第01讲阅读理解提升讲解

第01讲阅读理解提升讲解通过详细分析历年高考英语试卷，我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下几种题型：主旨大意题，细节理解题，推理判断题（含写作意图、目的等），词义猜测题。英语阅读理解题的技巧与策略是学生提高阅读理解需要具备的。一、主旨大意题这类题在设题时常会用到title,subject,mainidea,topic,theme等词。1.归纳标纳题特点：短小精悍，一般多为一个短语；涵盖性强，一般能覆盖全文意思；精确性强，表达范围要恰当，不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有：What’sthebesttitleforthetext?Thebesttitleforthispassageis___.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?2.概括大意题包括寻找段落大意（topic）和文章中心思想（mainidea）。常见命题形式有：Whatisthegeneral/mainideaofthepassage？Whichofthefollowingexpressesthemainidea？Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthetext?What’sthearticlemainlyabout？解题技巧阅读理解文章多是议论文和说明文，这两种文体的结构可归纳为：提出问题——论述问题——得出结论或者阐明观点。对于这类文章，抓主题句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点。主题句在文章中的位置主要有以下几种情况。位于段首：一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。判断第一句是否为主题句，可具体分析段落的首句与第二，三句的关系；如果从第二句就开始对第一句进行说明，论述或描述，那第一句就是主题句。有些段落，在主题句后面有明显引出细节的信号词，如forexample,anexampleof;first,second,next,last,finally;tobeginwith,also,besides;one,theother;some,others等。在阅读中应尽量利用上述信号词来确定主题句的位置。位于段尾：有些文章会在开头列举事实,然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。如果它具备主題句的特征，段落的主题思想就很容易确定了。一般说来，当一种观点不易向人解释清楚或不易被人接受时，主题句便会到段落的末尾才出现。学生可以充分利用引出结论的信号词。如so，therefore，thus，consequently；inconclusion，inshort；inaword,tosumup等来确定主题句的位置在段尾。当无明显的此类信号时，学生可在段落的最后一句话前面添加一个引出结论的信号词，以确定其是否是主题句。位于段中：有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。归纳起来主要有两种情况：先提出问题，然后给予回答(主题句)，最后给予解释；或者，先提出问题，然后点出主题思想(主题句)，最后给予解释。首尾呼应：主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。这两个主题句叙说的是同一个内容，但用词不尽相同，这样不但强调了主题思想，而且显得灵活多变。这两个句子并非简单重复，后一个主题句或对该主题作最后的评述，或对要点作一概括，或使之引申留给读者去思考。无明确主题句：找关键词（出现频率较高）,归纳总结。注意：新题型中有一个选项是干扰项，解答此类题时同学易犯以下三种错误：（1）表述过于片面，只涵盖该段个别细节；（2）表述太过于笼统，已经超出该段的内容；（3）表述与段落内容无关，在段落中找不到相关依据二、细节理解题考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是：答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然，答案并不一定是文章中的原句，大家需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。1.事实细节题→寻读法分为直接理解题和间接理解题，前者常用who,what,which,when,where,why和how提问，或判断正误；后者需与原文信息转换，表达上与原文有差异。常见命题形式有：Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?AllthefollowingarementionedexceptWhichofthefollowingismentioned(notmentioned)?Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue/right/false/wrongabout…?2.排列顺序题→首尾定位法（找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，用排除法缩小范围）常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发生的顺序。常见命题形式有：Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof…?WhichofthefollowingshowsthepathofsignalsdescribedinParagraph…?3.图文匹配题→按图索骥理清线索设题形式：给出图表，根据图表提问问题。4.数字计算题→（方法：审题→带着问题找细节→对比、分析、计算）可直接找到相关细节，但需经过计算方可找到答案。三、推理判断题主要考查大家对文章中隐含或深层的含意的理解能力。它要求考生根据文章内容做出合乎逻辑的推断，包括考生对作者观点的理解，态度的判断，对修辞、语气、隐含意思等的理解。题干关键词：infer(推断),indicate(象征，暗示),imply/suggest(暗示),conclude(作出结论),assume(假定，设想).1.细节推理判断题一般可根据短文提供的信息或借助生活常识进行推理判断。常见命题形式有：Itcanbeinferred/concludedfromthetextthat__________.Theauthorimplies/suggeststhat_____.Wemayinferthat_________.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisimpliedbutNOTstated?2.预测推理判断题根据语篇对文章接下来的内容或可能的结局进行猜测。