStalinintheearlyyearsofthewar,

butpraiseshisprescienceinanticipatingStalin’slandgrabinEasternEuropeattheendoftheconflict.

Reidalsogiveswelcomeattentiontoaspectsofthewar—suchasChurchilFsfearthattheUnitedStates

mightdecidetoputitsprimaryemphasisondefeatingJapanregardlessofthe4<Germanyfirst”

understandinghesharedwithRooseveltthathavereceivedlittleattentioninotherbooks.

（1）.WhatcanbeknownaboutthetwobiographiesofChurchill?

A.Theywerewritteninaninterestingstyle.

B.TheywerewrittenpriortoChurchilFsdeath.

C.Theyaremainlywrittenfromahistoricalpointofview.

D.Theyhavehelpedintriguethereadersoveralongperio正确答案:D（2）.WhydidthebiographyoncebecomeafrontpagestoryintheNewYorkTimes?

A.Peoplewerelookingforwardtothepublicationofthefinalvolum正确答案:E

B.Readerswereangrywiththeauthorforthedelayofthefinalvolume.

C.Thepublicationofthefinalvolumewasthenaheatedlydiscussedissue.

D.Readerswantedtoknowwhowouldbethenewauthorofthefinalvolume.（3）.Whydoesthethirdvolumeprovetobeworthy?

A.Itiswidelyreadandwelcomedbyreaders.

B.ItinvolvesenoughdetailsinChurchill’slife.

C.Itisbasedonthoroughandreliableresearch.

√

D.ItoffersauniqueunderstandingofChurchill.（4）.WhatcanweknowaboutChurchillthroughthethirdvolume?

A.Heisamanwithcomplexity.

√

B.HepulledBritainthroughWWII.

C.Hemademanystrategicmistakes.

D.Heiscourageousandinspirational.3.Directions:Inthispartofthetest，therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageThree

AsteroidsandcometsthatrepeatedlysmashedintotheearlyEarthcoveredtheplanet’ssurfacewith

moltenrockduringitsearliestdays,butstillmayhaveleftoasesofwaterthatcouldhavesupportedthe

evolutionoflife,scientistssay.Thenewstudyrevealsthatduringtheplanet’sinfancy,thesurfaceof

theEarthwasahellishenvironment,butperhapsnotashellishasoftenthought,scientistsadded.

Earthformedabout4.5billionyearsago.Thefirst500millionyearsofitslifeareknownasthe

HadeanEon.Althoughthistimeamountstomorethan10percentofEarth’shistory,littleisknown

aboutit,sincefewrocksareknownthatareolderthan3.8billionyearsold.

FormuchoftheHadean,Earthanditssisterworldsintheinnersolarsystemwerepummeledwith

anextraordinarynumberofcosmicimpacts.“Itwasthoughtthatbecauseoftheseasteroidsandcomets

flyingaroundcollidingwithEarth,conditionsonearlyEarthmayhavebeenhellish，”saidleadstudy

authorSimoneMarchi,aplanetaryscientistattheSouthwestResearchInstituteinBoulder,Colorado.

Thisimaginedhellishnessgavetheeonitsname—HadeancomesfromHades,thelordofthe

underworldinGreekmythology.

However,inthepastdozenyearsorso,aradicallydifferentpictureoftheHadeanbeganto

emerge.Analysisofmineralstrappedwithinmicroscopiczirconcrystalsdatingfromthiseon“suggested

thattherewasliquidwateronthesurfaceoftheEarthbackthen,clashingwiththepreviouspicturethat

theHadeanwashellish，”Marchisaid.ThiscouldexplainwhytheevidenceoftheearliestlifeonEarth

appearsduringtheHadean—maybetheplanetwaslessinhospitableduringthateonthanpreviously

thought.

TheexacttimingandmagnitudeoftheimpactsthatsmashedEarthduringtheHadeanareunknown.

Togetanideaoftheeffectsofthisbombardment,Machiandhiscolleagueslookedatthemoon,whose

heavilycrateredsurfacehelpedmodelthebatteringthatitscloseneighborEarthmusthaveexperienced

backthen.

“Wealsolookedathighlysiderophileelements（elementsthatbindtightlytoiron）,suchasgold,

deliveredtoEarthasaresultoftheseearlycollisions,andtheamountsoftheseelementstellsusthetotal

massaccretedbyEarthastheresultsofthesecollisions，”Marchisaid.Priorresearchsuggeststhese

impactsprobablycontributedlessthan0.5percentoftheEarth’spresent-daymass.Theresearchersdiscoveredthat“thesurfaceoftheEarthduringtheHadeanwasheavilyaffectedby

verylargecollisions,byimpactorslargerthan100kilometersorso—really,reallybigimpactors,”

Marchisaid.“WhenEarthhasacollisionwithanobjectthatbig,thatmeltsalargevolumeofthe

Earth’scrustandmantle,coveringalargefractionofthesurface,”Marchiadded.Thesefindings

suggestthatEarth’ssurfacewasburiedoverandoveragainbylargevolumesofmoltenrock—enough

tocoverthesurfaceoftheEarthseveraltimes.Thishelpsexplainwhysofewrockssurvivefromthe

Hadean,theresearcherssaid.

