2018年扬州大学考博英语真题

2018年扬州大学考博英语真题一、ReadingComprehension1.Thepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.Descriptionslike‘PaleolithicMan’,‘NeolithicMan’,etc.,neatlysumupwholeperiods.Whenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcentury,theywillsurelychoosethelabel‘LeglessMan’.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:‘inthetwentiethcentury,peopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincars,busesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailways,ski-liftsandroadstothetopofeveryhugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.’Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanother,wefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’s-eyeviewoftheworld—orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardrivers,inparticular,areforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.Isitthelureofthegreatmotorways,orwhat?Andasforseatravel,ithardlydeservesmention.Hisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:‘Ijoinedthenavytoseetheworld,andwhatdidIsee?I

sawthesea.’Thetypicaltwentieth-centurytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssays‘I’vebeenthere.’Youmentiontheremotest,mostevocativeplace-namesintheworldlikeElDorado,Kabul,Irkutskandsomeoneisboundtosay‘I’vebeenthere’—meaning,‘Idrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.’Whenyoutravelathighspeeds,thepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrival,whenitisachieved,ismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethis,yoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfoot,ontheotherhand,livesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyes,hisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravelers（1）.Anthropologistslabelnowadaysmen‘Legless’because

A.peopleforgethowtousehislegs.

√

B.peopleprefercars,busesandtrains.

C.liftsandescalatorspreventpeoplefromwalking.

D.therearealotoftransportationdevices.（2）.Travelingathighspeedmeans

A.people’sfocusonthefutur正确答案:E

B.apleasure.

C.satisfyingdrivers’greatthrill.

D.anecessityoflife.（3）.Whydoestheauthorsay‘wearedeprivedoftheuseofoureyes’?

A.Peoplewon’tusetheireyes.

B.Intravelingathighspeed,eyesbecomeuseless.

C.Peoplecan’tseeanythingonhiswayoftravel.

√

D.Peoplewanttosleepduringtraveling.（4）.Whatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?

A.Legsbecomeweaker.

B.Modernmeansoftransportationmaketheworldasmallplace.

C.Thereisnoneedtouseeyes.

D.Thebestwaytotravelisonfoot.

√（5）.Whatdoes‘abird’s-eyeview’mean?

A.Seeviewwithbird’seyes.

B.Abirdlooksatabeautifulview.

C.Itisageneralviewfromahighpositionlookingdown.

√

D.Ascenicplace.2.Whenyouthinkofthetremendoustechnologicalprogresswehavemade,it’samazinghowlittlewe

havedevelopedinotherrespects.WemayspeakcontemptuouslyofthepooroldRomansbecause

theyrelishedtheorgiesofslaughterthatwentonintheirarenas.Wemaydespisethembecausethey

mistookthesegoingsonforentertainment.Wemayforgivethemcondescendinglybecausethey

lived2000yearsagoandobviouslyknewnobetter.Butareourfeelingsofsuperiorityreallyjustified?

Areweanylessblood-thirsty?Whydoboxingmatches,forinstance,attractsuchuniversalinterest?

Don’tthespectatorswhoattendthemhopetheywillseesomeviolence?Humanbeingsremainsas

bloodthirstyasevertheywere.TheonlydifferencebetweenourselvesandtheRomansisthatwhile

theywerehonestenoughtoadmitthattheyenjoyedwatchinghungrylionstearingpeopleapartand

eatingthemalive,wefindallsortsofsophisticatedargumentstodefendsportswhichshouldhave

beenbannedlongage;sportswhicharequiteasbarbarousas,say,publichangingsorbearbaiting.

Itreallyisincrediblethatinthisdayandageweshouldstillallowhuntingorbull-fighting,thatwe

shouldbepreparedtositbackandwatchtwomenbattereachothertopulpinaboxingring,thatwe

shouldberelativelyunmovedbythesightofoneoranumberofracingcarscrashingandbursting

intoflames.Letusnotdeceiveourselves.Anytalkof‘thesportingspirit’issheerhypocrisy.People

takepartinviolentsportsbecauseofthehighrewardstheybring.Spectatorsarewillingtopayvast

sumsofmoneytoseeviolence.Aworldheavyweightchampionshipmatch,forinstance,isfront

pagenews.Millionsofpeoplearedisappointedifabigfightisoverintworoundsinsteadoffifteen.

Theyfeeldisappointmentbecausetheyhavebeendeprivedoftheexquisitepleasureofwitnessing

prolongedtortureandviolence.