常见命题形式有：Whatdoyouthinkwillhappenif/when…?Attheendofthispassage,thewritermightcontinuetowrite_____3.推测文章来源或读者对象常见命题形式有：Thepassageisprobablytakeoutof_____Thepassagewouldmostlikelybefoundin_____Wheredoesthistextprobablyefrom?4.写作意图、目的、态度推断题作者的语气态度往往不会直接写在文章里，只能通过细读文章，从作者的选词及其修饰手段中体会出来。询问写作目的的题，选项里常出现的词是：explain(解释),prove(证明),persuade(劝说),advise(劝告),ment(评论),praise(赞扬),criticize(批评),entertain(娱乐),demonstrate(举例说明),argue(辩论),tell(讲述),analyze(分析)等。询问语气态度的题，选项里常出现的词是：neutral(中立的),sympathetic(同情的),satisfied(满意的),friendly(友好的),enthusiastic(热情的),subjective(主观的),objective(客观的),matteroffact(实事求是的),pessimistic(悲观的),optimistic(乐观的),critical(批评的),doubtful(怀疑的),hostile(敌对的),indifferent(冷淡的),disappointed(失望的)。常见命题形式Thepurposeofthetextis_____Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Bymentioning…,theauthoraimstoshowthat_____Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowards…?Whatistheauthor’sopinionon…?Theauthor’stoneinthispassageis_____.解答技巧推断题是考查大家透过文章表面的文字信息进行分析、综合、归纳等逻辑推理的能力。推理和判断必须以事实为依据，切莫主观臆断。①那些文章中直接陈述的内容不能选，要选择根据文章推理出来的选项。②推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知；作出正确答案时一定要在文中找到依据或理由。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法；不要脱离原文主观臆断。四、词义猜测题考点：①猜测某个词、词组、句子的意义②对文中的多义词或词组进行定义③判断某个代词的指代的对象。常见命题形式有：Theunderlinedword/phraseinthesecondparagraphmeans_____.Theword“it/they”inthelastsentencerefersto______.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）probablymeans______.Theword“…”（Line6.para.2）couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword“…”?解答技巧1.通过因果关系猜词通过因果关系猜词首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：Youshouldn'thaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasn'thisfault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是"责备"。2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词all...handsomend或or连接的同义词词组，如happyandgay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars，andJupiterwiththehelpofspaceships.此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars(火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于"行星"这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根据notatall...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。3.通过构词法猜词根据前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词词义。如：Sheisunlikelytohavestolenthemoney.(“un”含否定意义，故为“不太可能”之意。)4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义例如：Butsometimes，norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为"久旱"，"旱灾"。而adryperiod和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，thatis，inotherwords，becalled或破折号等来表示。5.通过句法功能来推测词义例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。6.通过描述猜词描述即作者对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly，itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。7.根据常识猜词如：Thedoorwassolowthathehithisheadonthelintel.（lintel“过梁”。）Afraidofwakingthebabyup,shetiptoedoutoftheroom.