《湿法冶金过程及设备培训》课件-任务6 蒸发技术（双语）

蒸发

Evaporation蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation课程导入

Courseguide不饱和

Unsaturated饱和

Saturated蒸发结晶

Evaporativecrystallization

生产实例

ProductionExamplesKNO3

NaCl多

MoreNaClKNO3

少

LessKNO3

NaCl(食盐）

NaCl(TableSalt)KNO3NaCl和KNO3混合物溶液

NaClandKNO3Mixturesolution蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发

Evaporation用加热的方法，将含有不挥发性溶质的溶液加热至沸腾状况。Asolutioncontaininganon-volatilesoluteisheatedtoaboilingstatebyheating.蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation移除

Remove汽化

Gasification提高

Enhance溶质浓度的单元操作

UnitOperationofSoluteConcentration蒸发

Evaporation蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation工业领域广泛应用

Widelyusedintheindustrialfield蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation海水淡化

Seawaterdesalination蒸发操作在工业中的应用

Applicationofevaporationoperationinindustry获得纯净溶剂

Obtainapuresolvent工业生产中应用蒸发操作的场合

Occasionsofapplicationofevaporationinindustrialproduction蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation有机磷农药苯溶液的浓缩脱苯

Benzeneremovalbyconcentrationofbenzenesolutionoforganophosphoruspesticide中药酒精浸出液的蒸发

Evaporationofethanol-basedherbalextract浓缩溶液和回收溶液

Concentratedsolutionandrecoveredsolution蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作在工业中的应用

Applicationofevaporationoperationinindustry工业生产中应用蒸发操作的场合

Occasionsofapplicationofevaporationinindustrialproduction电解烧碱液

Electrolyticcausticsodasolution食糖水溶液

Sugaraqueoussolution

果汁

Fruitjuice浓缩稀溶液直接制取产品或将浓溶液再处理制取固体产品

Concentratethedilutesolutiontoobtaintheproductdirectlyorreprocesstheconcentratedsolutiontoobtainthesolidproduct蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作在工业中的应用

Applicationofevaporationoperationinindustry工业生产中应用蒸发操作的场合

Occasionsofapplicationofevaporationinindustrialproduction化学

Chemical食品

Foodstuffs

制药

Pharmaceuticals蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作在工业中的应用

Applicationofevaporationoperationinindustry蒸发操作，即为一个使溶液中的挥发性溶剂与不挥发性溶质的分离过程。Evaporationoperationisaprocessofseparatingvolatilesolventsfromnon-volatilesolutesinasolution.分离

Separate取决于

Dependson传热过程

heattransferprocess蒸发操作

Evaporationoperation属于

Is属于

Is部分溶液

Partialsolution溶剂汽化速率

Solventvaporizationrate传热速率

Heattransferrate传热设备

Heattransferequipment蒸发设备

Evaporationequipment蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的特点

Characteristicsofevaporationoperations溶液沸点升高相同温度

Theboilingpointofthesolutionincreasesbythesametemperature含不挥发性溶质

Containsnon-volatilesolutes＜＜溶液浓度越高，影响越显著

Thehigherthesolutionconcentration,themoresignificanttheeffect纯溶剂蒸气压

Puresolventvaporpressure溶液的蒸气压

Vaporpressureofsolution溶液的沸点

Boilingpointofsolution纯溶剂沸点

Boilingpointofpuresolvent蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的特点

Characteristicsofevaporationoperations物料浓缩过程中，溶质或杂质常在加热表面沉积、析出结晶而形成垢层，影响传热。Duringthematerialconcentrationprocess,solutesorimpuritiesoftendepositandcrystallizeontheheatingsurfacetoformascalelayer,whichaffectsheattransfer.热敏性物料汽化（蒸发器）

Vaporizationofheatsensitivematerials(evaporator)高温停留时间过长

Hightemperatureresidencetimeistoolong热敏性溶质

Thermosensitivesolute易变质

Perishable腐蚀性

Caustic粘度

Viscosity物料及工艺特性

MaterialandProcessCharacteristics蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的特点

Characteristicsofevaporationoperations蒸发过程是溶剂汽化过程，由于溶剂汽化潜热很大，蒸发过程是一个大能耗单元操作。Theevaporationprocessisasolventvaporizationprocess.Becauseofthelargelatentheatofsolventvaporization,theevaporationprocessisaunitoperationwithlargeenergyconsumption.耗能大