（1）.WhyisitlittleknownabouttheEarth’sfirst500millionyears?

A.Becauseitisanimaginedperiodoftime.

B.Becausethisperiodisoflittlesignificance.

C.Becauseitisimpossibletoknowaboutthisperiod.

D.Becausenorocksareavailableasresearchevidenc正确答案:E（2）.WhyistheearlyEarthimaginedtobehellish?

A.Becauseitwasoftensmashedbyasteroidsandcomets.

√

B.BecausebackthenHades,thelordofHell,resigned.

C.BecauseitwassoaccordingtoGreekmythology.

D.Becausebackthentherewasnolife.（3）.WhywastheearlyEarthinfactlessinhospitablethanoftenthought?

A.BecausemineralsoftheHadeanhavebeenfoundsuggestingtheexistenceoflife.

B.Becausetheclashingbroughtbyasteroidsandcometswasnotcompletelydamaging.

C.BecauseduringtheHadeantherealreadyexistedtheevidenceoflife.

D.BecausetherehadalreadybeenliquidwaterontheEarthbackthen.

√（4）.HowcanthemoonhelpwiththeunderstandingoftheimpactsthatsmashedtheEarth?

A.ThemoononcesmashedintotheEarthtoo.

B.ThemoonwasbatteredearlierthantheEarth.

C.Themoon,asacloseneighbor,iseasiertoobserve.

D.Themoon’ssurfaceisheavilycrateredastheEarth’s.

√4.Directions:Inthispartofthetest，therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageFour

Frombeachballs,pooltoys,andjumphouses,inflatabletechnologytakesabigstepforwardfor

itsnextfrontier：spacestation.AnewkindoftechwillbeaboardSpaceX’seighthsupplymissionto

theInternationalSpaceStation（ISS）.Acompressedlivingmodulewillbedeliveredandattachedtothe

stationwhere,inthevoidofspace,itwillexpandintoanewhabitatforastronauts.

DesignedbyBigelowAerospace,theinflatablespacehabitatisoneareaNASAisexploringfor

potentialdeepspacehabitatsandotheradvancedspacemissions.

“The‘BigelowExpandableActivityModule，ortheBEAM,isanexpandablehabitatthatwillbe

usedtoinvestigatetechnologyandunderstandthepotentialbenefitsofsuchhabitatsforhumanmissions

todeepspace，”NASAAdministratorCharlesBoldenwroteinablogpost.Thehabitatscouldbeaway

to“dramaticallyincrease”thespaceavailableforastronautswhilealsoofferingaddedprotectionfrom

thedangersofspace,likeradiationandspacedebris,theNASApressreleasesays.

Buthowisaninflatablespacestationsupposedtobeaviablemeansofhousingforspacetravelers?

BEAMsarefarmorethanballoon-likeroomswhereastronautscantakeasylum.Technically,the

modulesdon’tinflate—theyexpand,accordingtothecompany.Andbeyondjustair,thehabitatsare

reinforcedwithaninternalmetalstructure.Theoutsideiscomposedofmultiplelayersofmaterial

includingthingslikerubberandkevlartoprotectformanyspeedingdebris.

InsideSpaceX’sDragonspacecraftonthewaytotheISS,theBEAMwillbeapproximately8feet

indiameter.Itwillexpandoncedeployedinspacetooffer565cubicfeetofspaceforastronauts.“It’ll

bethefirsttimehumanbeingswillactuallystepinsidethisexpandablehabitatinspace,”former

astronautGeorgeZamka,whohasworkedforBigelowAerospace,toldUSAToday.“Therewon’tbe

thissenseofitbeinglikeaballoon.”

Butastronautswon’tbegettinginsidethemoduleforsometimeyet.TheBEAMwillbeattached

totheTranquilityNodeanddeployed.Insidethemoduleareaseriesoftoolsthatwillhelpthecrewof

theISSmonitordifferentaspectsoftheexpandableareatoseehowitactsinspace.Thecrewwillwatch

heat,radiation,orbitaldebris,andprovideinformationabouttheviabilityofusingsimilarmodulesin

thefuture.

