认识替代率课件

认识替代率课件Definitionandpresentation

定义Theold-agepensionreplacementratemeasureshoweffectivelyapensionsystemprovidesaretirementincometoreplaceearnings.

养老金替代率用以衡量养老金体系所提供的退休后收入在多大程度上能够替代工资收入。Thegrossreplacementrateisdefinedasgrosspensionentitlementdividedbygrosspre-retirementearnings.

总替代率是总养老金待遇与总退休前收入的比值。Whatisareplacementrate?

什么是替代率Thereplacementratecanbeexpressedas替代率可以以下方式呈现theratioofthepensiontofinalearnings：养老金与最终工资收入的比例orastheshareofindividuallifetimeearnings(revaluedinlinewithearningsgrowth)：个人终生收入的一部分（根据工资收入增长重新估算）UnderOECDassumptionsofworkersearningsamelevelofearningsthroughouttheircareerthesearethesame.

根据OECD假设，劳工收入水平在其职业生涯中维持不变，则以上二者相同Howisitpresented?呈现方式？Backgroundinformationandassumptions

背景及假设Atwhatagedoesthecareerbegin?

职业生涯从何年龄段起计算？Atwhatlevelofearnings?

工资收入水平？Whatisthelong-termassumptionforinflationandwagegrowth?

通货膨胀及工资增长的长期走势？Howwilltherateofreturnvaryovertime?

不同时期投资收益率的变化？possiblybasedoninvestmentrules

可能基于投资规则Manyassumptionshavetomade

理论预设Entryatage20andworkforafullcareer

20岁起进入劳动力市场，就业至退休Primarilyreportat50%,100%and150%ofaverageearnings

主要衡量平均工资水平的50%，100%，150%Inflationassumedat2.0%

假设通货膨胀水平为2.0%Realwagegrowthassumedat1.25%

工资实际增长率为1.25%Rateofreturnsetat3%

投资回报率为3%WhatdoestheOECDassume?

OECD的相关假设Eligibilityrulesformandatorypensionschemes

基本养老金计划的资格条件Ratesandceilingsofcontributions

缴费费率及上限Accrualrates

积累率Valueofbasicormeans-testedpensions

基本养老金、入息审查养老金数额Minimumormaximumpensionlevels

最低、最高养老金水平Valorisationofearnings

工资收入增值Indexationrulesofbenefits

待遇指数化规则Whatisneededforthecalculation

替代率计算所需信息Ageatwhicheligibleforafullpensionwithoutreductionbecauseofearlyretirement,assumingcareerstartedatage20withcontinuouscontribution

假设职业生涯始于20周岁并连续缴费，可获得全额养老金的年龄Forexample,long-termretirementageisassumedas65inbothGermanyandSpainratherthanage67.

例如，德国、西班牙长期退休年龄均为65周岁，而非67周岁Alsoneedtodefinetheretirementage

定义退休年龄Howtocalculatereplacementrates

替代率计算

Statutoryschemes法定计划Minimumpensionprovision

最低养老金供给水平Meanstestedbenefitsforpensioners

退休人员入息审查待遇Universalflatratelinkedtoresidencyortosocialinsurancecontributions

居住地、社保缴费相关的统一费率EarningsrelatedPAYG(withorwithoutreservefund)

收入水平相关的即收即付Earningsrelated,totallyfunded(bysocialcontributions)–fundedtierofgeneralstatutoryschemes.Partlyfundedschemes.

收入水平相关全额发放基本养老计划。部分给付的养老计划。Whatisincluded(1)包含：Occupationalschemes职业计划Mandatoryforemployer(sectoralorcross-sectoral)orresultingfromcollectiveagreement(whichmakesmembershipmandatory)

雇主义务性参与，共同协商（成员身份义务性）Resultingfromcollectiveagreement(membershipnotmandatorybutcoverageiswide)

共同协商参与（成员身份非义务性，但覆盖率广泛）Possibilitytosubscribetopensionschemethroughone’semployer

可通过雇主参与养老金计划Whatisincluded(2)Individualschemes个人计划Voluntaryindividualschemes(noemploymentlinkisnecessarytobecomemember),thatcanbeadheredcollectively(forinstancethroughassociationsorUnions)

个人自愿性计划（参与无需雇佣关系），可集体参与（如通过协会或工会）Individualcontractswithpensionfunds,lifeinsurancecompaniesorpensionsavingsinstitutionsthatdeliverannuities

个人合同，与养老基金、人寿保险公司或提供年金的养老储蓄机构Whatisincluded(3)Definedbenefitpension待遇固定养老金Eachyearofcontributiongetsanaccrualrateorpoints

每年缴费有固定积累率Summedatretirement,subjecttoanymaximumlevels

退休时结算，但受最高水平限制Multipliedbyearningsbase乘以收入基数Canbefinalsalary可以是最终薪酬Final5,10,15,20,25yearsetc.最后5、10、15、20、25年工资Lifetimeaverage终生收入平均水平Upratedwithwagesorprices随工资、价格水平上调Approachdependsonsystemdesign