Whyshouldwebanviolentspoilsifpeopleenjoythemsomuch?Youmayweltask.Theansweris

simple:theyarcuncivilized.Forcenturiesmanhasbeentryingtoimprovehimselfspirituallyand

emotionally—admittedlywithlittlesuccess.Butatleastwenolongertoleratethesightmadmen

coopedupincages,orpublicfloggingsofanyofthecountlessotherbarbaricpracticeswhichwere

commoninthepast.Prisonsarenolongerthegrimforbiddingplacestheyusedtobe.Socialwelfare

systemsareinoperationinmanypartsoftheworld.Bigeffortsarebeingmadetodistributewealth

fairly.Thesechangeshavecomeaboutnotbecausehumanbeingshavesuddenlyandunaccountably

improved,butbecausepositivestepsweretakentochangethelaw.Thetawisthebiggestinstrument

ofsocialchangethatwehaveanditmayexertgreatcivilizinginfluence.Ifwebanneddangerousand

violentsports,wewouldbemovingonestepfurthertoimprovingmankind.Wewouldrecognizethat

violenceisdegradingandunworthyofhumanbeings.

（1）.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor’sopinionofnowadays’humanbeingsis

A.notveryhigh

√

B.high.

C.contemptuous.

D.critical.（2）.Themainideaofthispassageis

A.viciousanddangeroussportsshouldbebannedbylaw.

√

B.peoplearewillingtopayvastsumsmoneytoseeviolence.

C.tocomparetwodifferentattitudestowardsdangeroussports.

D.peoplearebloodthirstyinsports.（3）.ThattheauthormentionstheoldRomansis

A.tocomparetheoldRomanswithtoday’speople.

B.togiveanexample.

C.toshowhumanbeingsinthepastknownothingbetter.

D.toindicatehumanbeingsareusedtobloodthirsty.

√（4）.Howmanydangeroussportsdoestheauthormentioninthispassage?

A.Three.

B.Fiv正确答案:E

C.Six.

D.Seven.（5）.Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassageis

A.that,bybanningtheviolentsports,wehumanbeingscanimproveourselves.

√

B.that,bybanningthedangeroussports,wecanimprovethelaw.

C.thatwemustlakepositivestepstoimprovesocialwelfaresystem.

D.toshowlawisthemaininstrumentofsocialchange.3.Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey'realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround.‘It'siniquitous,’theysay,‘thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustry（ifwecancallitthat）shouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon'ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoods?Afterall,it’stheconsumerwhopays...’

Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachine,itismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformance,price,etc.,fromanadvertisement.Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisements,butthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenare,too!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.Wouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrain?Wouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaper?Acheerful,wittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforget,cither,thatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspapers,commercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaper,orcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogrammesisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice!Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe‘smallads.’whicharcinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstance,youcanfindajob,buyorsellahouse,announceabirth,marriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe'hatch,matchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor'agony'column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis!（1）.Whatismainideaofthispassage?

A.Advertisement.

B.Thebenefitsofadvertisement.

C.Advertisersperformausefulservicetocommunities.

√

D.Thecostsofadvertisement.（2）.Theattitudeoftheauthortowardadvertisersis

A.appreciativ正确答案:E

B.trustworthy.

C.critical.

D.dissatisfactory.（3）.Whydothecriticscriticizeadvertisers?

A.Becauseadvertisersoftenbra正确答案:G

B.Becausecriticsthinkadvertisementisa“wasteofmoney”.

C.Becausecustomersareencouragedtobuymorethannecessary.

D.Becausecustomerspaymore.（4）.WhichofthefollowingisNotTrue?

A.Advertisementmakescontributiontoourpocketsandwemayknoweverything.

B.Wecanbuywhatwewant.

C.Goodqualityproductsdon’tneedtobeadvertise正确答案:D

D.Advertisementmakesourlifecolorful.（5）.Thepassageis

A.Narration.

B.Description.

C.Criticism.

