目的论视角下商务合同汉英翻译词性转换技巧研究

论文题目：目的论视角下商务合同汉英翻译词性转换技巧研究目的论视角下商务合同汉英翻译词性转换技巧研究摘要在世界经济一体化的背景下，国际商务合作呈快速增长之势，商务合同的汉英翻译在国际商务合作中扮演着重要角色，准确严谨的商务合同汉英翻译尤为重要。因此，研究商务合同汉英翻译方法具有重要的现实意义。本论文将以费米尔的目的论为基础，研究商务合同汉英翻译词性转换技巧。本文共分为三部分：第一部分介绍目的论的诞生背景和主要观点；第二部分概述商务合同的特点以及翻译难点；第三部分探讨商务合同汉英翻译的词性转换策略。最后得出结论：目的论对于商务合同汉英翻译具有很好的指导意义。本文所研究的商务合同汉英翻译词性转换技巧，一方面可以推动翻译内容的准确性和严谨性，另一方面可以更好地推动国际商务合作顺利进行。关键词：国际商务合同目的论词性转换

PartofSpeechConversioninC-ETranslationofBusinessContractGuidedbySkoposTheorieAbstractInthecontextofglobaleconomicintegration,internationalbusinesscooperationisgrowingrapidly.TheChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontractsplaysamoreandmoreimportantroleininternationalbusinesscooperation.So,accurateandrigorousChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontractsisparticularlyimportant.AnditisofgreatpracticalsignificancetostudytheChinese-Englishtranslationmethodofbusinesscontracts.ThispaperwillbebasedonSkoposTheoriewhichisproposedbyVermeer,andwillstudytheconversionofpartofspeechinbusinesscontract.Thisarticleisdividedintothreeparts:thefirstpartintroducesthedevelopmentbackgroundandmainpointsofSkoposTheorie;thesecondpartoutlinesthefeaturesofbusinesscontractsandthedifficultiesintranslation;thethirdpartdiscussesthepart-of-speechconversionstrategyofChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontracts.Finally,itisconcludedthatSkoposTheoriehasagoodguidingsignificancefortheChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontracts.ThepartofspeechconversiontechniquesforChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontractsstudiedinthisarticleontheonehandcanimprovetheaccuracyandrigorofthecontent,ontheotherhandhelppromotethesmoothprogressofinternationalbusinesscooperation.Keywords:businesscontract;SkoposTheorie;partofspeechContentsTOC\o"1-3"\h\u9435Introduction 13903PartIAnIntroductiontoSkoposTheorie 2315931.1EmergenceanddevelopmentofSkoposTheorie 2206961.2ThemaincontentsofSkoposTheorie 328404PartIITranslationDifficultiesandSolutionsofBusinessContract 5135292.1Businesscontractfeatures 5205302.2Methodsforhandlingtranslationdifficulties 621684PartIIIMethodsofPartofSpeechConversioninBusinessContractC-ETranslation 9189703.1Anintroductiontopartofspeechconversion 9303983.2Conversionofverb 963813.2.1Convertingverbintonoun 9238183.2.2Convertingverbintopreposition 11238183.2.3Convertingverbintoadjective 12312103.3Conversionofnoun 12276703.3.1Convertingnounintoverb 12281223.3.2Convertingnounintoadjective 139528Conclusion 1429460Acknowledgments 158043Notes 1631633Bibliography 17唐山学院毕业论文PAGE1IntroductionSinceourcountryhasjoinedWTO,internationalbusinesstradebetweenChinaandothercountrieshavebecomemoreandmorefrequent.BusinesscontractC-Etranslationintheinternationalbusinessactivitieshaveaninestimableprospectoftheindustry,andsuddenlybecamenoticeable.Therefore,itismeaningfultostudytheC-Etranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.IntheprocessofbusinesscontractsC-Etranslation,partofspeechconversionisthemostprimarytranslationtechnique.Thesuccessofthisbasictranslationtechniqueintheapplicationofbusinesscontractsisdirectlyrelatedtothequalityoftheoveralltranslation.In1970s,GermantranslatorVermeerputforwardthetranslationSkoposTheorie,sothattranslationstudiesarenolongerboundbytheoriginal-centrictheory.Besides,SkoposTheoriealsoprovideatheoreticalbasisandanewperspectiveonthestudyofChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontracts.InVermeer’sview,translatingis"notmerelyandnotevenprimarilyalinguisticprocess",[1]andtranslation(includinginterpreting)isonly"atypeoftransferwherecommunicativeverbalandnon-verbalsignsaretransferredfromonelanguageintoanother".[2]IntheframeworkofSkoposTheorie,threeimportantprincipleswhichisskoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprincipleshouldbefollowedintranslation.Theskoposprincipleisthesupremeprincipleamongthethreeprinciples.Andcoherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciplearesubordinatetoskoposprinciple.Therearethreepartsinthispaper:thefirstpartisabouttheconceptofSkoposTheorieanditsimportantroleinbusinesscontractC-Etranslation.Thesecondpartintroducesthefeaturesofbusinesscontractandhowtosolvethetranslationdifficulties.The

third

part

analyzesmethodsof

the

partofspeechconversionskillundertheguidanceofSkoposTheorie.

