高一英语重点语法讲解与练习

高一英语重点语法讲解与练习一、定语从句（AttributiveClauses）定语从句通过修饰名词或代词（先行词）丰富句意，分为限制性（与先行词紧密关联，省略影响表意）和非限制性（补充说明，省略不影响核心意思，常用逗号分隔）两类。1.关系词的用法（1）关系代词（作主语、宾语或定语）that：指人/物，作主语（从句谓语随先行词单复数）、宾语（可省略）。例：Thebook*that*Iboughtyesterdayisinteresting.（指物，作宾语，可省略）；Thegirl*that*isstandingthereismysister.（指人，作主语，不可省略）。which：仅指物，作主语/宾语（宾语可省略），非限制性从句中只能用*which*。例：Thehouse*which*isneartheriverismine.（作主语）；Thefilm*which*wesawlastnightwaswonderful.（作宾语，可省略）。who/whom：指人，*who*作主语，*whom*作宾语（可省略，口语常用*who*代替）。例：Theman*who*helpedmeisateacher.（作主语）；Theboy*whom*youmetismycousin.（作宾语，可省略为*Theboyyoumet...*）。whose：指人/物，作定语表所属。例：Thegirl*whose*hairislongisfromChina.（指人）；Thehouse*whose*windowisbrokenneedsrepairing.（指物）。（2）关系副词（作状语）when：先行词为时间名词（*time/day/year*等），表时间状语。例：Istillremembertheday*when*Ifirstcametoschool.（=*onwhich*）。where：先行词为地点名词（*place/city/room*等），表地点状语。例：Thisistheschool*where*Istudied.（=*inwhich*）。why：先行词为*reason*，表原因状语。例：Thereason*why*hewaslateisclear.（=*forwhich*）。2.注意事项介词+关系代词：关系代词作介词宾语时，介词可提前（指物用*which*，指人用*whom*，且代词不可省略）。例：Theroom*inwhich*helivesissmall.（=*Theroomwhichhelivesin...*）。that与which的区别：先行词为*all/little/much/none/everything*等不定代词，或被最高级、序数词、*theonly/thevery*修饰时，用*that*。例：Thisisthebestbook*that*I'veeverread.；All*that*glittersisnotgold.非限制性从句：不可用*that*，指物用*which*，指人用*who/whom*，从句与主句间用逗号。例：Myfather,*who*isadoctor,worksinabighospital.3.练习（1）用适当的关系词填空：①Theman______istalkingtomyteacherismyfather.②Thehouse______weliveinisveryold.③Istillremembertheday______Ifirstmether.④Thereason______hewasabsentisunknown.⑤Thebook______coverisblueismine.（2）判断正误（错误请改正）：①Thegirlthatwemetheryesterdayisourmonitor.②ThisistheschoolwhereIstudiedin.③Hehasafriendwho'sfatherisadoctor.二、现在完成时（PresentPerfectTense）强调“过去动作对现在的影响”或“从过去持续到现在的状态”，结构为have/has+过去分词（主语为三单时用*has*，其余用*have*）。1.核心用法（1）影响性用法动作发生在过去，结果/影响延续至今，常与*already（已，肯定句）、yet（还，否定/疑问句）、just（刚刚）、ever（曾经）、never（从未）*连用。例：I*havealreadyfinished*myhomework.（现在无需再做）；Haveyou*everbeen*toBeijing?（询问现在是否去过）。（2）持续性用法动作从过去某时开始，持续到现在（可能继续），常与“*for+时间段*”“*since+时间点/从句（一般过去时）*”连用。例：I*havelived*here*fortenyears*./I*havelived*here*since2010*./I*havelived*here*sinceIcametothiscity*.2.与一般过去时的区别一般过去时仅描述过去动作/状态（不强调对现在的影响）；现在完成时突出“过去→现在”的关联。例：I*saw*thefilmyesterday.（仅说明昨天看了电影）I*haveseen*thefilm.（强调现在知道电影内容）3.练习（1）用所给动词的适当形式填空（*have/has+过去分词*）：①She______(finish)herwork,soshecangooutnow.②They______(notsee)eachotherforalongtime.③______youever______(be)totheGreatWall?④He______(justleave)theroom.⑤I______(live)inthiscitysinceIwasborn.（2）翻译句子：①我已经读过这本书了。_____________________②他从2015年就开始学英语了。_____________________③你曾经去过上海吗？_____________________三、被动语态（PassiveVoice）主语是动作的承受者时用被动，结构为be+过去分词（*be*随时态、主语变化）。1.常见时态的被动结构一般现在时：*am/is/are+过去分词*例：English*isspoken*allovertheworld.一般过去时：*was/were+过去分词*例：Thebridge*wasbuilt*lastyear.现在完成时：*have/hasbeen+过去分词*例：Thework*hasbeenfinished*already.含情态动词：*情态动词+be+过去分词*例：Theproblem*canbesolved*easily.2.用法场景不知道动作执行者，或执行者不重要时：例：Thewindow*wasbroken*yesterday.（不知谁打破的）强调动作承受者时：例：*Manytrees*areplantedeveryyear.（强调“树”被种植）3.注意事项不及物动词（*happen/takeplace/rise/die*等）无被动（无“承受者”）。例：Greatchanges*havetakenplace*inChina.（不可说*Greatchangeshavebeentakenplace...*）主动表被动：*need/want/require*后接动名词表被动，相当于“*tobe+过去分词*”。例：Thebike*needsrepairing*(=*needstoberepaired*).感官/使役动词的被动：主动结构“*see/hear/makesb.dosth.*”变被动时加*to*，即“*sb.beseen/heard/madetodosth.*”。例：He*wasmadetowork*12hoursaday.（主动：*Theymadehimwork...*）4.练习（1）将主动句变被动句：①Weplanttreeseveryyear.→Trees____________byuseveryyear.②Hefinishedtheworkyesterday.