Largeenergyconsumption节能是蒸发操作重要考虑问题

Energysavingisanimportantconsiderationinevaporationoperation能量回收

Energyrecovery蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的特点

Characteristicsofevaporationoperations自然蒸发：溶液在低于沸点温度下蒸发Naturalevaporation:evaporationofasolutionatatemperaturebelowtheboilingpoint.以蒸发方式划分

Dividedbyevaporation溶液表面汽化

Solutionsurfacevaporization溶剂汽化速率低

Lowsolventvaporizationrate自然蒸发海水晒盐

‌Solarevaporationsalt-making蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations沸腾蒸发：溶液加热至沸点蒸发Boilingevaporation:thesolutionevaporateswhenheatedtoboilingpoint.蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations自然蒸发：溶液在低于沸点温度下蒸发Naturalevaporation:evaporationofasolutionatatemperaturebelowtheboilingpoint.以蒸发方式划分

Dividedbyevaporation直接热源加热：燃料与空气混合，使高温火焰经喷嘴，直接喷入被蒸发的溶液中来加热溶液、使溶剂汽化。Directheatsourceheating:Thefuelismixedwithair,andthehigh-temperatureflameisdirectlysprayedintotheevaporatedsolutionthroughthenozzletoheatthesolutionandvaporizethesolvent.燃料

Fuel

空气

Air

产生

Producte高温火焰

Hightemperatureflame以加热方式划分

Dividedbyheating蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations间接热源加热：容器间壁传给被蒸发的溶液。Indirectheatsourceheating:Thepartitionwallofthecontaineristransferredtotheevaporatedsolution.蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations直接热源加热：燃料与空气混合，使高温火焰经喷嘴，直接喷入被蒸发的溶液中来加热溶液、使溶剂汽化。Directheatsourceheating:Thefuelismixedwithair,andthehigh-temperatureflameisdirectlysprayedintotheevaporatedsolutionthroughthenozzletoheatthesolutionandvaporizethesolvent.以加热方式划分

Dividedbyheating抗生素溶液

Antibioticsolution果汁

Fruitjuice减压：对于热敏性物料，应在减压下进行。Pressurereduction:Forheatsensitivematerials,itshouldbecarriedoutunderreducedpressure.以操作压力划分

Divisionbyoperatingpressure分为常压、加压和减压（真空）蒸发操作压。Itisdividedintoatmospheric,pressurizedand‌reduced(vacuum)evaporationoperatingpressure.蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations加压：对于高粘度物料，应在加压下进行。Pressurization:Forhighviscositymaterials,itshouldbecarriedoutunderpressurizedpressure.熔盐

Moltensalt蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations减压：对于热敏性物料，应在减压下进行。Pressurereduction:Forheatsensitivematerials,itshouldbecarriedoutunderreducedpressure.以操作压力划分

Divisionbyoperatingpressure分为常压、加压和减压（真空）蒸发操作压。Itisdividedintoatmospheric,pressurizedand‌reduced(vacuum)evaporationoperatingpressure.单效蒸发：蒸发产生的二次蒸汽直接冷凝不再利用。Single-effectevaporation:thesecondarysteamgeneratedbyevaporationisdirectlycondensedandnolongerused.以效数划分

Dividedbyeffectnumber多效蒸发：将二次蒸汽作为下一效加热蒸汽，并将多个蒸发器串联。Multi-effectevaporation:Thesecondarysteamisusedasthenexteffectheatingsteam,andmultipleevaporatorsareconnectedinseries.蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的分类Classificationofevaporationoperations蒸发需要用到哪些设备呢？

Whatequipmentisneededforevaporation?蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation

流动（或循环）管道

Flow(orcirculation)pipe

加热室（器）

Heatingchamber

分离室（器）

Separationchamber蒸发操作的结构形式

Structuralformofevaporationoperation蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation根据溶液在加热室内的流动情况，蒸发器可分为循环型和单程型两类。

Accordingtotheflowofthesolutionintheheatingchamber,evaporatorscanbedividedintotwotypes:circulatingtypeand

single-passtype.蒸发设备

Evaporationequipment循环蒸发

Circulatingevaporation单程蒸发

Single-passevaporation自然循环型蒸发器

Naturalcirculationevaporator强制循环发生器

Forcedcirculationevaporator单程型蒸发器

Single-passevaporator蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation课程小结

Coursesummary蒸发

Evaporation概念

Concept工业应用和设备

Industrialapplicationsandequipment蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation课程小结