（tiptoed“踮着脚走，蹑手蹑脚”）阅读理解提升讲解精练试题：阅读理解AFormorethantenyears,IwasascreenandTVwriter,navigatingthesharkfilledwatersofHollywood.Despitetheconstantandunavoidableupsanddownsofthislife,IrealizedmanyofmydreamsincludingworkingwithstarslikeLucasandwritinganEmmywinningTVshow.Then,mylifetookanunexpectedturn.In2011,Iagreedtoteachaclass.Idiscoveredadeeploveforit—theengagementwithstudentsandthestableinewerewelechanges.Asmywritingcareerslowed,mywifeencouragedmetopursuemoreteaching.IresearchedandfoundapositionatUCRiverside.Isaid“Yes”totheinterview,gotthejob,andwithinyearsbecameaprofessor.Academybecamemyfocus,butIremainedawriteratheart.Idecidedtowritemyfirstnovel,freefromdeadlines,simplyforthecreativejoy.In2015,anemailaskedifIwasinterestedinatalkinthemunity.Isaid“Yes”.Thechallengewasbig;a15minutespeechinfrontof500peopleandthreecameras.However,Isucceeded,andthetalkwaswellreceived.Afterthespeechwasuploadedtotheinternet,itledtoanemailfromPublisher,suggestingabookonmytalk’stopic.Iinsteadremendedmynovel.TheyaskedifIwantedtolaunchapresalecampaigntoattractreaders.Isaid“Yes”.Publisher’sfounderadvisedmetofindaneditor.Again,Isaid“Yes”.IhiredLaurenHughes,whoseinsightfulfeedbackwasincrediblyencouraging.Iacceptedhernotesandrevisedthemanuscript.Thepresalecampaignsoldover300books,generatinginterestfrommanyreaders.Somyfirstnovelwaspublished.AllthishappenedbecauseIconsistentlysaid“Yes”tonewopportunities,embracingchallengeswithoutknowingtheoute.Thisphilosophykeepsmeengagedagainstthepullofaging.Asaprofessor,Iurgestudentstobepositive.Idon’tknowhowmynovelwillbereceived,butwhenaskedifIhaveabookout,Icanproudlysay“Yes”.1．WhatdidtheauthorthinkofhisworkinHollywood?A．Itwassteadyandwellpaid. B．Itwastiringanddisappointing.C．Itwasfruitfuldespitechallenges. D．Itwasfullofunbearablepressure.2．Whichwordcanbestdescribethepresalecampaign?A．Unexpected. B．Nationwide. C．Demanding. D．Successful.3．Whatcanweknowabouttheauthor?A．Hehasalwayslivedinastateofinstability.B．Hefacestheunknownandchallengesbravely.C．Heacceptedteachingmainlyforitshighine.D．Heviewedpublicspeakingasanunavoidableduty.4．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ThePowerofSaying“Yes”. B．ANewChapterinMyLife.C．FromHollywoodtoClassroom. D．ThePathtoBeinganAuthor.【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．A【导语】这是一篇记叙文。本文讲述了作者从好莱坞影视编剧，到转型成为大学教授、出版首部小说的人生经历。1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Despitetheconstantandunavoidableupsanddownsofthislife,IrealizedmanyofmydreamsincludingworkingwithstarslikeLucasandwritinganEmmywinningTVshow.(尽管生活中不可避免地会有起起落落，但我实现了许多梦想，包括与卢卡斯这样的明星合作，以及创作一部获得艾美奖的电视节目。)”可知，作者认为自己在好莱坞的工作尽管有挑战，但它还是很有成果的。故选C。2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Thepresalecampaignsoldover300books,generatinginterestfrommanyreaders.Somyfirstnovelwaspublished.(预售活动售出了300多本书，引起了许多读者的兴趣。所以我的第一部小说出版了。)”可知，预售活动很成功。故选D。3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“AllthishappenedbecauseIconsistentlysaid“Yes”tonewopportunities,embracingchallengeswithoutknowingtheoute.(这一切的发生都是因为我始终对新机会说“是”，在不知道结果的情况下接受挑战。)”可知，作者勇敢地面对未知和挑战。故选B。4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“AllthishappenedbecauseIconsistentlysaid“Yes”tonewopportunities,embracingchallengeswithoutknowingtheoute.(这一切的发生都是因为我始终对新机会说“是”，在不知道结果的情况下接受挑战。)”可知，文章主要强调了说“是”的力量。故选A。