专题04非谓语动词(主宾表)

专题04非谓语动词（主/宾/表）知识精讲考点一：非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词主动语态被动语态意义不定式一般式todotobedone其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式tobedoing其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone其表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前现在分词动名词一般式doingbeingdone其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生完成式havingdonehavingbeendone其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成考点二：非谓语动词作主语和表语(一)不定式(todo)作主语和表语1．不定式作主语时，一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长，常用it作形式主语而将不定式后置。eg.Nomatterhowbrightatalkeryouare,therearetimeswhenit’sbettertoremainsilent.不论你多么能说会道，有些时候保持沉默会更好。2．不定式作表语的情况：①表示预定要发生的动作；②当主语是aim,purpose,idea,plan,wish,decision,choice等词时，常用不定式作表语；③主语为what引导的名词性从句时，多用不定式作表语。eg.Hiswishistobeadoctorinthefuture.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。★★特别提醒★不定式作表语时，如果前面有实义动词do的形式，作表语的不定式常省略to。eg.WhatIwanttodomostinseniorhighis(to)improvemyEnglish.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(二)动名词(doing)作主语和表语1．动名词(doing)作主语通常表示抽象的或习惯性的动作。动名词(doing)作表语时相当于名词，用于解释主语的内容，表语和主语常可互换位置。eg.TravelingalongtheoldSilkRoadisaninterestingandrewardingexperience.沿着丝绸之路旅行是一次既有趣又有益的经历。2．常用于动名词(doing)作主语放在句末，开头用it作形式主语的句型：①It’doing...eoftimedoing...；②It’snouse/gooddoing...；③Itisuselessdoing.../Thereisnousedoing...eg.It’snouseplainingwithouttakingaction.★特别提醒★特别提醒★不定式和动名词作主语时，谓语动词都用单数。eg.Tomasteraforeignlanguagerequiresalotofpractice.掌握一门外语需要大量的练习。Collectingstampshasbeenhishobbyforovertenyears.集邮已经是他十多年的爱好了。◆考点跟踪练习◆【Group1】(2024・江苏南京高三一模)______(form)agoodhabitisbeneficialtoourlifelongdevelopment.答案：Toform/Forming解析：设空处作主语，不定式表具体/未来的动作，动名词表泛指/习惯性的动作，二者均可；谓语动词is为单数形式。(2023・浙江杭州高三二模)Itisnouse______(plain)withouttakinganyactualaction.答案：plaining解析：考查it作形式主语的固定句型Itisnousedoingsth.（做某事是没用的），it指代后面的动名词短语，故填plaining。(2025・山东济南高三质检)Hergoalis______(win)thefirstprizeintheingEnglishpetition.答案：towin解析：设空处作表语，用来解释说明主语goal的具体内容，不定式作表语可表将要发生的目标，故填towin。(2024・湖北武汉高三联考)______(solve)thisdifficultproblemneedspatienceandcarefulanalysis.答案：Solving/Tosolve解析：设空处作主语，动名词表泛指的动作，不定式表具体的动作，均符合语法规则；谓语动词needs为单数形式。(2023・四川成都高三摸底)Itisimportantforus______(master)atleastoneforeignlanguage.答案：tomaster解析：考查it作形式主语的常用句型Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.（对某人来说做某事是……的），it为形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语，故填tomaster。(2024・湖南长沙高三月考)Whatheenjoysmostis______(play)basketballwithhisteammatesafterschool.答案：playing解析：设空处作表语，与主语what从句（表“喜欢的事”）内容一致，动名词作表语表习惯性动作，故填playing。(2025・河南郑州高三一模)______(attend)thelectureontimeshowsyourrespectforthespeaker.答案：Attending/Toattend解析：设空处作主语，动名词表泛指的行为，不定式表具体某次的动作，二者均符合语法；谓语动词shows为单数形式。(2023・广东广州高三二模)______(invite)toattendtheinternationalacademicconferenceisagreathonor.答案：Beinginvited解析：设空处作主语，“被邀请”为被动动作，需用动名词的被动形式beingdone，谓语动词is为单数形式。(2024・安徽合肥高三质检)Ourdutyis______(protect)theenvironmentfrombeingpolluted.