高考英语二轮复习（新高考版）阅读理解与七选五题型突破-词句猜测题

第4讲题型突破——词句猜测题

题型分析

I___________________________________

词句猜测题基本上是闰读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断

单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟询的新

意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接命题的生词外，阅读文率时，常常也会

遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来。

【设问方式】

1.Thewordinparagraph...means.

2.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwordinparagraph...?

3.Whaldotheunderlinedwordsprobablymean?

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedvvord/phrase"”inparagraph...referto?

5.Theunderlinedexpressioninparagraph...mostprobablymeans"”.

解题策略

1I一-__________________________________

技法一词义猜测题

——巧用线索猜词义

词汇含义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考三在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所

指定的某一个单词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在

文章阅读中起到一定的作用0由此看来，猜测词句能力的高低，直接影响着阅读理解题得分

的高低，对能否取得好的高考成绩有着举足轻重的作用。下面介绍巧用逻辑关系、语法关系、

构词法和上下文语境猜测词汇含义。

一、4种逻辑关系助力词义猜测

onthecontniry,

because,so,thus,asa

ontheother

result.so/such...that...,

hand,while,in日寸比)4种色刎result；；.

contrast...)丁

inotherwards,―,,逻辑,

y.c■［转折|yet,however,

thatis(tosay),世我

―■~~\while,unlike.instead

aswellas,the/

\(of),rather(han,

sameas,just/

\unfortunately...

as.”/

r感悟真题・体验技法」

(2021・新高考全国IC片段)

WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlands

werealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthese

preciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowed

onlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwatcrfowl（水禽）were

killedatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsnien.Millionsofacres

ofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducing

waterfowlhabitat（栖息地）.

29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?

A.Acquire.B.Export.

C.Destroy.D.Distribute.

答案C

解析词义猜测题。依据画线词所在句中的Unfbrluna21y可判断，画线词所在句与上文形成

转折，上文讲到了探险者抵达北美洲时，这片大陆上充满了各种各样的野生物种，整个大陆

生机勃勃。美洲土著居民明智地照顾着这些宝贵的自然资源，因此画线词所在句应讲述这些

资源受到的破坏——探险者及随之而来的殖民者只用了几十年就将大部分资源破坏。故选C。

二、5种语法关系助力词义猜测

举例月语：forinstance/

同位语/同位语从句：对example,suchas,like.

前面内容进行解译说明include,including...

5种标点符号：破折号、

卜定义：mean,be,refer

语法\曾号、分号后的内容;

to.bedefinedas.repre­\引号、括号中的内容

关系

sent,becalled/named...

等后面的内容是对前面定语从句，尤其是

内容的解释说明which/who引导的非

限制件定语从句

-感悟真题・体验技法」

（2022•全国乙C片段）

Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnel

safety.ltiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately2（）billioneurosayearon

maintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherail

infraslructure.Thalcanbedangerouswork（hatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'

efforts.

29.Whatdoes“maintenance"underlinedinparagraph3referto?

A.Personnelsafety.

B.Assistancefromdrones.

C.Inspectionandrepair.

D.Constructionofinfrastructure.

答案C

解析词义猜测题。根据后文的举例用语”...includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenat

night,toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.M可知，maintenance指的是后文中的"inspect

andrepairtherailinfrastructurev,故选Co

三、3种构词法助力词义猜测

否定前缀或后缀，与原单词构成反义

词.Alldis-,un-,im-,-less

「派生法一后缀改变词性不改变词义，如delivery

前缀c。-表示“共同”；re-表示“又.

再"；trans-表示“转移”

由1_

词T合成法］-依据合成词组成新词，结合语境猜

测词义,如

法blackboard

形容词转化为动词

L转化法•种词性川作另一动战化为名词一

种同性而词形不变

名词转化为动词

例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.

分析：根据构词法知识我们可知，un-为否定前缀，-ness为名词后缀，easy（舒适）为词根。因

此，我们可知uneasiness为“不安；担忧”之意。

四、上下文语境助力词义猜测

有些词义猜测题找不到以上标志线索，这时我们可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索进行

合乎逻辑的综合分析，进而推测词义，这也是近几年来高考考查的热点。

（感悟真题•体验技法」

（2022•新高考全国IC片段）

Theelderlyresidents（居民）incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookaftertostop

（hemfeelinglonely.

WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkonthe

project,said："Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Weare

lookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere."