BStudieshaveshownthatmanypeopledon’tmutebybikeduemainlytoafearofbeinghitbycars.Anewbikemountedproximity(接近)sensorhasbeendesignedtohelpsuchfolks,byobjectivelytellingthemwhichstreetsarethesafestforcyclists.Thenewdevice(装置),ProxiCycle,simplyreplacesthebike’sexistingleftsidehandlebarplug,whereitusestwospeciallightsensorstomonitorthespacesdirectlybesideandimmediatelybehindthebicycle.Wheneveranobjectisdetected,theProxiCycleemploysaBluetoothmoduletotransmitthesensordatatoanapponthecyclist’ssmartphone.Thatappusesaspecialputerprogramtodetermineifthedetectedobjectwasanautomobile,andifitpassedlessthan1mfromthebike.Ifthereadingmeetsbothofthosecriteria,itissavedasanexampleofamotorizedvehiclethatpassedthecyclisttooclosely.Theideaisthatoverarelativelyshortperiodoftime,readingsgatheredfrommultipleProxiCycleuserscouldbeusedtopaintarealisticpictureofjusthowdangerousvariousstreetsactuallyare.Inaninitialtestofthetechnology,7cyclistsrodethroughSeattlewithboththedeviceandanactioncameramountedontheirbike.ClosepassingincidentsrecordedbytheProxiCyclewerefoundtomatchupwiththosecapturedbythecamera.Next,15Seattlecyclistsusedthedevicewhilegoingonabinedtotalof240bikeridesoveratwomonthperiod.Theyrecorded2,050closepassesinthattime,withthemajorityoftheincidentstakingplaceinlocationswherehigherthanaveragenumbersofbikecarcollisionshadalreadybeenreported.Theincidentsalsomostlyoccurredinareasthatcyclistshadpreviouslyperceivedasbeingdangerous.Importantly,however,thesensordataprovedtobeamoreaccurateindicatorofjusthowdangerousthoseplacesactuallywere.Researchersnowplanonconductinglargerscalestudies,whichwillincludetestingtheProxiCycleinothercities.5．Whatistheprimaryreasonwhypeopleavoidcyclingaccordingtothestudy?A．Concernofsafety. B．Unskilledriding.C．Fearofpassersby. D．Lackofbikeway.6．HowdoestheProxiCyclesensorassistcyclists?A．Bymonitoringtraffic. B．BysendingGPSsignals.C．Bygivingoutwarnings. D．Bysensingthesafetydistance.7．Whatcanweknowaboutthesensorfromthelastparagraph?A．Itisperceiveddangerous. B．Itisstillinthetestingstage.C．Itcanensureriders’security. D．Itrecordsincidentsonroads.8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．ImprovingTrafficSafetyforBicycleUsersB．SmartphoneAppsforNavigationAssistanceC．ProxiCycle:aSensortoEnhanceCyclistSafetyD．DevelopingEnvironmentallyFriendlyBikeMaterials【答案】5．A6．D7．B8．C【导语】这是一篇说明文。针对人们骑车怕被车撞的顾虑，ProxiCycle传感器可监测车距并记录危险路段，经测试数据准确，未来将开展更大规模测试。5．细节理解题。根据第一段“Studieshaveshownthatmanypeopledon’tmutebybikeduemainlytoafearofbeinghitbycars.(研究表明，许多人不选择骑自行车出行，主要是因为害怕被汽车撞到)”可知，人们避免骑自行车的主要原因是安全方面的担忧。故选A。6．细节理解题。根据第三段“Thatappusesaspecialputerprogramtodetermineifthedetectedobjectwasanautomobile,andifitpassedlessthan1mfromthebike.(该应用程序会使用一种特殊的计算机程序来判断所检测到的物体是否为汽车，并且要确认该物体距离自行车的距离是否小于1米)”可知，ProxiCycle传感器通过感知安全距离为骑车者提供帮助。故选D。7．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Researchersnowplanonconductinglargerscalestudies,whichwillincludetestingtheProxiCycleinothercities.(研究人员目前计划开展更大规模的研究，这些研究将包括在其他城市对ProxiCycle进行测试)”可知，传感器仍处于测试阶段。故选B。8．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Thenewdevice(装置),ProxiCycle,simplyreplacesthebike’sexistingleftsidehandlebarplug,whereitusestwospeciallightsensorstomonitorthespacesdirectlybesideandimmediatelybehindthebicycle.