Thetestingisscheduledtogoonforatwo-yeartimeperiod,afterwhichthemodulewillbe

releasedandbumupintheatmosphere.NASA’spartnershipwithBigelowfitsMr.Bolden’sdesireto

helpgrowarobustprivatesectorindustrytocommercializeaspectsofspace—aprocessheseesasvital

ifhumanswanttoreachfarthercosmicdestinations.“TheworldoflowEarthorbitbelongsto

industry,”BoldensaidatapressconferenceinJanuary2015.

（1）.WhatisspecialaboutthenewlivingmoduleonSpaceX’seighthmissiontoISS?

A.Itisexpandabl正确答案:E

B.Itlookslikeatoy.

C.Itisgoingtodeepspace.

D.ItwillnotreturntoEarth.（2）.Whatisthepurposeofdesigningtheinflatablespacehabitat?

A.Itistofindoutitspotentialcapacity.

B.Itistogiveatryonanewtechnology.

C.Itistosavetimeandmoneyinproduction.

D.Itistoseeifitcanbeappliedindeepspac正确答案:E（3）.WhatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph5mean?

A.Thehabitatwillnotbeaballoon-likeroom.

B.Thehabitatwillnotfeellikeaballoon.

√

C.Thehabitatwillbelikeasenselessballoon.

D.Thehabitatwillbeadifferentkindofballoon.（4）.WhydoesNASAintendtocommercializeaspectsofspace?

A.ItcansaveNASAtimeandenergy.

B.Itisnecessaryforarobustindustry.

C.Itiscrucialforfurtherspaceexplorations.

√

D.ItmeetsbothNASA’sandBigelow’sneeds.5.Directions:Inthispartofthetest，therewillbe5passagesforyoutoread.Eachpassageisfollowedby4questionsorunfinishedstatements,andeachquestionorunfinishedstatementisfollowedbyfourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YouaretodecideonthebestchoicebyblackeningthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEET.

PassageFive

Ofallthepeopleonmyholidayshoppinglist,therewasonelittleboyforwhombuyingagifthad

becomeincreasinglydifficult.He’sawonderfulchild,adorableandloving,andhe’snotfussyor

irritableorspoiled.Thoughhelivesacrossthecountryfromme,Ireceiveregularupdatesandphotos,

andhelikesallthethingsthattheboyshisagewanttoplaywith.Shoppingforhimshouldbeeasy,but

Ifindithardtosummonupanyenthusiasm,becauseinalltheyearsI’vegivenhimpresents,henever

oncesentmeathank-younote.

“Sendingthank-younotesisbecomingalostart，”mournsMaryMitchell,asyndicatedcolumnist

knownas“Ms.Demeanorvandauthorofsixetiquettebooks.Inherview,eachgeneration,compared

withtheonebefore,islosingasenseofconsiderationforotherpeople.“Withoutrespect,nshesays,

“youhaveconflict.”

Ms.Demeanorwouldbeproudofme：Ihavefiguredoutawaytoensurethatmychildrenalways

sendthank-younotes.Andsuchagestureisimportant,saysMs.Demeanor,because“agrateful

attitudeisatremendouslifeskill,anefficientandinexpensivewaytosetourselvesapartinthework

forceandinouradultlives.Teachyourchildrenthatthehabitofmannerscomesfrominside—it’san

attitudebasedonrespectingotherpeople.”

Afewyearsago,asmychildrendescendedlikepiranhasontheirpresentsundertheChristmas

tree,theonlyattitudeIcouldseewasgreed.Wherewastheappreciationoftimeandeffort?

Athank-younoteshouldcontainthreethings：anacknowledgementofthegift（Lovethetiewith

thepictureofahorseonit.）；arecognitionofthetimeandeffortspenttoselectit（Youmusthave

shoppedalloverthestatetofindsuchauniqueitem!）;apredictionofhowyouwilluseyourgiftorthe

wayithasenhancedyourlife（I’llbesuretowearittothenextMr.Edconvention!）.

So,fiveyearsago,inoneofmyrareflashesofparentalinsight,Idecidedthatthemost

appropriatetimetoteachthisbasiccourtesyiswhilethetinselishot.Tothehorrorofmychildren,I

announcedthathencefortheverygiftreceivedwillbeanoccasionforathank-younotewritten

immediately,onthespot.IhaveexplainedtomykidshowIhavereactedtonothearingfromthelittle

boy—howitmademefeelunappreciatedandunmotivatedtorepeattheprocessnextyear.

Ihavereluctantlygivenmykidsthegreenlighttosende-thank-younotes；thoughhand-lettered

ones（atleasttome）stillseemfriendlier.Butprettymuchanythank-youmakesthegiftgiverfeel

special—justas,wehope,therecipientfeels.It’sagesturethatperfectlycapturesthespiritofthe

holidays.

（1）.Theauthorfeltunmotivatedwhenbuyingagiftforthelittleboybecausehe______.