√

D.Argumentation.4.Scienceisadominantthemeinourculture.Sinceittouchesalmosteveryfacetofourlife,educatedpeopleneedatleastsomeacquaintancewithitsstructureandoperation.Theyshouldalsohaveanunderstandingofthesubcultureinwhichscientistsliveandthekindsofpeopletheyare.Anunderstandingofgeneralcharacteristicsofscienceaswellasspecificscientificconceptsiseasiertoattainifoneknowssomethingaboutthethingsthatexciteandfrustratethescientist.Thisbookiswrittenfortheintelligentstudentorlaypersonwhoseacquaintancewithscienceissuperficial;forthepersonwhohasbeenpresentedwithscienceasamustystorehouseofdriedfacts;forthepersonwhoseesthechiefobjectiveofscienceastheproductionofgadgets;andforthepersonwhoviewsthescientistsassomesortofmagician.Thebookcanbeusedtosupplementacourseinanyscience,toaccompanyanycoursethatattemptstogiveanunderstandingofthemodernworld,or-independentlyofanycourse-simplytoprovideabetterunderstandingofscience.Wehopethisbookwillleadreaderstoabroaderperspectiveonscientificattitudesandamorerealisticviewofwhatscienceis,whoscientistsare,andwhattheydo.Itwillgivethemanawarenessandunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenscienceandourcultureandanappreciationoftherolessciencemayplayinourculture.Inaddition,readersmaylearntoappreciatetherelationshipbetweenscientificviewsandsomeofIhevaluesandphilosophiesthatarepervasiveinourculture.Wehavetriedtopresentinthisbookanaccurateandup-to-datepictureofthescientificcommunityandthepeoplewhopopulateit.Thatpopulationhasinrecentyearscometocomprisemoreandmorewomen.Thisincreasingroleofwomeninthescientificsubcultureisnotanuniqueincidentbut,rather,partofthetrendevidentinallsegmentsofsocietyasmorewomenentertraditionallymale-dominatedfieldsandmakesignificantcontributions.Indiscussingthesechangesandcontribution,however,wearefacedwithalanguagethatisimplicitlysexist,onethatusesmalenounsorpronounsinreferringtounspecifiedindividuals.Tooffsetthisbuilt-inbias,wehaveadoptedthepolicyofusingpluralnounsandpronounswheneverpossibleand,whenabsolutelynecessary,alternatingheandshe.Thispolicyisfarfrombeingideal,butitisatleastanacknowledgmentoftheinadequacyofourlanguageintreatinghalfofthehumanraceequally.Wehavealsotriedtomakethebookentertainingaswellasinformative.Ourapproachisusuallyinformal.Wefeel,asdomanyotherscientists,thatweshouldn'ttakeourselvestooseriously.Asthereadermayobserve,weseescienceasadelightfulpastimeratherthanasagrimanddrearywaytoearnaliving.（1）.Accordingtothepassage,‘scientificsubculture’means

A.culturalgroupsthatarcformedbyscientists.

B.peoplewhoseknowledgeofscienceisverylimited.

C.thescientificcommunity.

√

D.peoplewhomakegoodcontributiontoscience.（2）.Weneedtoknowsomethingaboutthestructureandoperationofsciencebecause

A.itisnoteasytounderstandthethingsthatexciteandfrustratescientists.

B.Scienceaffectsalmosteveryaspectofourlif正确答案:E

C.Scientistsliveinaspecificsubculture.

D.Itiseasiertounderstandgeneralcharacteristicsofscience.（3）.Thebookmentionedinthispassageiswrittenforreaderswho

A.areintelligentcollegestudentsandlaypersonwhodonotknowmuchaboutscienc正确答案:E

B.aregoodatproducingvariousgadgets.

C.workinastorehouseofdriedfacts.

D.wanttohaveasuperficialunderstandingofscience.（4）.Accordingtothispassage,

A.Englishisasexistlanguage.

B.onlyinthescientificworldistheroleofwomenincreasingrapidly.

C.womenaremakingsignificantcontributionstoeliminatingtheinadequacyofourlanguage.

D.malenounsorpronounsshouldnotbeusedtorefertoscientists.

√（5）.Thispassagemostprobablyis

A.abookreview,

B.theprefaceofabook.

√

C.thepostscriptofabook.

D.theconcludingpartofabook.二、Translate5.A.

TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.1.Werecognizethatinthelongrun,innovationisakeydriverofgrowthforbothindividualcountriesandtheglobaleconomyasawhole.Wearecommittedtotacklingoneoftherootcausesofweakgrowthbytakinginnovationasakeyelementofourefforttoidentifynewgrowthenginesforindividualcountriesandtheworldeconomy.

2.Recognizingthedetrimentaleffectsofcorruptionandillicitfinanceflowsonequitableallocationofpublicresources,sustainableeconomicgrowth,theintegrityoftheglobalfinancialsystemandtheruleoflaw,wewillreinforcetheG20’seffortstoenhanceinternationalcooperationagainstcorruption,whilefullyrespectinginternationallaw,humanrightsandtheruleof