(这款名为“ProxiCycle”的新设备，只需替换掉自行车原有的左侧把手端盖，就能通过内置的两个专用光传感器，监测自行车侧方及正后方的区域)”结合文章说明了针对人们骑车怕被车撞的顾虑，ProxiCycle传感器可监测车距并记录危险路段，经测试数据准确，未来将开展更大规模测试。可知，C选项“ProxiCycle：一种能提高骑行者安全性的传感器”最符合文章标题。故选C。CWeallknowthatwateristasteless.Butithappensfromtimetotime:youpickupthebottleofwateryoudidn’tfinishyesterday,andittastesstrange.Mostoften,youtendtodropthebottleinthetrashbin,believingthatthewaterhasgonebad.Butisittrue?AccordingtoTime,ofcoursenot,tastehaslittletodowithqualityofwater.AsismentionedinTime,whenwaterisexposedtotheairfor12hours,carbondioxideinteractswiththeH2Ointhewater,andthepHvaluelowersslightly.Asaresult,thewaterhasadifferenttaste.“Butit’smostlikelysafetodrink,”NorwegianexpertTrulsKroghtoldScienceNordic.“Ifthewateriscoveredandofgoodqualitytostartwith,inprincipleitcanlastathousandyears.That’sbecausewhenwaterisfresh,itcontainslittleorganicmatter.Aslongaswaterisheldincleanglassesorbottles,nopollutantswillenterittoharmourhealth.”PeopleincountriesliketheUS,theUKandAustraliausuallydrinktapwater.AccordingtoTime,iftapwaterisdrunkwithinsixmonths,thechlorine(氯气)inthewaterwillbeenoughtokillanybacteriaandkeepitsafetodrink.water.Withherearealsosomeexceptions.Ifyouaccidentallyputyourfingersintowaterorstorewaterinuncleancontainersdayafterday,microorganism(微生物)willenterthewater.Withthehelpofsurroundingtemperature,andsunlightstreamingthroughwindows,thesemicroorganismsmultiplyquickly.Soonerorlater,thewaterwillbefulloftheunfriendlybacteria.Andifyoudrinkthewatertoooften,thenyou’remorelikelytobeill.Andwhataboutwaterinplasticbottles?Heatandplasticareabadbination,USresearcherKelloggSchwabstresses.Whenplasticbottlesareusedathightemperatures,theyproduceachemicalcalledBPA．BPAissomethingthataffectshormones(荷尔蒙)andresearchhastentativelylinkeditto“severalhealthdamage,includingheartdiseaseandcancer”,Timereported.Schwabsuggestsreplacingdisposable(一次性的)plasticbottleswiththerefillablecontainersmadeofmetalorglasstodealwithBPA．9．Thepurposeofthefirstparagraphisto________.A．introduceatopic B．drawaconclusionC．showanexample D．analyzeaphenomenon10．WhichofthefollowingmayTrulsKroghagree?A．Coveredwatercanlastforathousandyears.B．Ifthewatertastesdifferent,weshouldn’tdrinkit.C．Althoughkeptfresh,watermaystillhavemuchorganicmatter.D．Thewaterheldinacleancontainerislikelysafetodrink.11．Whydowatermicroorganismsincreaseinnumber?A．Becausethewaterisstoredincleancontainers.B．Becauseofthesurroundingtemperatureandsunlight.C．Becausethewatercontainsalotoforganicmatter.D．Becausechlorineinthewaterfailstokillbacteria.12．Whatcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?A．WhyWaterIsTasteless B．HowtoGetCleanWaterC．DoesWaterReallyGoBad? D．LearntoProtectWater【答案】9．A10．D11．B12．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了水放置一段时间后味道改变的原因，探讨了水是否真的变质，以及不同存储条件下水的情况。9．推理判断题。根据第一段“Weallknowthatwateristasteless.Butithappensfromtimetotime:youpickupthebottleofwateryoudidn’tfinishyesterday,andittastesstrange.(我们都知道水是没有味道的。但这样的事时有发生：你拿起昨天没喝完的那瓶水，尝起来味道怪怪的)”可知，该段通过生活现象引出本文话题，所以第一段目的是引入话题。