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwordsaembarkon”meaninparagraph7?

A.Improve.B.Oppose.

C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

答案C

解析词义猜测题。根据上下文语境，即画线处前的“oneofthefirst"以及后文"Wearc

looking...bringtopeoplehere."可知，WendyWilson是这个项目的发起人之一，所以画线词的

含义与C项“Beg与（开始）”含义相近。故选C。

D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.

答案D

解析代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句，由

此可知，此处that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。

技法三句意猜测题

——意义吻合推句意

高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解

前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。

【设问方式】

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph...mean?

2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedsentenceinparagraph...?

句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。其解题流程

如下：

找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑

关系的准确分析。对需要推理的句

意意理解,首先要理解句子前后的语

义

吻境,其次对此句在文章中的意思进

合行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。

推

句找出与原句意思完全吻合的选项。

意一般来说,正确选项的意思与原句

的意思完全相同•只是用其他的英

语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思C

\感悟真题•体验技法」

（2019•浙江B片段）

Moneywithnostringsattached.il'snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationin

LosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasign（hat

read,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”

24.Whatdoestheexpressionumoneywithnostringsattached°inparagraphImean?

A.Moneyspentwithouthesitation.

B.Moneynotlegallymade.

C.Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.

D.Moneynotliedtogether.

答案C

解析句意猜测题。根据下文的内容并结合木板上写的“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYou

Need."可知，钉在木板上的钱是可以随意取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C项。

随堂演练

I__________________________________

A

(外刊阅读・原创题)选自：USAToday

Robotvacuumsareincrediblypopular,andthesehelpfulhouseholdgadgetsareconveniently

designedtopickupdust,hairandallmannerofgrimesoyoudon'thavetodoityourself.Ofallof

themodelsavailable,theiRobotRoombai7+isthebestrobotvacuumwe'veevertested,and

rightnow,youcangetitonsalefor$30()offitsusualprice.

Thankstothisdeala(BedBath&Beyond,youcangetthisrobotvacuumonsalefor

$699.99—itslowestpriceofalltime.We,veonlyeverseenitatthislowtwicebefore,backin

December2019andApril2O2O.Whileit'struethatevenat：tsdiscountedprice,【heRoombai7+

issliHextremelyexpensive,(hishandyliuleguyisinaclassallilsownwheni【comeslorobot

vacuums.

Forstarters»itcanemptyitselfoutviaasecondarysuctionfeaturelocatedinitscharging

basc.Thisuniquefunctionalityisabigpartofwhyitcostssomuchandwhyourtestersandonline

reviewersalikereallyloveit(youcanalsogetitwithoutthisfeaturerightnowwithyourpurchase

oftheregulari7,onsalefor$499.99—$200offits$699.99listprice).Perfectforseniors,or

anyonewhostrugglestovacuumhard-to-reachareas,thisroboticmachinemakesitsoyounever

havetobenddownonyourhandsandkneestogetridofdirtordebrisfromthevacuum.

Furthermore,whatsurprisedourtesterswasthattheRoombai7+shouldpickup10gramsof

dcbris.ltactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtesting,whichisalmostunheardof.il'salsoasmart

device,soyoucanconnectittoWi-FitocontrolitviaAlexaandGoogleHome.Evenbetter,you

canwatchasitcreatesamapofyourhome,allowingyoutotrackitsprogressorkeepitoutof

specificrooms.

语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了一款最新的机器人真空吸尘器，这款吸尘器

价格非常昂贵，即使搞活动打折也比同类产品贵，但是易操作，实用性强，尤其是适用于老

人。

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“grime"inparagraph1mean?

A.Object.B.Food.

C.Dirt.D.Water.

答案C

解析词义猜测题。由画线单词前面的and可知，grime应该与dust和hair为同义词，意思

也应该是垃圾或灰尘。故选C。

2.Howmuchisthisrobotvacuumifitdoesn'tdiscount?

A.$300.B.$699.99.

C.$499.99.D.$999.99.

答案D

解析推理判断题。由第一段最后一句中的arightnow,youcangetitonsalefor$300offits

usualprice”可知，现在搞活动期间购买可以在原价的基础上减去$300:再由第二段第一句

“ThankstothisdealatBedBath&Beyond,youcangetthisrobotvacuumonsalefor

$699.99—itslowestpriceofalllime.”可知，目前活动价是$699.99,因此加上优惠的$30D,原

价应该是$999.99,故选D,

3.Whatdoestheunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphmean?

