高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语A 文体分类练4　说明文之研究报告书评类

文体分类练(四)说明文之研究报告/书评类高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2025Passage

1(2024安徽安庆二模)主题:利用藻类除碳

词数:335难度:★★★☆☆Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油烟机)fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgae(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密码)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于利用藻类除碳的研究。1.What

is

discussed

in

the

first

paragraph?A.An

approach

to

carbon

removal.B.A

way

to

improve

big

extractor

fans.C.A

means

of

joining

a

company.D.A

method

of

doing

scientific

research.答案

A解析

主旨大意题。根据文章第一段内容可知,第一段讨论了一种去除碳的方法。故选A项。2.Why

does

Professor

Luke

Mackinder

focus

on

ocean

algae?A.It

is

secure.

B.It

is

effective.C.It

is

sufficient.

D.It

is

accessible.答案

B解析

细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Algae

are

extremely

efficient

at

absorbing

it.”可知,卢克·麦金德教授关注海洋藻类是因为它是有效的。故选B项。3.What

can

we

know

about

the

genes

of

algae

from

the

fourth

paragraph?A.They

bring

about

great

side

effects.B.They

are

useless

for

carbon

absorption.C.They

help

increase

food

production.D.They

have

been

put

into

other

plants.答案

D解析

细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“We

place

the

genes

into

those

of

other

plants.It’s

genetic

modification.”可知,藻类的基因被植入到其他植物中。故选D项。4.What

is

required

according

to

Dave

Hillyard?A.The

government’s

permission.B.More

scientists’

participation.C.Increasing

experimental

chances.D.The

input

into

the

research.答案

D解析

推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“There

are

a

lot

of

opportunities

here

but

very

little

funding

and

research

going

into

it.”可知,根据Dave

Hillyard的说法,对研究的投入是需要的。故选D项。Passage

2(2024福建福州三模)主题:机器学习研究

词数:367难度:★★★☆☆Ourspecies’incrediblecapacitytoquicklyacquirewordsfrom300byage2toover1,000byage4isn’tfullyunderstood.Somecognitivescientistsandlinguistshavetheorizedthatpeoplearebornwithbuilt-inexpectationsandlogicalconstraints(约束)thatmakethispossible.Now,however,machine-learningresearchisshowingthatpreprogrammedassumptionsaren’tnecessarytoswiftlypickupwordmeaningsfromminimaldata.Ateamofscientistshassuccessfullytrainedabasicartificialintelligencemodeltomatchimagestowordsusingjust61hoursofnaturalisticfootage(镜头)andsound—previouslycollectedfromachildnamedSamin2013and2014.Althoughit’sasmallsliceofachild’slife,itwasapparentlyenoughtoprompttheAItofigureoutwhatcertainwordsmean.Thefindingssuggestthatlanguageacquisitioncouldbesimplerthanpreviouslythought.Maybechildren“don’tneedacustom-built,high-classlanguage-specificmechanism”toefficientlygraspwordmeanings,saysJessicaSullivan,anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatSkidmoreCollege.“Thisisareallybeautifulstudy,”shesays,“becauseitoffersevidencethatsimpleinformationfromachild’sworldviewisrichenoughtokick-startpatternrecognitionandwordcomprehension.”Thenewstudyalsodemonstratesthatit’spossibleformachinestolearnsimilarlytothewaythathumansdo.Largelanguagemodelsaretrainedonenormousamountsofdatathatcanincludebillionsandsometimestrillionsofwordcombinations.Humansgetbyonordersofmagnitudelessinformation,saysthepaper’sleadauthorWaiKeenVong.Withtherighttypeofdata,thatgapbetweenmachineandhumanlearningcouldnarrowdramatically.Yetadditionalstudyisnecessaryincertainaspectsofthenewresearch.Forone,thescientistsacknowledgethattheirfindingsdon’tprovehowchildrenacquirewords.Moreover,thestudyonlyfocusedonrecognizingthewordsforphysicalobjects.Still,it’sasteptowardadeeperunderstandingofourownmind,whichcanultimatelyhelpusimprovehumaneducation,saysEvaPortelance,acomputationallinguisticsresearcher.ShenotesthatAIresearchcanalsobringclaritytolong-unansweredquestionsaboutourselves.“Wecanusethesemodelsinagoodway,tobenefitscienceandsociety,”Portelanceadds.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了现在机器学习研究表明,要从最少的数据中快速获取单词的含义并不需要预先编程的假设。5.What

is

a

significant

finding

of

machine-learning

research?A.Vocabulary

increases

gradually

with

age.B.Vocabulary

can

be

acquired

from

minimal

data.C.Language

acquisition

is

tied

to

built-in

expectations.D.Language

acquisition

is

as

complex

as

formerly

assumed.答案

B解析

细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“Now,however,machine-learning

research

is

showing

that

preprogrammed

assumptions

aren’t

necessary

to

swiftly

pick

up

word

meanings

from

minimal

data.”可知,机器学习研究的一个重要发现是词汇可以从最小的数据中获得。6.What

does

the

underlined

word

“prompt”

in

paragraph

2

mean?A.Facilitate. B.Persuade.C.Advise.