故选A项。10．细节理解题。根据第三段“Ifthewateriscoveredandofgoodqualitytostartwith,inprincipleitcanlastathousandyears.That’sbecausewhenwaterisfresh,itcontainslittleorganicmatter.Aslongaswaterisheldincleanglassesorbottles,nopollutantswillenterittoharmourhealth.(如果水被覆盖，质量好，原则上可以持续一千年。这是因为当水新鲜时，它含有很少的有机物。只要水装在干净的玻璃杯或瓶子里，就不会有污染物进入其中损害我们的健康)）”可知，特鲁尔斯·克罗格认为装在干净容器里的水可能是可以安全饮用的。故选D项。11．细节理解题。根据第五段“Withthehelpofsurroundingtemperature,andsunlightstreamingthroughwindows,thesemicroorganismsmultiplyquickly.(在周围温度和透过窗户的阳光的帮助下，这些微生物迅速繁殖)”可知，水中的微生物数量增加是因为周围温度和阳光。故选B项。12．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“Weallknowthatwateristasteless.Butithappensfromtimetotime:youpickupthebottleofwateryoudidn’tfinishyesterday,andittastesstrange.Mostoften,youtendtodropthebottleinthetrashbin,believingthatthewaterhasgonebad.Butisittrue?(我们都知道水是没有味道的。但这样的事时有发生：你拿起昨天没喝完的那瓶水，尝起来味道怪怪的。大多数情况下，你倾向于把瓶子扔进垃圾桶，以为水已经变质了。但这是真的吗？)”可知，文章开篇提出人们认为没喝完放置一段时间的水味道奇怪就是变质了这一观点，接着通过专家观点、不同情况分析等探讨水是否真的会变质，所以“DoesWaterReallyGoBad?(水真的会变质吗？)”最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。DAlexsandrahisafashionmodel(模特)inLondon.Shehasatwin,buthertwinisnothersister.ThetwinisaproductofArtificialIntelligence(AI).WheneverAlexsandrahisnotavailabletoworkwithaphotographer,thevirtualtwintakesherplace.Alexandrah’stwinisanexampleofhowputerimagesareinfluencingcreativeindustries.ThepaniesthatmakeclothingsayusingAIpreventspeoplefrombuyingtheirproducts,tryingthemonathome,andthensendingthembackiftheydislikethem.Itcouldhelpabuyermakemoresensibledecisions,cuttingdownonproductreturnsandwaste.Thefashionindustryhasoftenbeenarguingaboutusingmodelswhoareonlywhiteortallorwhofitoneideaofbeauty.Activistsforincludingmanygroupsinfashionsaysomepaniescouldseemliketheyareemployingminorities(少数).LeviStraussisanAmericanclothingpanyknownforitsbluejeans.InMarch2023,thepanysaiditwouldbetestingAIgeneratedmodels.Theaimwastoshowhowitsclothinglooksonpeopleofallshapesandsizes.Butthepanysaiditwouldnotreduceitsuseofhumanmodels,foritwouldnotreplacehumanswithAIatthecostoftheactiontowardits“diversity,equityandinclusiongoals.”OthersinthefashionindustryarefullyusingAI.TheDiigitals,apanyinBritain,helpedthehumanmodelAlexsandrah,whohasworkedinfashionshowsasareallifeversionoftheAImodel.“Thesearethepioneers.I’mproudofmywork,”Alexsandrahsaid.Othermodelsdon’tfeelgoodaboutAI.YveEdmondworksasa“fitmodel”.Shetriesonclothesforpaniesthatwanttoseehowtheirdesignsfitarealperson.SheworriesthatAImodelingpaniesareusingimagesandvideosofrealpeopletotraintheirsystem.Shecallsthataviolation(侵犯)becausehumansarenotbeingpaidfortheirpartinthetechnology.Edmondsaidshewascalledforphotoshooting,buttherewerenonewclothes.Shewasaskedtomoveherbodyincertainwaysandwalkforarecording.13．WhatisthefunctionofAlexsandrah’stwin?A．Relievingtheshortageofphotographers. B．Providinginspirationforfashionmodels.C．FillinginforAlexsandrahinphotoshoots. D．PromotingAlexsandrah’spopularityinmodeling.14．WhydidLeviStraussintroduceAImodels?A．Tosticktoitsmonbelief. B．Tomakeitsproductsbroadened.C．Toavoiditsdependenceonhumanmodels. D．