A.ThepriceoftheRoombai7+istotallydifferentfromalltheothervacuumsofthesamekind.

B.TheRoombai7+islikealittleguyinaclass.

C.Whenwerefertorobotvacuums,theRoombai7+belongstotheguyofhisown.

D.TheRoombai7+istooexpensiveforthecustomerstobuy.

答案A

解析句意理解题。通过阅读画线句，分析其结构，理解句意，再通过照应上下文可知，the

Roombai7+的价格在同类产品中是独一无二的，完全与众不同，故选A。

4.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"which"inthelastparagraphreferto?

A.TheRoombai7+.

B.Ourlab.

C.Itactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtesting.

D.Thelabtesting.

答案C

解析代词指代题。此处的which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整个句子，所以

此处的which是指“Itactuallyscoredaperfect10inourlabtestingv。故选Co

B

（2022•沏南岳阳二模）

InFebruaryof1942,MexicanfarmerDionisioPulidothoughtheheardthundercomingfrom

hiscornfield.However,thesoundwasn'tcomingfromthesky.Thesourcewasalargesmoking

breaksendingoutgasandpushingoutrocks.Thisopeningwouldcometobeknownasthevolcano

Paiicutin.andoverthenext9years,itslavaandashwouldcoverover200squarekm.Butwhere

didthisnewvolcanoconicfrom,andwhatcauseditsunpredictableeruption?

Oneofthemostcommoncausesofaneruptionisanincreaseinmagniastatic

pressure.Magma（岩浆）containsvariouselementsandcompounds.Athighenoughconcentrations,

compoundslikewaterorsulfur（硫）formhigh-pressuregasbubbles.Whentheseballsofgasreach

thesurface,theycanburstwiththeforceofagunshot.Andwhenmillionsofbubblesexplode,the

energycansendashintotheair.Butbeforetheypoporburst,theyactlikebubblesofCO2ina

shakensoda.

Notalleruptionsareduetorisingmagmastaticpressure—sometimestheweightoftherock

abovecanbecomedangerouslylow.Landslidescanremovemassivequantitiesofrockfromatopa

magmachamberorroom,droppingthepressureandinstantlytouchingoffaneruption.Thisprocess

isknownas44unloadingMandit*sbeenresponsiblefornumerouseruptions,includingthesudden

explosionofMountSt.Helensin198O.Butunloadingcanalsohappenoverlongerperiodsoftime

dueheatingiceormeltingglaciers.Infact,manygeologistsareworriedthatglacialmeltcausedby

climatechangecouldincreasevolcanicactivity.

Unfortunately,knowingwhatcauseseruptionsdoesn'tmakethemeasytopredict.While

scientistscanroughlydeterminethestrengthandweightoftheEarth,scrust（地壳），thedepzhand

heatofmagmachambersmakesmeasuringchangesinmagmastaticpressureverydifficult.But

volcanologistsareconstantlyexploringnewtechnologytoovercomethisrockyfield.Advancesin

thermalimaging（热成像）haveallowedscientiststodetectundergroundhotspots.Spectrometerscan

analyzegasesescapingmagma.Hopefully,thesetoolswillhelpusbetterunderstandthesegas

breaksandtheirexplosiveeruptions.

语篇解读本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是火山爆发的原因厂

5.Whydoestheauthormentionthestoryofafarmerinthefirstparagraph?

A.lbshowthepowerofvolcanoeruption.

B.Tointroduce（hetopic.

C.TointroducethevolcanoParicutin.

D.Toexplainthereason.

答案B

解析推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句可知，第一段开头提到一个农民的故事是为了引出

火山喷发的原因这个主题，故选B。

6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"they"inparagraph2referto?

A.ThebubblesofCO2.

B.Theashofthevolcano.

C.Gasbubblesofcompounds.

D.Theelementsofasoda.

答案C

解析代词指代题。根据第二段第三、四句可知，they指的是水或硫这样的化合物形成的高

压气泡，Gasbubblesofcompounds,故选C。

7.WhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheeruptionofMountSt.Helens?

A.Landslidesshouldberesponsibleforitseruption.

B.Itbegantoexplodeoveralongperiodoftime.

C.Theprocessof“unloading“occurredafteritsexplosion.