D.Expect.答案

A解析

词句猜测题。根据上文“A

team

of

scientists

has

successfully

trained

a

basic

artificial

intelligence

model

to

match

images

to

words

using

just

61

hours

of

naturalistic

footage

and

sound—previously

collected

from

a

child

named

Sam

in

2013

and

2014.”可知,虽然只是孩子生活中的一小部分,但显然足以促使人工智能弄清楚某些单词的意思。prompt意为“促使”。7.What

is

discussed

about

the

new

research

in

paragraph

5?A.Its

limitations.

B.Its

strengths.C.Its

uniqueness.

D.Its

process.答案

A解析

主旨大意题。根据文章第五段内容可知,第五段主要讲述了这项新研究的局限性。8.What

is

Eva

Portelance’s

attitude

to

the

AI

research?A.Doubtful.

B.Cautious.C.Dismissive.

D.Positive.答案

D解析

推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“She

notes

that

AI

research

can

also

bring

clarity

to

long-unanswered

questions

about

ourselves.‘We

can

use

these

models

in

a

good

way,to

benefit

science

and

society,’Portelance

adds.”可推知,Eva

Portelance对人工智能研究的态度是积极的。Passage

3(2024河北保定一模)主题:手势对听众的影响

词数:330难度:★★★☆☆Politicians,businessbosses,andothertypesofleadersindeedtendtolikespeakingwiththeirhands,butdoesthehabitinfluencehowothersinterpretthosewords?Togettothebottomofit,ateamofresearchersfromtheMaxPlanckInstituteforPsycholinguisticsconductedaseriesofexperimentsonvolunteerswhoviewedvideosofpeoplespeakingwithandwithouthandmovements.Aftershowingthevolunteersvideosofpeoplespeakingunderdifferentconditions,theresearchersaskedthemquestionsaboutwhattheyhadheard.Someconditionsinvolvedthespeakerstressingdifferentpartsofwordsinasentence.Otherconditionsinvolvedthespeakermakingvarioustypesofhandgestures,suchaspointingandsweepingmovements.Theteamrecordedthevolunteersastheyviewedthevideorecordings,questioningthevolunteersafterwardaboutwhattheyhadseenandheard.Researchersfoundthatthevolunteersweremoreaffectedbysyllables(音节)spokenwiththeconjunctionofhandgestures:In20percentofthecases,theviewersweremorelikelytohaveheardandinterpretedthewordspokenwithahandgesture.Interestingly,however,volunteerswere40percentmorelikelytohearthewrongsoundwhenamismatchbetweenthewordspokenandthehandgestureoccurred.BodylanguageexpertCarolGomansaid,“Studieshavefoundthatspeakingwithyourhandsreallycanchangetheviewofyourcharacter.Peoplewhocommunicatethroughactivegesturingtendtobeconsideredwarm,agreeable,andenergetic,whilethosewhoremainstillareseenaslogical,cold,andanalytic.Infact,a2015studythatstudiedTEDTalks,whichpostsinternationaltalksonline,foundthatthemostpopularspeakersusednearlytwiceasmanygesturesastheleastpopularspeakersused.”Theresearchteamsaidthattheirfindingssuggestthathandgesturesareanimportantpartofin-personcommunicationthathaveadirectimpactonwhatthelistenerhears.Furthermore,theysuggestthatourresponsestohandgesturesmaybesomethingwelearnaswegrowup.【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员通过实验发现,在谈话中使用或不使用手势会对听众产生很大影响。9.What’s

the

researchers’

purpose

of

doing

the

experiments?A.To

examine

the

volunteers’

interpreting

skills.B.To

test

the

effect

hand

gestures

have

on

speaking.C.To

record

the

volunteers’

questions

for

the

speaker.D.To

confirm

the

influence

hand

movements

have

on

leaders.答案

B解析

细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知,研究人员做实验的目的是测试手势对说话的影响。10.What

did

the

researchers

find

in

the

experiments?A.Hand

movements

affected

what

the

listener

heard.B.The

speaker

stressed

different

parts

of

words

in

a

sentence.C.People

speaking

with

different

hand

gestures

had

different

effects.D.The

most

popular

speakers

used

more

gestures

than

the

least

popular

speakers

did.答案

A解析

细节理解题。根据第三段中“In

20

percent

of

the

cases,the

viewers

were

more

likely

to

have

heard

and

interpreted

the

word