Todemonstrateitsclothesonallhumanfigures.15．WhatisYveEdmond’sopiniononAImodelingpanies?A．Theyignorehumanmodels’efforts. B．TheyhelpthehumanmodelAlexsandrah.C．Theysimplytakeawayfromhumanwork. D．Theycanbeacceptedasawayoutforthefashionindustry.16．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．HumanModelsAreFacingThreatfromAIB．AIMakesItsFarreachingInfluenceonClothingDesignC．ClothingFashionVarieswithTechnologicalDevelopmentD．TheClothingIndustryWondersabouttheEffectofAIonModels【答案】13．C14．D15．A16．D【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍AI模特在时尚行业的应用：可替代真人工作、助品牌展示多元身形，同时也引发了模特对自身劳动权益被侵犯的担忧。13．细节理解题。根据第一段“WheneverAlexsandrahisnotavailabletoworkwithaphotographer,thevirtualtwintakesherplace.(每当亚历山德拉无法与摄影师合作时，这个虚拟的“双胞胎”就会代替她进行工作)”可知，亚历山德拉的双胞胎姐妹在拍摄照片时代替亚历山德拉。故选C。14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Theaimwastoshowhowitsclothinglooksonpeopleofallshapesandsizes.(其目的是展示该品牌的服装在各种体型的人身上所呈现出的效果)”可知，莱维·斯特劳斯引入人工智能模型以便在所有人体模型上展示其服装。故选D。15．细节理解题。根据最后一段“SheworriesthatAImodelingpaniesareusingimagesandvideosofrealpeopletotraintheirsystem.Shecallsthataviolationbecausehumansarenotbeingpaidfortheirpartinthetechnology.(她担心一些人工智能模型公司正在利用真实人物的图像和视频来训练他们的系统。她认为这是一种违规行为，因为这些人在该技术中所发挥的作用并未获得报酬)”可知，伊夫·埃德蒙认为人工智能模特公司忽视了人类模特的努力。故选A。16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“AlexsandrahisafashionmodelinLondon.Shehasatwin,buthertwinisnothersister.ThetwinisaproductofArtificialIntelligence(AI).WheneverAlexsandrahisnotavailabletoworkwithaphotographer,thevirtualtwintakesherplace.Alexsandrah’stwinisanexampleofhowputerimagesareinfluencingcreativeindustries.(亚历山德拉是一位在伦敦工作的时尚模特。她有一个双胞胎姐妹，但这个双胞胎并非她的亲姐妹。这个双胞胎是人工智能的产物。每当亚历山德拉无法与摄影师合作时，这个虚拟的双胞胎就会代替她工作。亚历山德拉的这个双胞胎形象展示了计算机图像如何影响创意产业)”结合本文介绍AI模特在时尚行业的应用：可替代真人工作、助品牌展示多元身形，同时也引发了模特对自身劳动权益被侵犯的担忧。可知，D选项“服装行业对人工智能对模特的影响感到疑惑”最符合文章标题。故选D。EAt5:45amonarecentFridaymorning,agroupofabout20homelessguyswarmedupinaparkinglotacrossthestreetinEastHarlem.15minuteslater,theytookoffrunning.AstheycrossedthebridgesbetweenManhattanandtheBronxduringtheirfourmilejourney,thestrengtheningsunshinereflectedoffthewindowsofnearbytoweringbuildings.RyanbeganjoggingwiththegroupknownasBackOnMyfeetsevenmonthsago.Neverarunner,healwayswonderedwhatthebigdealaboutitwas.Askhimtoday,however,andhe’lltellyou,“It’ssonatural,almostspiritual.Runninghastrulystrengthenedhim.Lessthanayearafterfirsthittingtheroad,Ryanpletedahalfmarathon.Nowheisstudyingtobeahealthadvisor.BackonMyfeetisaprogrambasedontheideathatrunningcanchangeaperson’sselfimage.Earlymorningexercisethreedaysaweekprovidesawayofexpressingdepressivefeelingsandstartstochangethewaysomeonethinksabouthardwork.Nowtheprogramhasreached5200homelesspeople.Theyshowupvoluntarilyforfouroutofeveryfiveruns.Over1900havefoundjobsand1300havemovedintoindependenthousing.BackonMyfeetbeganinPhiladelphiain2007ononeofAnnMahlum’smorningruns.Mahlumstartedrunningatthetimetohelpdealwithherfather’sseriousaddictionproblems.Runningasateen,shecontinuallypassedbyagroupofhomelessmenoutsidetheSundayBreakfastRescueMission.InMay2007shebegantodevelopafriendshipwiththem.ByJuly,theystartedrunningwithher.Inspired,Mahlumformedanofficialrunningclubforthehomeless.Atfirst,onlynineguyssignedup.Today,Mahlum’srunningclubhasgrownintoanationwideorganization.17．