A.purposelyintendednottoshowgratitudeforherkindnessandconsideration

B.hadneverexpressedappreciationofthegiftshereceivedinpreviousyears

√

C.hadnoideahowthoughtfulshewasinchoosingagiftforhim

D.didn’tlikeanyofthegiftshehadgivenhim（2）.AccordingtoMs.Demeanor,showingappreciationhasthebenefitof______.

A.formingthehabitofgoodmanners

B.regainingthelostartofexpressingthanks

C.motivatingthegiftgivertobuymoregifts

D.distinguishingoneselffromothersinworkandlife

√（3）.Inathank-younote,“ThebookwillbemygoodcompanionwhenIamalone.”servesas

A.arecognitionofthetimeandeffortspenttoselectit

B.anannouncementofhowithasenhancedyourlife

C.apredictionofhowyouwilluseyourgift

√

D.anacknowledgementofthegift（4）.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“whilethetinselishot”（Line2，Para.6）?

A.Themomentherkidsreceiveagift.

√

B.Themomentshestartschoosinggiftsforeachkid.

C.Whentheartofsendingthankyounotesisn’tlostyet.

D.Whenherkidsstillrememberwhoboughtthegiftsforthem.二、PartIIEnglish-ChineseTranslation6.Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom【A1】to【A4】,fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Economicsisnodifferent.Supply,demand,elasticity,comparativeadvantage,consumersurplus,deadweightloss一thesetermsarepartoftheeconomist’slanguage.Inthecomingchapters,youwillencountermanynewtermsandsomefamiliarwordsthateconomistsuseinspecializedways.【A1】

Atfirst，thisnewlanguagemayseemneedlesslyarcane.But，asyouwillsee，itsvalueliesinitsabilitytoprovideyouanewandusefulwayofthinkingabouttheworldinwhichyoulive.Economiststrytoaddresstheirsubjectwithascientist’sobjectivity.Theyapproachthestudyoftheeconomyinmuchthesamewayasaphysicistapproachesthestudyofmatterandabiologistapproachesthestudyoflife：【A2】

Theydevisetheories，collectdata，andthenanalyzethesedatainanattempttoverifyorrefhtetheirtheories.Tobeginners,itcanseemoddtoclaimthateconomicsisascience.Afterall,economistsdonotworkwithtesttubesortelescopes.【A3】Theessenceofscience，however，isthescientificmethods—thedispassionatedevelopmentandtestingoftheoriesabouthowtheworldworks.Thismethodofinquiryisasapplicabletostudyinganation’seconomyasitistostudyingtheearth’sgravityoraspecies,evolution.【A4】AsAlbertEinsteinonceputit，“Thewholeofscienceisnothingmorethantherefinementofeverydaythinking.”（225words）

（1）.【A1】__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：（一开始，这种新的语言似乎毫无必要地晦涩难懂。但是，正如你会看到的一样，它的价值在于它能够为你提供一种全新的、有用的方式来思考你所生活的世界。）（2）.【A2】__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：（他们设计理论，收集数据，然后分析这些数据，试图验证或反驳他们的理论。）（3）.【A3】__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：（然而，科学的本质是科学的方法——即冷静客观地创立并检测关于世界如何运转的科学理论。）（4）.【A4】__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：（正如爱因斯坦曾经提出的，“整个科学只不过是对日常思维的提炼。”）三、PartIIIChinese-EnglishTranslation7.Directions:TranslatethefollowingparagraphfromChineseintoEnglish.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。例如，当中东战争中断了原油运输时，全世界石油价格飞涨。对石油和石油产品的消费者来说，这个事件降低了他们的生活水平。对经济决策者来说，它提出了选择最优反应的难题。但对经济科学家来说，它提供了研究关键自然资源对世界经济影响的机会，而且，在战争引起的石油价格上涨结束后，这种机会还会持续很长时间。因此，在本书中我们要考虑许多历史事件。这些事件之所以具有研究价值，既是因为它们能使我们了解过去的经济，更重要的则是因为它们使我们可以说明并评价现在的经济理论。

__________________________________________________________________________________________

正确答案：（Inordertofindasubstituteforlaboratoryexperiments,economistspaycloseattentiontothenaturalexperimentsprovidedbyhistory.WhenawarintheMiddleEastinterruptedtheflowofcrudeoil,forinstance,oilpricessoaredupthroughouttheworld.Forconsumersinoilandoilproducts,suchaneventhasreducedtheirlivingstandards.Foreconomicpolicymakers,itputsforwardtheproblemofchoosingthebestresponse.Butforeconomicscientists,itprovidesanopportunitytostudytheimpactofkeynaturalresourcesontheworldeconomy,andthisopportunitywillpersistforlongaf