Coursesummary不饱和溶液

Unsaturatedsolution饱和溶液Saturatedsolution蒸发

Evaporate

工业中广泛应用

Widelyusedinindustry

蒸发操作的特点及应用

Characteristicsandapplicationsofevaporationoperation思考题

Thinkingquestions你还知道蒸发其它工业上有什么应用？Whatotherindustrialapplicationsdoyouknowofevaporation?课程导入

Courseguide

单效蒸发

Single-effectevaporation一次蒸发

First-effectevaporation多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation课程导入

Courseguide

双效蒸发Double-effectevaporation

将第一效蒸发器汽化的二次蒸汽，作为热源通入第二效蒸发器的加热室作加热用。

Thesecondarysteamvaporizedbythefirst-effectevaporatorispassedintotheheatingchamberofthesecond-effectevaporatorasaheatsourceforheating.

多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation课程导入

Courseguide

多效蒸发Multi-effectevaporation

将第二效的二次蒸汽通入第三效加热室作为热源，并依次进行多个串接。

Thesecondarysteamofthesecondeffectisintroducedintotheheatingchamberofthethirdeffectasaheatsource,andapluralityofsteamsaresequentiallyconnectedinseries.多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation将前效的二次蒸汽作为下一效加热蒸汽的串联蒸发操作。Multi-effectevaporationisaseriesevaporationoperationinwhichthesecondarysteamofthepreviouseffectisusedastheheatingsteamofthenexteffect.各效的操作压力、相应的加热蒸汽温度与溶液沸点依次降低。Theoperatingpressureofeacheffect,thecorrespondingheatingsteamtemperatureandtheboilingpointofthesolutiondecreaseinturn.多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

多效蒸发的目的

Purposeofmulti-effectevaporation减少加热蒸汽的用量。具体方法是将前一效的二次蒸汽作为一效的加热蒸汽，以节省蒸汽用量。Reducetheamountofheatingsteamused.Thespecificmethodistousethesecondarysteamoftheformereffectastheheatingsteamofthefirsteffecttosavethesteamconsumption.

多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发的操作流程Operationprocedureofmulti-effectevaporation效数限制Effectnumberlimit节能措施Energy-savingmeasures多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

多效蒸发流程

Multi-effectevaporationprocess

为了合理利用有效温差，并根据处理物料的性质，通常多效蒸发有下列三种操作流程：Inordertorationallyutilizetheeffectivetemperaturedifferenceandaccordingtothenatureoftheprocessedmaterials,multi-effectevaporationusuallyhasthefollowingthreeoperatingprocesses:并流加料Cocurrentfeeding

逆流加热Counter-currentheating

平流加料Advectioncharging

多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

料液可藉相邻二效的压强差自动流入后一效，而不需用泵输送，由于前一效的沸点比后一效的高，因此当物料进入后一效时，会产生自蒸发，这可多蒸出一部分水汽。

Thematerialliquidcanautomaticallyflowintothelattereffectbythepressuredifferencebetweenthetwoadjacenteffectswithoutpumpingit.Sincetheboilingpointoftheformereffectishigherthanthatofthelattereffect,whenthematerialentersthelattereffect,itwillproduceself-evaporation,whichcanevaporatemorewatervapor.1

2

3

原料液

Rawmaterialliquid加热蒸汽

Heatingsteam去冷凝剂

Decondensingagent完成液

Finishedliquid优点

Advantages较简便，易于稳定

Simpleandeasytostabilize并流加料

Cocurrentfeeding多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发流程

Multi-effectevaporationprocess萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

传热系数会下降。因为后序各效的浓度会逐渐增高，但沸点反而逐渐降低，导致溶液粘度逐渐增大。

Theheattransfercoefficientwilldecrease.Becausetheconcentrationofsubsequenteffectswillgraduallyincrease,buttheboilingpointwillgraduallydecrease,resultinginagradualincreaseintheviscosityofthesolution.缺点

Disadvantages1效

1-effect3效

3-effect2效

2-effect加热蒸汽

Heatingsteam料液

Feedliquid冷凝水

Condensate冷凝水

Condensate冷凝水

Condensate二次蒸发

Secondaryevaporation完成液

Finishedliquid多效蒸发流程

Multi-effectevaporationprocess并流加料

Cocurrentfeeding多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

料液输送必须用泵，另外，进料也没有自蒸发。

Thefeedliquidmustbetransportedbyapump,andinaddition,thefeedisnotself-vaporized.缺点