答案：toprotect解析：设空处作表语，用来解释主语duty的具体内容，不定式作表语可表职责与义务，故填toprotect。(2025・山东青岛高三二模)Itisagreatpleasure______(invite)toattendtheannualartfestivalofthecity.答案：tobeinvited解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itis+n.+todosth.，it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语；“被邀请参加城市年度艺术节”是被动动作，不定式需用被动形式tobedone，故填tobeinvited。【Group2】(2024・北京海淀高三一模)Itisourresponsibility______(take)careoftheelderlyinourmunity.答案：totake解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itis+n.+todosth.，it指代后面的不定式短语，表具体责任，故填totake。(2023・天津和平高三二模)______(travel)aroundtheworldhasalwaysbeenhisdreamsincechildhood.答案：Traveling/Totravel解析：设空处作主语，动名词表泛指的梦想，不定式表具体的愿望，二者均可；谓语动词hasbeen为单数形式。(2025・陕西西安高三月考)Themostimportantthingis______(stay)calmwhenanemergencyhappens.答案：tostay解析：设空处作表语，解释主语themostimportantthing的具体内容，不定式作表语表具体的行为建议，故填tostay。(2024・辽宁沈阳高三联考)Itisnogood______(lie)toyourparentsaboutyourstudysituation.答案：lying解析：考查it作形式主语的固定句型Itisnogooddoingsth.（做某事没好处），it指代动名词短语，故填lying。(2023・吉林长春高三摸底)______(save)energyandreducepollutioniseveryone’sduty.答案：Saving/Tosave解析：设空处作主语，动名词表泛指行为，不定式表具体动作，均符合要求；谓语动词is为单数形式。(2024・黑龙江哈尔滨高三质检)Whatmakesmefeelsatisfiedis______(help)thosewhoareintrouble.答案：helping/tohelp解析：设空处作表语，动名词作表语表习惯性动作，不定式作表语表具体某次的动作，二者均符合语境。(2025・江西南昌高三一模)Itsurprisedusall______(find)outthatthelittlegirlcouldspeakthreelanguages.答案：tofind解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itsurprisedsb.todosth.（做某事让某人惊讶），真正主语是不定式短语，故填tofind。(2023・广西南宁高三二模)______(praise)bytheteacherinclassencouragesstudentstoworkharder.答案：Beingpraised解析：设空处作主语，“被老师表扬”是被动动作，需用动名词的被动形式beingdone，谓语动词encourages为单数形式。(2024・云南昆明高三月考)Myplanforthesummervacationis______(volunteer)atalocalanimalshelter.答案：tovolunteer解析：设空处作表语，解释主语plan的具体内容，不定式作表语可表计划、打算做的事，故填tovolunteer。(2025・贵州贵阳高三联考)Itisworthwhile______(spend)timereadingclassicliterature.答案：spending/tospend解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itisworthwhiledoing/todosth.（做某事是值得的），动名词和不定式均可，故填spending或tospend。考点三：非谓语动词作宾语1．只接不定式(todo)作宾语的动词：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse，manage,care,pretend主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮offer,promise,choose,plan；agree,ask/beg,helpeg.Shedeterminedtostudyabroadaftergraduatingfromhighschool.她决心高中毕业后出国留学。★特别提醒★(1)此外afford,happen(★特别提醒★(1)此外afford,happen(碰巧),wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。eg.Ihappenedtomeetmyprimaryschoolteacherinthesupermarketyesterday.昨天我在超市碰巧遇见了我的小学老师。(2)动词(短语)learn,decide,know,wonder,show,tell,understand,explain,teach,advise,findout等常接“疑问词＋动词不定式”作宾语eg.Theguideshoweduswheretotake(take)thebestphotosofthescenicspot.导游告诉我们在哪里能拍出这个景点最好看的照片。考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon；admit,delay/putoff,fancy避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡forbid/avoid,imagine,risk；can’thelp(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escapeeg.Theclimbersriskedlosingtheirlivestoreachthetopofthemountain.登山者冒着生命危险登上山顶。 ★★特别提醒★allow,permit,forbid,advise后需加动名词(doing)作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，则用不定式作宾补。即allow/permit/forbid/advisedoing/sb.todosth.。eg.Thedoctor