D.Theweightoftherockaboveitincreasedastocauseitseruption.

答案A

解析细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句可知，山体滑坡应该对圣海伦斯火山的爆发负责。

故选Ao

8.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

A.Scientistscandeterminetheeruptionofvolcanoinadvance.

B.Itisquitedifficult(omeasuretheweightoftheEarth,scrust.

C.Spectrometerscanhelpscientiststodetectundergroundhotspots.

D.Scientistsarcpositiveaboutfurtherstudyofvolcanoeruption.

答案D

解析维理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句可推断由，科学家们对火上爆发的进一步研究持

乐观态度。故选D。

强化练(八)词句猜测题

A

(2022•山东临沂一模)

Aletterwrittentoa12-ycar-oldgirlinLithuaniawasdeliveredinDecember,almost51years

afteritwassentbyapenpalinPoland.4"Ithoughtthatsomeonewasprankingme,“saidGer.ovefa

Klonovskaafterbeinghandedtheletter,whichincludedahandmadecoloredroseandtwopaper

dolls.

Theletter,togetherwith17others,felloutofaventilationhole(iSHn)thissummer,dirty

andwrinkled,asawallwastakendowninaformerpostofficeonthesuburbofVilnius.Jurgis

Vilnius»ownerofthebuildingimmediatelycalledthepostoffice.msohappytheygot

inleiested,vliesaid.

StreetnamesandtheirnumberinghavechangedinVilnius,andpostofficeworkersspent

monthslookingfortherighthousesandtalkingtocurrentrentersandneighbors,trackingdown

wheretherecipientsmovedto.Onlyfivewerefound.Inseveralcaseschildrenoflaterecipients

werehandedalostletter.

“Wefeltamoralduly(odo(his,MsaidDeimanteZebrauskaile,headofthecustomer

experiencedepartmentatLithuaniaPost.

Oneladycomparedtheexperiencetoreceivingamessagefromabottlethrowninto

sea.Peoplewereemotional.uSomefelttheysawapartofdailylifeoftheirdeceasedparents,M

Zebrauskaitesaid.

InthelettertoKlonovska»sentfromKoezaryinPolandandstampedin1970,agirlnamed

Ewacomplainsbusesnolongerreachhervillage,soshehastowalkinminus23degreeCelsius

cold,andasksforpicturesofactors.

Nowinher60s>KlonovskahasnomemoryofEwa.SheprobablywroteEwaafterfindingher

addressadvertisingforpenpalsinanewspaper,andtherelationshipceasedafterthelettergot

undelivered.

“Sogoodthattheletterdidn'tmattermuch.Thelosswasnotlife-changing,nsaidKlonovska.

°Whatiftheydeliveredalostletterfromasuitor（求婚者）tohislove,andtheirweddingnever

happened?”

语篇解读本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是今年夏天，维尔纽斯郊区的一家前邮局的一堵

墙被拆掉时发现了18封很久以前发出的信，邮局工作人员很负贲任地花了数月时间寻找合适

的收信人。

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“pranking“inparagraph1mean?

A.Brightening.B.Embarrassing.

C.Tricking.D.Pleasing.

答案C

解析词义猜测题。根据画线词前一句可知，立陶宛的Klonovska收到了51年前波兰的笔友

寄给她的信，由此推知当她收到信时，她难以相信，甚至可能觉得有人捉弄她，姑合送项可

推知，画线词pranking的意思是“欺骗”，即Tricking,改选C。

2.Whathappenedtothelettersinparagraph2?

A.Theywereaccidentallyfound.

B.Theyremainedwell-preserved.

C.Theyweredeliveredby（heformerpostoffice.

D.Theywerehiddenbytheownerofthebuilding.

答案A

解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句可知，那些信是偶然发现的，故选A。

3.WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesthepresentpostofficeinVilnius?

A.Generous.B.Dutiful.

C.Honest.D.Cautious.

答案B

解析推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和第四段中的“Wefeltamoraldutytodothis”可推知，

邮局不辞辛劳地寻找收信人，说明邮局是尽职的，即Dutiful,故选B。

4.WhatcanwelearnfromwhatKlonovskasaid?

A.Klonovskarefusedasuitor.

B.Klonovskastoppedthewedding.

C.Theundeliveredletterruinedtherelationship.

D.Theundeliveredlettermadelittledifferencetoher.

答案D

解析细节理解题。根据最后一段Klonovska的话“Sogoodthattheletterdidn'tmatter

much.Thelosswasnotlife-changingM可知，那封未送达的信对Klonovska没有什么太大的彩

响。故选D。

B

（2022-河北保定七校一模联考）

In2010,BarackObamawastopayavisittoMumbai'sGandhiMuseum,wherepalm（棕

桐）treesfullofmedottedthegrounds.Thepresidentknewmewell-coconuts（椰广）areapartof

lifeinIndonesia,wherehespenthisboyhood.Beforehisvisit.Indianauthorities,however,removed

everylastsignofmearoundthemuseum.TheywereafraidthepresidentoftheUnitedStateswould

betakenoutbyoneofmefallingonhishead.

Let'sgetthisoutoftheway：Myreputationastheukillerfruit“ofcountlessinnocentswas

thenandstillisamisbelief.Arepeatedlymisinterpreted1984studyoverstatedthenumberofdeaths

Icausedbyhittingpeopleonthehead,andthewordspread.Today,theonlythingsaboutme“to

diefor"arethesometimestoo-deliciousfoodsyouhumansmakewithme,suchascookiesand

pies.Adecadeago,healthexpertsbrieflygavemeahalobecausesomeofmyfatsmayraise

beneficialcholesterol（胆固醇）.Butaskaheartdoctortodayandthey'11tellyouthatcoconutoil

willraiseyourbadcholesterolasmuch.Deathbycoconut,indeed!

Peoplehaveotherwrongideasaboutme.Butallowmetoleaveyouwithasweetpresidential

tale.AWorldWarIIboatcommandedbyoneJohnF.Kennedywasdestroyedin1943bya

Japanesewarship.Kennedyandhissurvivingcrewwerestuckonanisland.Theyweresuffering

fromhunger,thirstandinjurieswhentheymettwofriendlynativecoast-watchers.Kennedy

scratchedamessageintoacoconutshell：UNAUROISL...COMMANDER...11ALIVE...NEED

SMALLBOAT...KENNEDY.”

Thecoast-watchersdeliveredthissuccessfullyandallthecrewweresaved.Yearslater,the

coconutshellwasgiventothenewlyelectedpresident.ltsatonhisofficedeskthroughouthis

presidencyandnowisacenter-pieceoftheJohnF.KennedyLibraryinBoston—astheproofthat

wecoconutsdon'ttakelives,wcsavethem.

语篇解读这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了椰子作为一种被人们误解的水果，其实大有用途。

5.WhydidIndianofficialsgetridof"me”?

A.ToreduceObama'sfear.

B.Toavoidunexpectedinjuries.

C.Toshowtheirwelcometradition.

D.TofollowtherequestfromtheUS.

答案B

解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句可知，印度官员除去“我”是为了避免给奥巴马总

统造成意外伤害。故选B。

6.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedwordsinparagraph2?

A.Thoughtlittleofme.

B.Didgreatdamagetome.

C.Mademewell-known.

D.Broughtmeagoodname.

答案D

解析词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句可知，椰子的名声不好。再结合画线句子可知，十年

前，健康专家曾短暂地给“我”halo,因为'‘我”的一些脂肪可能会提高有益的胆固醇。由

此猜测，相对于以前的坏名声，十年前健康专家给了“我”一个好名声。givemeahal。意为

“给我一个好名声二故选D。

7.Howdoestheauthorsoundin(hepassage?

A.Amusing.B.Anxious.

C.Concerned.D.Romantic.

答案A

解析推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章以第一人称用椰子的口吻讲述自己的故事，让人听

起来很有趣。故选A。

8.Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?

A.Toshowanewdiscovery.

B.Tocorrectpeople7smisbelief.

C.lbtellthehistoryofcoconuts.

D.Todescribeasuccessfulrescue.

答案B

解析推理判断题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其第二段第一句和最后一段的“astheproofthat

wecoconutsdon'ttakelives,wesavethemn可推知，本文的目的是为了纠正人们对椰子的误

解。故选Bo

c

（2022•浙江绍兴二模）

Whenkidsmeltdowninthemiddleofacrowdedstoreorataholidaydinnerwithextended

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Teachingself-controlisoneofthemostimportantthingsthatparentscandofbrtheirkids

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Difficultasitmaybe,resisttheurgetoyellwhenyou'rediscipliningyourkids.Instead.