→Thework____________byhimyesterday.③Theyhavebuiltanewschool.→Anewschool__________________bythem.④Theteacheroftentellsusstories.→We______often______storiesbytheteacher.（2）选择正确选项：①Thebook______byafamouswriter.(A.writesB.iswrittenC.wrote)②Theproblem______yet.(A.isn'tsolvedB.hasn'tsolvedC.hasn'tbeensolved)③Yourhair______.Itlooksnice.(A.hascutB.hasbeencutC.cut)四、状语从句（AdverbialClauses）通过从属连词引导，说明动作的时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、让步、比较等。1.分类与引导词（1）时间状语从句引导词：*when（短暂/延续）、while（仅延续，从句常用进行时）、as（一边…一边…）、before、after、until（直到…；not...until...直到…才）、assoonas（一…就）、since（自从…，主句常用完成时）*。例：WhenIgothome,mymother*wascooking*./WhileI*wasreading*,hecamein./IhavelivedheresinceI*came*here.（2）条件状语从句引导词：*if（如果）、unless（除非=if...not）、aslongas（只要）*。例：Ifitrainstomorrow,we'llstayathome./Youwon'tpasstheexamunlessyouworkhard.（3）原因状语从句引导词：*because（直接原因，回答why）、since（已知原因）、as（语气弱）、for（补充说明，放句中）*。例：IwaslatebecauseImissedthebus./Sinceyouarehere,let'sstart./Asit'sraining,wecan'tgoout./Hemustbeill,forhelookspale.（4）目的/结果状语从句目的：*sothat（以便，加can/could）、inorderthat（正式）*例：Heworkshardsothathecanpasstheexam.结果：*so...that（so后接adj./adv.）、such...that（such后接名词短语）*例：Heissocleverthathecansolvetheproblem./It'ssuchanicedaythatwewanttogoout.（5）让步/比较状语从句让步：*though/although（不可与but连用，可与yet/still连用）、evenif/though（即使）*例：Althoughitrained,westillwentout.比较：*than（比）、as...as（和…一样）、notas/so...as（不如…）*例：HeistallerthanI(am)./Sherunsasfastasme.2.注意事项though/although与but：二者不可同时出现，但可与*yet/still*连用。例：Thoughheisyoung,(yet)heknowsalot.（正确）；Thoughheisyoung,butheknowsalot.（错误）。so...that与such...that：*so*后接形容词/副词，*such*后接名词短语；若名词前有*many/much/few/little（表数量）*修饰，用*so*。例：Hehassomanybooksthathecan'treadthemall.（*many*修饰*books*，用*so*）；It'ssuchaheavyboxthatIcan'tcarryit.（*aheavybox*是名词短语，用*such*）。例：Iwaiteduntilhecame.（*wait*是延续性，等到他来）；Ididn'tleaveuntilhecame.（*leave*是短暂性，直到他来我才离开）。3.练习（1）选择合适的引导词填空：①______hewasill,hestillwenttoschool.(Though/But)②I'llcallyou______IarriveinBeijing.(assoonas/until)③______youstudyhard,you'llpasstheexam.(If/Unless)④Heis______agoodstudent______wealllikehim.(such...that/so...that)⑤Ihavelivedhere______Iwasborn.(since/for)（2）翻译句子：①他跑得如此之快，以至于我追不上他。_____________________②除非你努力，否则你不会成功。_____________________③自从我来到这里，我就交了很多朋友。_____________________五、非谓语动词（Non-FiniteVerbs）不能作谓语的动词形式，高一重点掌握不定式（todo）和动名词（doing）。1.不定式（todo）作主语：常用*it*作形式主语，不定式后置。例：*TolearnEnglishwell*isimportant.=Itisimportant*tolearnEnglishwell*.作宾语：跟在*want/decide/hope/wish/agree/plan*等动词后。例：Iwant*togo*toschool.；Hedecided*totravel*alone.作宾语补足语：跟在*ask/tell/want/invite/allow*等动词后，构成“*动词+sb.+todo*”。例：Theteacheraskedus*toread*aloud.作定语：修饰名词，表“要做的事”，常后置。例：Ihavealotofhomework*todo*.作状语：表目的、原因、结果等。例：Hecamehere*tosee*hisfriend.（目的）；I'mglad*tomeet*you.（原因）；Heistooyoung*togo*toschool.（结果）。2.动名词（doing）作主语：直接作主语，或用*it*作形式主语（较少见）。例：*Reading*isfun.；It'snouse*crying*overspiltmilk.作宾语：跟在*enjoy/mind/practice/finish/suggest/keep/avoid*等动词后，或介词后。例：Ienjoy*reading*books.；Heisgoodat*playing*basketball.；Wearelookingforwardto*meeting*you.作表语：说明主语的内容，与主语是对等关系。例：Myhobbyis*collectingstamps*.作定语：修饰名词，表“用途”，常前置。例：a*swimming*pool（游泳池）；a*reading*room（阅览室）。3.练习（1）用所给动词的适当形式（不定式或动名词）填空：①Iwant______(go)tothepark.②Heenjoys______(play)football.③It'stime______(have)lunch.④Sheisgoodat______(sing).⑤Theteachertoldus______(notbe)late.（2）翻译句子：①学习英语很重要。_____________________②我喜欢听音乐。_____________________③他计划去北京。_____________________---练习答案（供参考）一、定语从句（1）①who/that②that/which③when④why⑤whose（2）①错误，