advisesdrinking(drink)morewarmwater

inwinter.医生建议冬天多喝温水。Thetourguideadvisedustobook(book)theticketsinadvance.导游建议我们提前订票。Shewasadvisedtotake(take)moreexercisebyhercoach.教练建议她多锻炼。3．接不定式(todo)与动名词(doing)作宾语意义不同的动词：(1)trytodo尽力做……；trydoing试着去做……；(2)meantodo打算做……；meandoing意味着……；(3)regrettodo遗憾要去做……；regretdoing后悔做过……；(4)remembertodo记得去做……；rememberdoing记得做过……；(5)forgettodo忘记去做……；forgetdoing忘记做了……eg.Imeanttocallyoulastnight,butIfellasleepaccidentally.我昨晚本打算给你打电话的，却不小心睡着了Missingthistrainmeanswaitingforanothertwohours.错过这趟火车意味着要再等两个小时。★★特别提醒★动词want,need,require作“需要”讲时，其后要用v.­ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有deserve(值得)。eg.Thewindowneedscleaning/tobecleaned.(clean与thewindow之间存在动宾关系)Heneedstoleaveatonce.(leave与he之间不存在动宾关系)4．动词作介词的宾语时，要用动名词(doing)形式，不能用动词不定式。常见的含有介词的动词短语：be/getusedto(习惯于),feellike(想要),insiston(坚持),getdownto(开始认真做某事),devote...to...(致力于…),objectto(反对),stickto(坚持),giveup(放弃)等。此外，介词后跟动名词的结构：havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth.；havefun(in)doingsth.eg.It’squitehottoday.Doyoufeellikegoingforaswim?今天很热。你想去游泳吗？IhadasmuchfunsailingtheseasasInowdoworkingwithstudents.我现在与学生们打交道和我过去航海一样开心。★★特别提醒★(1)当非谓语动词位于介词but,except后时，习惯上要用不定式。并且，当其前有实义动词do及相关形式时，则不定式要省略to；若其前没有动词do，则不定式通常带to。eg.Wehadnochoicebuttowait(wait).我们除了等待之外别无选择。Icoulddonothingexceptagree(agree).我除了同意，什么都做不了。(2)but后总跟省略不定式符号to的短语：donothingbut...只能……；cannothelpbut...禁不住……；cannotbut...不得不……；cannotchoosebut...只得……◆考点跟踪练习◆【Group1】(2024・江苏苏州高三一模)Theteacheradvised______(finish)theprojectwithinthisweek.答案：finishing解析：advise后接动名词作宾语，构成advisedoingsth.结构，意为“建议做某事”。(2023・浙江温州高三二模)Hecan’tafford______(buy)suchanexpensivewatchwithhiscurrentsalary.答案：tobuy解析：afford是只能接不定式作宾语的动词，构成affordtodosth.结构，意为“负担得起做某事”。(2025・山东潍坊高三质检)Wearelookingforwardto______(invite)totheopeningceremonyofthenewlibrary.答案：beinginvited解析：lookforwardto中to是介词，后接动名词作宾语；“我们”和“邀请”是被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式beinginvited。(2024・湖北襄阳高三联考)Shepretended______(read)abookwhenhermotherenteredtheroom.答案：tobereading解析：pretend后接不定式作宾语；此处强调妈妈进门时“正在读书”的状态，故用不定式的进行式tobereading。(2023・四川绵阳高三摸底)Theworkersdemanded______(pay)areasonablesalaryfortheirhardwork.答案：tobepaid解析：demand后接不定式作宾语；“工人”和“支付薪水”是被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobepaid。(2024・湖南株洲高三月考)Hesuggested______(take)adifferentroutetoavoidthetrafficjam.答案：taking解析：suggest后接动名词作宾语，构成suggestdoingsth.结构，意为“建议做某事”。(2025・河南洛阳高三一模)Shehopes______(elect)asthemonitorofherclassbecausesheisresponsible.答案：tobeelected解析：hope后接不定式作宾语；“她”和“选举”是被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobeelected。(2023・广东惠州高三二模)Idon’tmind______(help)youwithyourEnglishhomeworkafterschool.答案：helping解析：mind后接动名词作宾语，构成minddoingsth.