WhatisthemainpurposeoftheBackonMyfeetprogram?A．Toprovidehomelesspeoplewithfreehousingandjobs.B．Touserunningasawaytochangeparticipants’selfimage.C．Toorganizemarathonpetitionsforhomelesspeople.D．Tohelphomelesspeopledealwithaddictionproblems.18．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“hittingtheroad”inparagraph2referto?A．Gettingajob. B．Settingagoal.C．Goingforarun. D．Consideringanidea.19．WhydidAnnMahlumsetupBackonMyfeet?A．Tocareforhersickfather. B．Tohelpthehomelesspeople.C．Toraisepeople’shealthawareness. D．Tocollectmoneyforthehomeless.20．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Thelifechallengesfacedbyhomelesspeopleinbigcities.B．Thephysicalandmentalbenefitsofrunningforeveryone.C．Arunningprogramthathelpshomelesspeoplerebuildtheirlives.D．Thepersonalstoryofawomanwhochangedhomelesspeople’slives.【答案】17．B18．C19．B20．C【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍名为“重新振作”的跑步项目，讲述其通过跑步帮助无家可归者重塑自我、改善生活的理念与成效。17．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“BackonMyfeetisaprogrambasedontheideathatrunningcanchangeaperson’sselfimage.(‘重新振作’是一个基于跑步可以改变一个人自我形象这一理念的项目)”可知，该项目的主要目的是通过跑步改变参与者的自我形象。故选B项。18．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“RyanbeganjoggingwiththegroupknownasBackOnMyfeetsevenmonthsago.Neverarunner,healwayswonderedwhatthebigdealaboutitwas.(瑞安七个月前开始加入这个名为‘重新振作’的团体一起慢跑。他以前从不跑步，总是想知道跑步有什么了不起的)”以及“Lessthanayearafterfirsthittingtheroad,Ryanpletedahalfmarathon.(在第一次hittingtheroad后不到一年，瑞安就完成了半程马拉松)”可知，“hittingtheroad”在这里指的是开始跑步。故选C项。19．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Runningasateen,shecontinuallypassedbyagroupofhomelessmenoutsidetheSundayBreakfastRescueMission.InMay2007shebegantodevelopafriendshipwiththem.ByJuly,theystartedrunningwithher.Inspired,Mahlumformedanofficialrunningclubforthehomeless.(青少年时期跑步时，她经常路过周日早餐救助站外的一群无家可归的人。2007年5月，她开始和他们建立友谊。到了7月，他们开始和她一起跑步。受到启发，马勒姆为无家可归者成立了一个正式的跑步俱乐部)”可知，安·马勒姆创立这个项目是为了帮助无家可归的人。故选B项。20．主旨大意题。通读全文，文章开篇描述无家可归者参与跑步的场景，接着介绍参与者瑞安的转变，然后说明项目的理念和成果，最后讲述项目的起源。全文围绕这个通过跑步帮助无家可归者重建生活的项目展开。因此“一个帮助无家可归者重建生活的跑步项目”最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。FHowfarbackdoesyourfamilytreego?Ahundredyears?Athousandyears?Whataboutsixtosevenmillionyears?Anancientskull(头骨)foundinAfricasuggeststhatthehumanfamilymightbethatold.Discoveredin2001inthedesertofChad,theskullwasnicknamedToumaibyscientists.Toumaiisararefind.Theskullisnearlyplete.Itevenincludesafewteeth.TheToumaiskullisestimatedtobebetweensixandsevenmillionyearsold.Scientistsaredebatingwhethertheskullislinkedtohumans.Thefindingisnotwithoutcontroversy.SomescientiststhinkthatToumaiistheoldestknownhominid(原始人)everfound.OtherssayToumaiisanape(猿).MosthominidsthatscientistsareawareoflivedmillionsofyearsafterToumai.ThemostfamousoneiscalledLucy.ShelivedinEthiopiaabout3.5millionyearsago.WhileLucy’sfacelookedlikethefaceofachimpanzee,Toumai’sskullhasbothhumanandapelikefeatures.BecauseToumai’sskulllooksdifferentfromotherhominidskulls,s