《轮机英语（二三管轮）》-Lesson 17 Incinerators

NewWordsandExpressionsunhygienic[ˌʌnhaɪˈdʒiːnɪk]a.不卫生的；不健康的galleywaste

n.厨余垃圾polychlorinatedbiphenyls

n.多氯联苯halogen[ˈhælədʒən]n.卤素estuary[ˈestʃuəri]n.河口；江口refuse[rɪ'fjuːz]n.垃圾，废弃物draught[drɑːft]n.引风；通风sterilize[ˈsterəlaɪz]v.消毒，杀菌；NewWordsandExpressionsodor['əʊdə]n.气味；臭味refractory[rɪˈfræktəri]n.耐火材料blackout[ˈblækaʊt]n.断电GeneralIntroductionPollutionatseaisamatterofgraveconcernwhichhascompelledconcernedauthoritiestomakestricterlegislationbybanningdisposalatseaatmanysensitiveareas.Accumulatingwastetillthetimeshipreachesthenextportcanbedangerousandunhygienic.AccordingtoAnnexVofMARPOL73/78conventionofIMO,guidelinesregardingthewastematerialstorageanddisposalofwasteatseaneedtobestrictlyfollowed.Incinerationofvariousmaterialssuchasgalleywaste,foodscraps,accommodationwaste,linen,cardboards,oilsludgefromlubricatingoil,fueloil,bilgeandpurifier,andsewagesludge,isoneofthemosteffectivewaysofdisposalandsavingstoragecapacityofthetanksandwastestoragecontainmentsonships(对各种材料（如厨余垃圾、食物残渣、住宿废物、亚麻布、纸板，以及来自润滑油、燃料油、舱底和分油机的油泥和生活污水的污泥）进行焚烧是节省船舶废物储罐和储存容器容量的最有效的处理方法之一).GeneralIntroduction

GeneralIntroductionIncineratorsareusedforthispurpose.Incineratorsburnthefood,sewageandoilwasteathightemperatures,reducingthewastetodisposableash(seeFig.17-1).Forallforeigngoingvessel,anincineratorinstalledonboardtheshiponorafter1January2000mustcomplywithrequirementsofthestandardspecificationsforshipboardincineratorsdevelopedundertheregulationsofMEPC.76(40)andamendmentsMEPC.93(45),MEPC.244(66).Thefollowingmaterialshouldnotbeincinerated:AnnexI,IIandIIIcargoresiduesofthepresentConventionandrelatedcontaminatedpackingmaterials;Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)Garbage,asdefinedinAnnexVofthepresentConvention,containingmorethantracesofheavymetals;andrefinedpetroleumproductscontaininghalogencompounds.Incinerationofsewagesludgeandsludgeoilgeneratedduringthenormaloperationofashipmayalsotakeplaceinthemainorauxiliarypowerplantorboilers,butinthosecases,shallnottakeplaceinsideports,harborsandestuaries.GeneralIntroductionThetemperatureofthefluegasesmustbemonitoredandshouldnotbelessthan850ºCforcontinuousfeedandreach600ºCwithin5minutes(timemayvarydependinguponthecapacityofincinerator)forabatchfeed.Horizontalburnertypeandverticalcyclonetypearethetwomostcommonlyusedincineratorsontheship.Thesetupofahorizontalburnertypeincineratorissimilartoahorizontalfiredboilerwithaburnerarrangementhorizontaltotheincineratorcombustionchamberaxis(水平燃烧器型焚烧炉的装置结构类似于水平燃烧锅炉，燃烧器水平布置，与焚烧炉燃烧室的轴线平行).GeneralIntroductionTheashandnoncombustiblematerialremainingattheendoftheoperationhastobeclearedoutmanually.Inverticalcyclonetype,theburnerismountedonthetopandthewastetobeincineratedisintroducedintothecombustionchamberfromthetop.Arotatingarmdeviceisprovidedtoimprovecombustionandremoveashandnon-combustiblesfromthesurface.配备的旋转臂装置可以改善燃烧并从表面去除灰烬和不可燃物。GeneralIntroductionTheimportantpartsoftheincineratorare:Combustionchamberwithdieseloilburner,sludgeburner,pilotfuelheaterandelectriccontrolpanelFluegasfanwhichmaybefittedwithfluegasdamperorfrequencyinverterSludgeservicetankwithacirculatingpumpandheaterSludgesettlingtankwithfillingpumpandheater(Optional)Waterinjection(Optional)Rotatingarmtoremoveashandnon-combustibles(forverticalcyclonetype)GeneralIntroductionAsludgeburnerisplacedintheincineratortoburnanddisposeofsewage,sludgeandwasteoil.Anauxiliaryoilburnerisalsofittedtoignitetherefuse(在焚烧炉中放置一个污泥燃烧器来燃烧和处理污水、污泥和废油，还安装了辅助燃油燃烧器来点燃垃圾).Automaticcontrolsprovidedforthesystemsecuretheigniterwhentherefusestartsburningwithouttheneedoftheigniter.Combustionairissuppliedwiththehelpofforceddraughtfan.Aloadingdoor,pneumaticallyoperated,isprovidedtoloadtherefuse.Aninterlockisalsoprovidedwithburnerandforceddraughtfan,whichtripswhentheloadingdoorisinopenconditionaspartofthesafety.IncineratorOperationSolidwasteisfedfromtheloadingdoor,andtheincinerationprocessstartsafterclosingthedoor.Liquidwasteisfedintothesystemwhentherefractoryoftheincineratorbecomeshot.Afterthecompletionoftheincinerationprocess,theincineratorisallowedtocooldown,andresiduelikeashandthenon-combustiblesareremovedbypullingtheashslidedoor.Therotatingarmintheverticalcyclonetypescrapesofftheentiresolidresidueintheashboxwhichcanbeeasilydisposedof.IncineratorOperationDuringincineration,itisimportanttocontroltheexhausttemperature,whichshouldnotbeveryhighortoolow.Thehightemperaturecouldleadtomeltingofmetalandcancausedamagetothemachinery,whereastoolowtemperaturewillnotbeabletoburntheresidueandsterilizeandremoveodorfromtheresidue.Thistemperaturecontrolcanbeachievedbyintroducingcold-dilutedairintheexhauststreamatthepointwhichisasclosetoincineratordischarge(通过在紧靠焚烧炉排放口的位置，向废气流中引入温度较低的稀释空气，可以实现对温度的控制).IncineratorOperationKeeptheincineratorchamberinlet,outletandburnerpartsclean.Adailyinspectionmustbecarriedoutbeforethestartinthemorning.Donotthrottletheair/steamneedlevalvemorethan3⁄4turnclosed.Ifthepressureincreasesabovethedefinedlimit,cleanthesludgeburnernozzle.Donotturnoffthemainpowerbeforethechambertemperatureisdownbelow170°C.Keepthefanrunningtocooldownthechamber.Ifexperiencinganyproblemwithahightemperatureinthecombustionchamber,fluegasorcontrolofsludgedosing,replacethedosingpumpstator.Donottransfersludgetotheservicetankduringsludgeburninginasingletanksystemasitcandamagetherefractory.ThingstoRememberforStartingandStoppingIncineratorItisalwaysrecommendedtoheatthesludgeovernight,withoutstartingthecirculatingpump.Drainoffthefreewaterandstartthesludgeprogrambeforeperformingtheincineratoroperation.Neverloadglass,lithiumbatteriesorlargequantitiesofspraycansintheincinerator.Avoidloadinglargeamountsofoilyragsorfiltercartridgesasallthesemaydamagethefluegasfan.Inspectthecoolingjacketeverysixmonths(openthecoverplates)andcleanasrequiredwithsteamorhotwater.Readtheinstructionmanual,andneverchangeanysettingsunlessinstructedbythemakers.ThingstoRememberforStartingandStoppingIncineratorDonotincineratemetalsassodaandfoodcanplate,flatware,servingspoons/tray,hardware(nuts&bolts),structuralpieces,wirerope,chains,etc.,glasssuchasbottles,jars,drinkingglasses,etc.Flammablematerialssuchasbottlesorcanscontainingflammableliquidsorgassesandaerosolcansmustnotbeincinerated.Loadingofglasswillresultinarockhardslag,whichishardtoremovefromtherefractorylining.Inthecaseofablackout,whenthecombustionchambertemperatureisabove220°C,itisimportanttostartthefluegasfanassoonaspossibleinordernottodamagetheincineratorbyaccumulatedheatintherefractorylining(在停电的情况下，当燃烧室温度高于220°C时，尽快启动烟气风机是很重要的，以免因耐火材料衬里中积累的热量而损坏焚烧炉).ImportantPointstoNote:

Exercises1.TheAtlasincineratorisdesignedtoincineratesolidwasteandalltypesofcombustiblenon-explosiveoilsludge____.A.withaflashpointofmin.80°CB.withaflashpointofmax.60°CC.withaflashpointofmax.100°CD.withaflashpointofmin.60°C2.PLC-unitcouldcontroltheincineratorbyaspeedcontrolunitthat____.A.automaticallyadjuststheatomizingairpressureB.automaticallyadjuststhesludgefeedingcapacityC.automaticallyadjuststhesludgefeedingpressureD.automaticallyadjuststhesludgefeedingtemperatureDB

Exercises3.Whatisthefunctionofincinerator?A.combustsolidwasteand/orsludgeoilB.combustignitablegasandsoldwasteC.itistotallycombustdailygarbageD.combustdisposedpackaging4.Whatisthefunctionoftheheatfromtheprimaryburner?A.willdryoutandstartburningthesolidwasteB.willdryoutandprepareforburningthesolidwasteand/orignitethesludgeoilC.willdryoutandstartburningthesolidwasteand/orignitethesludgeoilD.willstartburningthesolidwasteand/orignitethesludgeoildirectlyAC

Exercises5.Theincineratorisdesignedwithaprimarycombustionchamberforburning____.A.sludgeoiland/orsolidwaste B.sludgeoiland/orcombustiblegasC.sludgeoiland/orliquidwaste D.combustiblegasand/orsolidwaste6.Twosecondarycombustionchambersofincineratorisusedforburning

.A.uncombustedsolidwaste B.uncombustedexhaustgasesC.combustibleexhaustgas D.incombustibleexhaustgasesAB

Exercises7.Theprimaryandthetwosecondarychambersofincineratorareseparatedby

.A.awallmadeofceramicheavydutyrefractoryB.awallmadeofironC.awallmadeofstainlesssteelD.awallmadeofnormalbrick8.Forthedieseloilsupplylineofincinerator,vacuumof_____insuctionlineisrecommendedA.0.3bar B.0.5barC.0.4bar D.0.6barAC

Exercises9.Forthedieseloilsupplylineofincinerator,meshsizeforstrainerismax_____.A.55-75µm B.60-75µmC.50-70µm D.50-75µm10.Thesupplyofcompressedairtoi