具体方式取决于养老体系设置Definedcontribution缴费固定型Contributionsaretakeneachyear

缴费每年交纳Continuetogrowthroughoutthecareerattherateofreturn

就业期间依据投资回报率水平增长Totalcontributionsaresummedatpointofretirement

退休时结算缴费总额Annuitisedtoobtainanannualpaymentamountforcomparison

年金化以得出年度给付金额以供比较Basicpension基本养老金Normallydependentonperiodsofresidence

通常取决于居住时限Indexedaccordingtolegislation

根据相关法律指数化Minimumpension最低养老金Eitherschemespecificoroverall

具体计划或总体Generalappliestoshortcareersorlowearners

通常适用于就业时间过短或工资水平过低的情况Resource-tested/Means-tested来源审查、入息审查Canactasatop-uptoensureincomereachesacertainlevel,or

作为补助以保证收入达到一定水平Cannotionallybepaidtoeveryoneataparticularageandthenwithdrawndependingonotherincome

可名义地给付达到年龄的个人，并根据其他收入水平收回Beginwithbasicpensionsatflatrate

从统一费率的基本养老金开始Addearnings-relatedschemes,whetherDBorDC,incorporatingtheminimumlevelifapplicable.

加上收入相关计划，待遇固定或缴费固定，在适用情况下适用最低水平Testforeligibilitytomeans-testedbenefitsandapplyifnecessary

免息待遇资格审查Dividebyearningstoobtainreplacementrate

除以收入，得到替代率Theordermatters顺序很重要

Wageincomefullyearbeforeretirement

退休前全年工资收入Pensionincomefullyearafterretirement

退休后全年养老金收入Compensationperemployee

雇员补贴A

Employercontributiontothe雇主缴费

firstpillarpensionscheme(B1),

第一支柱totheotherpensionschemes(B2)

其他养老金计划andotheremployer‘ssocialcontributions(B3).其他社会贡献B1B2B3Grossearnings(C=A-B1-B2-B3)总收入CPensionincomefrom

养老金收入firstpillarpensionschemes–J1,

第一支柱ofwhichPAYG(J1A)即收即付ofwhichfunded(J1B)养老基金andfromotherpensionschemes-J2其他养老金计划

J1A+J1B=J1J2Totalpensionincome(J=J1+J2)总养老金收入J1stpillar(statutorypensions)grossreplacementrate-G1,(ofwhichPAYG-G1A=J1A/Cofwhichfundedschemes-G1B=J1B/C)

第一支柱（法定养老金）总替代率G1=J1/C

(G1A=J1A/CG1B=J1B/C)Otherpensionschemesgrossreplacementrate–G2

其他养老金计划总替代率G2=J2/CTotalGrossreplacementrate整体替代率(G=G1+G2)G=J/CCalculation计算Grossornet?

总量或实际量Grossreplacementratetakesgrosspensiondividedbygrosssalary

总替代率为总养老金除以总薪资Netreplacementrateappliestheapplicabletaxationandsocialsecuritycontributionrulestobothpensionandearnings

实际替代率包含相关税收和社保缴费方案Mostcountrieshavelowersocialsecuritycontributionsforpensioners

大多数国家对退休人员采取较低的社保缴费标准Taxrulesalsodifferthroughhigherthresholdsorpossibleexemption

税收上适用较高的起征点或其他免税方案Whatisthedifference?区别？Significantlychangesacountriesrankingifnotaxorsocialsecuritycontributionsarepaidinretirement

退休后交纳税收、社保对国家排名状况影响明显Asworkercontributionsarenormallydeductedatsourceismoremeaningfultoindividuals

工资给付时代扣缴费对个人来说更实际Doesitmatter?重要性

Wageincomefullyearbeforeretirement

退休前全年工资收入Pensionincomefullyearafterretirement

退休后全年养老金收入Employeeandpensionercontributionstopensionschemes:

职工、退休人员养老计划缴费

K1firstpillar-D1,第一支柱D1

otherpensionschemes-D2,其他养老计划D2K2

Socialinsurancecontributionsotherthanforpensionschemes养老金外社保缴费FMTaxes税务GNMeans-testedbenefits免息待遇

ONetwageandpensionincome实际工资、养老金收入IP(I=C-D1-D2-F-G)(P=J-K1-K2-M-N+O)TotalNetreplacementrate(N=P/I)整体实际替代率N=P/IGoingfromgrosstonet总替代率到实际替代率Whatthereplacementratescantellyou

如何解读替代率Replacementratesaregenerallyhigherforlowerearners

在工资水平低的情况下，替代率通常较高Possiblerelianceonsafety-netbenefitsorminimumpensions

可能对兜底待遇、最低养老金产生依赖Basicflatratebenefitrepresentsahigherproportionofearnings

基本统一费率待遇占工资收入比重较大Anelementofredistributionwithinthepensionsystem

养老金体系内部的再分配因素Importanttolookatdifferentearningslevels需要关注不同的工资水平Anddeclineasearningsincrease

随收入水平提高而降低Ceilingtocontributions缴费封顶Maximumpension最高养老金Basicpensionislessimportant最低养老金不那么重要Withdrawalofresource-testedbenefits来源审查待遇撤除Netreplace