结构，意为“介意做某事”。(2024・安徽芜湖高三质检)Themanagerdecided______(send)someemployeestoreceiveprofessionaltrainingabroad.答案：tosend解析：decide是只能接不定式作宾语的动词，构成decidetodosth.结构，意为“决定做某事”。(2025・福建泉州高三联考)Headmitted______(praise)bytheheadmasterforhisexcellentperformanceinthepetition.答案：beingpraised解析：admit后接动名词作宾语；“他”和“表扬”是被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式beingpraised。【Group2】(2024・北京朝阳高三一模)Itisnecessaryforus______(inform)ofanychangeintheplaninadvance.答案：tobeinformed解析：本句是Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.句型；“我们”和“通知”是被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobeinformed。(2023・天津南开高三二模)Sheenjoys______(listen)toclassicalmusicwhilesheisdoinghousework.答案：listening解析：enjoy后接动名词作宾语，构成enjoydoingsth.结构，意为“喜欢做某事”。(2025・陕西宝鸡高三月考)Thestudentsareeager______(attend)thelecturegivenbythefamousscientist.答案：toattend解析：eager后接不定式作宾语，构成beeagertodosth.结构，意为“渴望做某事”。(2024・辽宁大连高三联考)Theruleforbids______(use)mobilephonesduringtheexam.答案：using解析：forbid后接动名词作宾语，构成forbiddoingsth.结构，意为“禁止做某事”。(2023・吉林长春高三摸底)Heplans______(take)atriptoYunnanduringtheingsummervacation.答案：totake解析：plan是只能接不定式作宾语的动词，构成plantodosth.结构，意为“计划做某事”。(2024・黑龙江大庆高三质检)Weappreciate______(give)theopportunitytoparticipateinthisinternationalexchangeprogram.答案：beinggiven解析：appreciate后接动名词作宾语；“我们”和“给予机会”是被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式beinggiven。(2025・江西赣州高三一模)Hemanaged______(solve)thedifficultmathproblemwiththehelpofhisteacher.答案：tosolve解析：manage后接不定式作宾语，构成managetodosth.结构，意为“设法做成某事”。(2023・广西南宁高三二模)Thepanypermits______(park)carsinthedesignatedareaneartheentrance.答案：parking解析：permit后接动名词作宾语，构成permitdoingsth.结构，意为“允许做某事”。(2024・云南昆明高三月考)Sherefused______(acpany)byherparentswhenshewenttocollege.答案：tobeacpanied解析：refuse后接不定式作宾语；“她”和“陪伴”是被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobeacpanied。(2025・贵州遵义高三联考)Iregret______(tell)youthattheticketsfortheconcerthaveallbeensoldout.答案：totell解析：regrettodosth.意为“遗憾地要做某事”，常接表告知、宣布的动词；此处表示“遗憾地告诉你”，故填totell。高考在线【Group1】(2023・新课标I卷改编)______(learn)aforeignlanguagewellisofgreatimportancetoourfuturecareer.答案：Learning/Tolearn解析：设空处作主语，动名词作主语表泛指的学习行为，不定式作主语表具体的学习目标，二者均可；谓语动词is为单数形式。(2022・全国乙卷改编)Itisworthwhile______(spend)timeonreadingclassicworksofliterature.答案：spending/tospend解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itisworthwhiledoing/todosth.，it指代后面的非谓语动词短语，故填spending或tospend。(2021・新高考I卷改编)Herambitionis______(admit)toatopuniversitytostudyartificialintelligence.答案：tobeadmitted解析：设空处作表语，说明主语ambition的具体内容；“被顶尖大学录取”为被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobeadmitted。(2020・全国I卷改编)Theboypretended______(read)whenhisfathercameintotheroom.答案：tobereading解析：设空处作宾语，pretend后接不定式作宾语；此处强调父亲进门时“正在读书”的状态，故用不定式的进行式tobereading。(2019・全国II卷改编)______(expose)tosunlightfortoolongwilldoharmtopeople’sskin.答案：Beingexposed解析：设空处作主语，“被暴露在阳光下”是被动动作，需用动名词的被动形式beingdone，故填Beingexposed。