Disadvantages

逆流加料工艺流程示意图

Schematicdiagramofcountercurrentfeedingprocessflow

各效浓度和温度对溶液的粘度的影响大致相抵消，各效的传热条件大致相同，即传热系数大致相同。

Theeffectsofconcentrationandtemperatureofeacheffectontheviscosityofthesolutionareroughlyoffset,andtheheattransferconditionsofeacheffectareroughlythesame,thatis,theheattransfercoefficientisroughlythesame.优点

Advantages1

2

3

加热蒸汽

Heatingsteam去冷凝剂

Decondensingagent完成液

Finishedliquid原料液

Rawmaterialliquid逆流加热

Counter-currentheating多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发流程

Multi-effectevaporationprocess萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

溶液粘度随温度变化较大的场合。Occasionswherethesolutionviscositychangesgreatlywithtemperature.逆流加热使用场景

Counter-currentheatingusagescenarios逆流加热

Counter-currentheating多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发流程

Multi-effectevaporationprocess萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

处理易结晶物料，例如食盐水溶液等的蒸发。Evaporationofmaterialseasytocrystallize,suchasaqueoussaltsolution.适用情况

Applicableconditions

蒸汽的走向与并流相同，但原料液和完成液则分别从各效加入和排出。

Thedirectionofthesteamisthesameasthatoftheco-current,buttherawmaterialliquidandthefinishedliquidareaddedanddischargedfromeacheffect,respectively.特点

Characteristics平流加料

Advectioncharging多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发流程

Multi-effectevaporationprocess多效蒸发数的限制Effectnumberlimitationofmulti-effectevaporation

蒸汽会因多种原因而无法进行无限制地蒸发，即效数限制。

Steamcannotevaporatewithoutrestrictionforanumberofreasons,thatis,efficiencylimitation.多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation萃取又称液液萃取，是指两个完全不互溶或部分互溶的液相接触后，一个液相中的溶质经过物理或化学作用另一个液相，或在两相中重新分配的过程。

Extraction,alsoknownasliquid-liquidextraction,referstotheprocessinwhich,aftertwocompletelyimmiscibleorpartiallymiscibleliquidphasescomeintocontactwitheachother,thesoluteinoneliquidphasetransferstotheotherliquidphaseunderphysicalorchemicalinteractions,orthesolutegetsredistributedinthetwophases.

单效蒸发和多效蒸发过程中均存在温度差损失Thereis

temperaturedifferenceloss

inbothsingle-effectevaporationandmulti-effectevaporation加热蒸汽压力相同

Sameheatingsteampressure

多效蒸发的温度差损失>单效蒸发的温度差损失

Temperaturedifferencelossofmulti-effectevaporation>temperaturedifferencelossofsingle-effectevaporation

溶液的温度差损失

Temperaturedifferencelossofsolution效数越多，温度差损失将越大

Thegreatertheeffectnumber,thegreaterthetemperaturedifferencelosswillbe单效蒸发操作条件

Single-effectevaporationoperatingconditions多效蒸发操作条件

Multi-effectevaporationoperatingconditions多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发效数的限制

Effectnumberlimitationofmulti-effectevaporation多效蒸发效数的限制

Effectnumberlimitationofmulti-effectevaporation效数的增加，单位蒸汽的消耗量减少

Withtheincreaseofefficiency,theconsumptionperunitsteamdecreases操作费用降低

Decreaseofoperatingexpenses有效温度差会减少（即温度差损失增大）

Theeffectivetemperaturedifferencewilldecrease(i.e.thetemperaturedifferencelosswillincrease)设备投资费用增大

Increaseinequipmentinvestmentcosts多效蒸发效数的限制

Effectnumberlimitationofmulti-effectevaporation多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation必须合理选取蒸发效数，使操作费和设备费之和为最少。Theevaporationefficiencymustbereasonablyselectedtominimizethesumofoperationcostandequipmentcost.

效数

Effectnumber单效

Single-effect双效

Double-effect三效

Triple-effect四效

Four-effects五效

Five-effects（D/W）min的理论值

Theoreticalvalueof(D/W)min

1

0.5

0.33

0.25

0.2

（D/W）min的理论值

Theoreticalvalueof(D/W)min1.1

0.57

0.4

0.3

0.27

不同效数蒸发的单位蒸汽消耗量

Unitsteamconsumptionofevaporationwithdifferenteffect

多效蒸发效数的限制

Effectnumberlimitationofmulti-effectevaporation多效蒸发

Multi-effectevaporation多效蒸发效数的限制

Effectnumberlimitationofmulti-effectevaporation节能降耗永远是生产企业的主题Energysavingandconsumptionreduction

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