(2023・浙江卷改编)Hecan’tafford______(buy)theluxurywatchwithhismonthlysalary.答案：tobuy解析：设空处作宾语，afford是只能接不定式作宾语的动词，构成affordtodosth.结构，故填tobuy。(2022・北京卷改编)Itisimportantforteenagers______(develop)agoodhabitofreading.答案：todevelop解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itis+adj.+forsb.todosth.，it为形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语，故填todevelop。(2021・天津卷改编)Whatheenjoysmostis______(play)basketballwithhisfriendsafterschool.答案：playing解析：设空处作表语，与主语what从句内容一致，动名词作表语表习惯性动作，故填playing。(2020・浙江卷改编)Weappreciate______(give)thechancetoparticipateintheinternationalsciencepetition.答案：beinggiven解析：设空处作宾语，appreciate后接动名词作宾语；“我们”和“给予机会”是被动关系，故用动名词的被动形式beinggiven。(2019・北京卷改编)Themaintaskofthevolunteersis______(help)thepeopleinneedtoimprovetheirlivingconditions.答案：tohelp解析：设空处作表语，说明主语task的具体内容，不定式作表语表职责和任务，故填tohelp。【Group2】(2023・新课标II卷改编)Itisnouse______(plain)abouttheresultwithouttakinganyactualaction.答案：plaining解析：考查it作形式主语的固定句型Itisnousedoingsth.，it指代后面的动名词短语，故填plaining。(2022・新高考II卷改编)______(solve)thisplexproblemneedspatienceandcarefulanalysis.答案：Solving/Tosolve解析：设空处作主语，动名词表泛指的动作，不定式表具体的动作，二者均可作主语，谓语动词needs为单数。(2021・全国甲卷改编)Themanagerdemanded______(tell)abouttheprogressoftheprojecteveryweek.答案：tobetold解析：设空处作宾语，demand后接不定式作宾语；“经理”和“告知进度”是被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobetold。(2020・全国III卷改编)Myplanforthewintervacationis______(volunteer)atalocalanimalshelter.答案：tovolunteer解析：设空处作表语，说明主语plan的具体内容，不定式作表语表计划和打算，故填tovolunteer。(2019・全国I卷改编)______(invite)toattendtheopeningceremonyisagreathonorforourschool.答案：Beinginvited解析：设空处作主语，“被邀请参加开幕式”是被动动作，需用动名词的被动形式beingdone，故填Beinginvited。(2023・天津卷改编)Shesuggested______(hold)aclassmeetingtodiscussthetravelplan.答案：holding解析：设空处作宾语，suggest是只能接动名词作宾语的动词，构成suggestdoingsth.结构，故填holding。(2022・浙江卷改编)Itsurprisedusall______(find)outthatthelittlegirlcouldspeakthreeforeignlanguages.答案：tofind解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itsurprisedsb.todosth.，it为形式主语，真正主语是不定式短语，故填tofind。(2021・北京卷改编)Whatmakeshimhappyis______(receive)thepraisefromhisteacher.答案：receiving/toreceive解析：设空处作表语，动名词作表语表泛指的动作，不定式作表语表具体的动作，二者均可。(2020・天津卷改编)Heregrettednot______(get)thechancetomeethisfavoritesinger.答案：getting解析：设空处作宾语，regretdoingsth.表示“后悔做过某事”故填getting。(2019・浙江卷改编)Itisaprivilege______(elect)astherepresentativeofthestudents’union.答案：tobeelected解析：考查it作形式主语的句型Itis+n.+todosth.；“被选为学生会代表”是被动关系，故用不定式的被动形式tobeelected。综合提升练阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。1.______(explore)natureanditshiddensecretscanenrichourknowledgeandinspireourcuriosity.Forseniorhighschoolstudents,theprimarytaskis2.______(master)basicacademicskillsandformgoodlearninghabits.However,someteenagersquit3.______(attend)afterschoolcoursessimplybecausetheyfeelstressed.Itisnouse4.______(argue)withparentsabouttrivialthings;instead,weshouldlearntomunicatecalmly.Ourheadteacheroncesaidthathergreatestsatisfactionwas5.______(witness)herstudentsgrowintore