PartIAnIntroductiontoSkoposTheorieSkoposTheorieisoneofthemostimportanttheoriesinChinese-Englishtranslation.SkoposTheorieisthetheoryofapplyingtheSkoposconcepttotranslation.Itscoreideaisthatthemostimportantelementinthetranslationprocessisthepurposeofthewholetranslationbehavior.Therefore,inthischapter,wewillintroducesomebasicinformationaboutSkoposTheorie.EmergenceanddevelopmentofSkoposTheorieAsweallknow,thedevelopmentofSkoposTheoriehasbeenthroughalongprocess.KatharinaReiss,HansVermeerandChristianeNordandmanyotherWesterntranslatorshavecontributedgreatlytothestudyoftranslation.TheirresearchprovidesagoodtheoreticalbasisforSkoposTheorie.Thefirststage:KatharinaReissforthefirsttimeintroducedthefunctionalcategoryoftranslationcriticism.Thelanguagefunction,texttypeandtranslationstrategyarerelatedtothedevelopmentoftranslationcriticismmodelbasedonsourcetextandtargettextfunction.Reissthinksthattheidealtranslationshouldbecommunicativeandcomprehensive,thatis,thecontent,languageformsandcommunicativefunctionsareallequivalenttotheoriginal,butinpracticeshouldpayattentiontothefunctionalfeaturesofthetranslation.Thesecondstage:HansVermeerputforwardtheSkoposTheorie,translationstudygetridoffromtheoriginaltext-centeredtheory.Thetheoryholdsthattranslationisapurposefulaction.Anditisonthebasisoforiginaltext.Thethirdstage:JustaHolzManttariproposedthetheoryoftranslationactionaccordingtocommunicationandbehavioraltheory.Itfurtherdevelopedthefunctionaltranslationtheory.ThistheorywassimilartoSkoposTheorie,andVermeerintegratedthetwotheoriestogether.Thefourthstage:ChristianeNorddidacomprehensivesummaryandimprovedthefunctionaltheory.ChristianeNordsortedoutthevariousfunctionalisttheories.Hesuggestedthatthetranslatorshouldfollowtheguidingprincipleof"functionplusloyalty".ThemaincontentsofSkoposTheorieAsweallknowthatinternationalbusinesscontractsarelegaldocuments.Itsfunctionistoregulatepeople'ssocialbehaviorsanddefinethedutiesofsocialmembers,andtellpeoplewhattodoandwhatnottodo.Therefore,intheinternationalbusinesscontracttranslationprocess,thetranslationshouldconveyalltheinformationcontainedinthesourcetext.Andbusinesscontactasthelegaltextshouldbeproperlytranslatedtoachievethepurposeoflegaleffect.SkoposTheorieclarifiesthefunctionsandpurposesofthetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.IftherelevanttheoriesareeffectivelyusedtoguideChinese-Englishtranslationofbusinesscontract,itwilldefinitelyhaveapositiveeffect.SkoposTheorieproposedbyVermeercanbesummarizedintothefollowingthreeprinciples:skoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.Theskoposprinciplereferstothepurposeoftranslationbehaviordeterminesthewholeprocessoftranslationbehavior.Thepurposeofbusinesscontracttranslationistounderstandtheoriginaltextaccuratelyandexpressitaccuratelyintargetlanguagetoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofthecontactparties.Therefore,beforetranslatingtheoriginaltextyoumustunderstandtheoriginaltextaccuratelyandreducedeviationstoavoiddisputes.Thecoherenceruleisalsocalledtheintra-textualcoherenceprinciple.Itmeansthatthetargetcontentmustmeettheintra-textualcoherencerule.Thatistosay,thetranslationisacceptable.Italsocanbeunderstoodbytherecipient.Acontractisacomprehensivebusinessactivityinvolvingvariousfields.So,whenwetranslatetheinternationalbusinesscontract,wewillencounteralargenumberofterminologies.Thenatureandcharacteristicsofthebusinesscontractdeterminethatstandardandequivalenttermsmustbeused.Intranslation,thetermcannotbetranslatedaccordingtothesubjectivewill.Sometranslatortranslatethetermintootherformsinsomeplaces.Butthisbehaviorwillcausethedeviationintranslation,andconfusethereader,andseriouslymaymakethecontracttofailtoexecute.Themeaningofsometermsinbusinesscontractsisdifferentfromwhatweusuallyunderstand.So,inthetranslationpractice,theremaybeaphenomenonofrandomtranslationorcopyingacertainmeaninggiveninthedictionary.AccordingtoSkoposTheorie,coherenceprincipleistheintra-lingualcoherenceprinciple.Inotherwords,thetranslationmustmaintainconsistencyincertainexpressions.Differentexpressionscannotbeusedtoexpressthesameconcept,orwillcausereaderstobepuzzledbythetranslation.Inthebusinesscontractstranslation,coherenceprinciplerequirestheexpressionofprofessionaltermstobeunified.Thefidelityprinciplemeansthatthereshouldbeinter-textualcoherencebetweenthesourcetextandthetargettext.Thisisequivalenttoothertranslationtheorieswhicharefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Besidesthedegreeandformofloyaltytotheoriginaldependsonthepurposeofthetranslationandthetranslator’sunderstandingtotheoriginal.Theskoposprincipledeterminescoherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.Therearemanynumbersanddatesinvolvedinthebusinesscontracttext.Whetherthetranslatorcanexpressthetargetlanguagefaithfullydependsonthecorrectunderstandingoftheoriginalcontracttext.Thetranslationmustbefaithfultotheoriginaltexttoprotectthelegitimaterightsandinterestsofallparties.Vermeerbelievesthatthehighestprincipleintranslationisskoposprinciple.So,Thepurposeoftranslationisdifferent,andthestrategiesandmethodsadoptedintranslationarealsodifferent.Thatistosay,thepurposeoftranslationdeterminesthestrategiesandmethodsoftranslation.PartIITranslationDifficultiesandSolutionsofBusinessContractAninternationalbusinesscontractisalegalandofficialdocumentthatstipulatesthelegalrightsandobligationsofbothcontractparties.Andisalsoacodeofconductforthepartiestothecontracttoworktogether.Thereisnodoubtthattranslatinginternationalbusinesscontractsaccuratelyhasgreatpracticalsignificanceforensuringthelegalrightsandinterestsofbothparties,avoidinglegaldisputesandpromotingtheprogressofinternationalbusinesscooperationonthebasisofequalityandmutualbenefit.Thissectionwillintroducethecharacteristicofbusinesscontractsandthedifficultiesoftranslationandtherelatesolutions.2.1BusinesscontractfeaturesPursuanttoArticle2oftheContractLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina（1999）definesacontractas"anagreementontheestablishment,alteration,andterminationofcivilrightsandobligationsbetweenequalsubjectsofnaturalpersons,legalpersons,andotherorganizations."wecanknowthecontractisregardedasalegaldocument.Bysigningthecontract,thecontractpartieshopetoreducetheuncertaintyinbusinessactivities.Onceconcluded,thecontractbecomestheguidingprincipleofthecontractingparties’performanceandthebasisorresolvinganydisputes.Ininternationaltradeactivities,internationalbusinesscontractsarethelegalbasiswhichstipulatethecontractparties’rightsandobligations.Theyarealsoaguaranteeforthesmoothprogressofeconomicandtradeactivities.Therefore,thetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontractsplaysanimportantroleininternationaltradeactivities.Thetranslationofaninternationalbusinesscontractisdirectlyrelatedtothesuccessorfailureofinternationalbusinesscooperation.Sincethecontractbelongstothelegalstyle,ithasdistinctfeaturesintermsofwordsandsyntax.Theusageofthewordsininternationalbusinesscontractsisextremelysophisticated,requiringprofessional,formalandaccuratewords.Becausetheprofessionalterminologyhasthecharacteristicsofsinglemeaning,fixed,noambiguity,etc.,anditcanbeusedinternationally.Therefore,byusingprofessionalterminology,thebusinesscontractmakesitscontentexpressionmoreprecise,professional,andstandardized,effectivelyavoidingthemisunderstandingscausedbythedifferencesinunderstandingbetweentheparties.Inaddition,thestyleofbusinesscontractsismoreseriousandsolemn.Therefore,moreformallanguageisusedininternationalbusinesscontracts,andinformalexpressionssuchasslangandspokenlanguageareavoided.Forexample:Eitherpartyreservestherighttoterminatethisagreementuponnegotiation.Inthissentence,thewrittenterm"terminate"isusedtoreplacethemorecolloquial"end",whichgreatlyenhancestheformality.Similarexamplesarepurchase(buy),party(side),reserve(keep),render(make),residence(home),state(say),inform(tell),deem(think),andsoon.Thesentencestructureofbusinesscontractisrigorousandlong,pursuingtheprecisionandrigoroflogic,theprofessionalismandstandardizationofexpression.Moredeclarativesentencesareusedininternationalbusinesscontractstostatethefactsaccuratelyandobjectively.Anditindicatestheresponsibilities,rightsandobligationsoftheparties.Thelanguageofdeclarativesentencesismoreobjectiveandplain.Therefore,declarativesentencesareusedmorefrequentlyinbusinesscontracts,andinterrogativesentencesandexclamatorysentencesareseldomused.Moreconditionalsentencesareusedinbusinesscontracttostipulatetherights,obligationsandresponsibilitiesamongtheparties.Therefore,thecontracttermsmusttakeintoaccountvariouspossiblesituations,thatis,withvariousconditions,onlyiftheseconditionsaremet,thetwopartiescanimplementtheirownrightsandobligations.Therefore,conditionalsentencesareoftenusedextensivelyinbusinesscontracts,andevenifsomeassumptionsareunlikelytooccur,thesubjunctivetoneisstillnotused.Inordertomakethetermsclearandclear,excludeallthepossibleambiguitiesandmisunderstandings,andstrictlydefinetheobligationsandrightstothecontract,theEnglishcontractisfullofdefinitions,restrictions,modifications,andrepeatedwordstoavoidomittingorreferring,Sothesentenceisverylong.2.2TranslationdifficultiesYanFusaid:Therearethreedifficultiesintranslationwhichis信、达、雅."信"meansbeingfaithfultotheoriginaltext."达"meansthatthetranslationshouldbeclearandfluent;"雅"meansthatthetranslationshouldbeelegant.Inotherwords,thetranslatormuststrivetobefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Andalsomakethetranslationconformtotheexpressionhabitsofitslanguage,sothatthetranslationissmoothandfluent.Thereisnodoubtthatthisisthedifficultyoftranslatingbusinesscontracts.Thetwopartiesinvolvedinaninternationalbusinesscontracthavedifferentculturalbackgrounds,sothemindsetandlanguageexpressionhabitsofthetwopartiesaredifferent.ThoughtherearesomesimilaritiesbetweenEnglishandChinese,therearequitemuchvarianceinmanyaspects(suchasvocabulary,grammar,sentencestructureandculture,etc).ThepartofspeechclassificationofChineseandEnglishareroughlyconsistentandthegrammaticalfunctionsofpartofspeecharealsosimilar.AlargenumberofresearchresultsindicatethatChineseandEnglishdonotcorrespondcompletelyintheirpartsofspeechinC-Etranslation.InEnglishsentences,thereisonlyonepredicateverb.ButinChinesesentences,thereareoftenmultiplepredicateverbsasthewordorderchanges,especiallyinnormativetextssuchasbusinesscontracts.Itisfoundthatifawordofthesamepartofspeechistranslatedinasentenceaccordingtothewordofthesamepartofspeechintheoriginaltext,thetranslationproblemwillnotbesolved.Chinesesentencesusemoreverbs.However,Englishsentenceshaveacommonphenomenonwhichisnominalization.Ifword-to-wordtranslationisusedtotranslateChineseverbsintoEnglishverbs,theoriginalmeaningcannotbeexpressedfaithfullyandcompletely.IfWordssuchasverbs,adjectives,prepositionsandsoonofthecontractsarenotchangedandtheirpartofspeechareretained,thetranslationwillbenotauthentic.Itatleastaffectstoconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltext,andworstofall,itmaycausethedirectlossofeconomicinterests.2.3Methodsforhandlingtranslationdifficulties"Accordingtocombinethenatureoflegallanguageandtranslationpractice,wecanconcludethatbefaithfulandaccurate,fluentandrigorous,andkeepingoriginalstylearethemostcomprehensiveandsuitablestandardsforlegaltexttranslation."[3]Faithfulandaccurateisthatthetranslationmustbefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Andthereaderscanunderstandthemeaningoftheoriginaltextclearly.Faithfulandaccurateisthesouloflegaltranslation.Fluentandrigorousrefertotheformofthetranslation,whichmeansthatthetranslationshouldbeinaccordancewiththegrammar,rhetoricrulesandexpressionhabitsofitslanguage.Whenweusenormalandrigorouswords,trytokeepthetranslationsimpleandlogical.Keepingoriginalstylereferstomaintainthelegalstyleandspiritoftheoriginaltextasmuchaspossible.Themeaningexpressedbythestandardof"faithfulandaccurate,fluentandrigorous,andkeepingoriginalstyle"isconsistentwiththecontentofskoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.Therefore,SkoposTheoriecanbetterguidethetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.InbusinesscontractC-Etranslation,thequalityofwordtranslationisinseparablyconnectedwiththefluencyoftranslation.Ifthetranslationneedstobefaithfultotheoriginaltext,conformstoitslanguageexpressionhabits,andalsomaintainthestrictstyleofthecontract,wecanonlychangesomepartofspeechoftheoriginalwords.Aimingattheproblemofpartofspeechbarrier,theauthorofthispapertriestosolveitwiththepartofspeechconversionundertheguidanceofSkoposTheorie.PartIIIMethodsofPartofSpeechConversioninBusinessContractC-ETranslationTheexpressionandusageofsentencesininternationalChineseandEnglisharequitedifferent,andthenatureofwordsisalsonotcorrespondent.Intheactualtranslationandlearningprocess,itisnecessarytousepartofspeechconversionstrategiesflexiblyforunderstandingandanalysis.UndertheguidanceofSkoposTheorie,thissectionwillanalyzethetypesandstrategiesofpartofspeechconversioninC-EtranslationbasedonSkoposprinciple,coherenceprincipleandfidelityprinciple.3.1AnintroductiontopartofspeechconversionFromtheperspectiveoftranslationstudies,itisnecessarytotranslatecertainwordsinthesourcelanguageintothewordsinthelanguagebelongtoanotherpartofspeech,thatis,convertonepartofspeechintheoriginaltexttoanotherpartofspeechappropriately.Thisispartofspeechconversion.ThemainclassificationsofpartofspeechofChineseandEnglisharenotwithmuchdistinction,buttheydonotbelongtothesamecategoryintheclassificationoflanguagefamilies.So,thewayofexpressionbetweenChineseandEnglishareverydifferentindifferentsocialbackgrounds.AccordingtothethreeprinciplesofSkoposTheorie,themostimportantistheinformationoftheoriginalandthetranslationisequivalent.Therefore,Whentranslatingapieceoftext,weshouldpursueboththetranslationandtheoriginaltexthavetheequalvalue.Thisiswhyweneedtousepartofspeechconversionflexibly,anditisalsothesignificanceofpartofspeechconversion.3.2Conversionofverb"ItiswellknownthatoneChinesesentencecouldhavemanyverbs,butinoneEnglishsentencecouldonlyhaveoneverbasthepredicate".[4]ThenforabetterinternationalbusinesscontractC-Etranslation,thepartofspeechwillbeconverted.Inaddition,theverbscanbeconvertedintopropositions,adjectivesandconjunctions.Inthissection,theauthorwillgivesomeexamplesabouttheconversionofverbsininternationalbusinesscontract.3.2.1Convertingverbintonoun"Translationisacomplicatedcross-culturalcommunicationactivitywhichisoftensubjectedtotheinfluenceandconstraintsofvariouscomplicatedfactorsinthetargetlanguagecontext.ConversionisacommonandflexibletranslationskillusedinthetranslatingfromChinesetoEnglish".[5]ChineseverbscanbetranslatedintoEnglishnounsderivedfromverbsornounswithactionmeaning.Besides,normalizationisthemostpowerfulmeansintheconversion.Ittransformsaverboranadjectiveintoitsnounform,andhasadualsemanticfeature.Andthisconversionfrequentlyusesinthetranslation.Example1Original:如因买方未能付款，或因其违反本协议任意一条规定，卖方均有权取消合约。Translation:(1)TheSellersreservetherighttocancelthiscontractatanytimeifthebuyersmakedefaultinpaymentorcommitabreachofanyclausehereof.(2)TheSellersreservetherighttocancelthiscontractatanytimeifthebuyersmakedefaultinpaymentorbreachanyclausehereof.InCase(2)above,"breach"inthesentencecompositionisaverb,butitalsohaveanotherpartofspeechwhichisanoun.However,ithasthesamewordclasswithChineseverb"违反"here.ComparewiththeCase(1),thetranslatoruse"commitabreach"insteadof"breach",whichappearsmoreformal.Thisisinlinewiththecharacteristicofinternationalbusinesscontractwhichistheformalization.Example2Original:甲方应于装运之日前30天为乙方开具不可撤销的即期信用证,该证在装运之日后第10天于中国议付有效。Translation:ThePartyAshallstrictlyopenanirrevocablesightletterofcredittothePartyB30daysbeforethedayoftheshipment,validfornegotiationinChinauntilthe10thdayafterthedateofshipment.Inthiscaseabove,theverb"议付"isrenderedinto"negotiation"whichiswithactionmeaning.ThisisalsoinlinewithEnglishexpressionhabits.Example3Original:卖方收到这样的通知后须在14天内归还所有款项。Translation:AllmoniesSellerwillreturnwithinfourteendaysafterreceiptofsuchnotice.InthisChinesesentence,"收到"isaverbwhichisrenderedinto"receipt"inEnglishsentence.Accordingtotheexpressionlogic,itwillbebetter.Themeaningofreceiptinthedictionaryistheactofreceivingsomething.Soitisanounwithactionmeaning.Afterthisconversion,itisinlinewithEnglishexpressionhabitswhichisonlyoneverbasthepredicateinonesentence.3.2.2ConvertingverbintoprepositionEnglishisaninflectinglanguage,andmanyregulationsandrulesareimposedonit.Onthecontrary,Chineseisnotainflectinglanguage,whichdoesn’thavetheconstraintofverbs.Beingananalyticlanguage,withoutthelimitationofinflections,Chineseverbscanbefreelyandfrequentlyused.Verbaldominanceisobvious,andprepositionsarelessused.ThissectionaimsatdiscussingtheshiftofChineseverbsintoEnglishprepositions.Example4Original:当事人可以委托代理人依法订立合同。Translation:Thepartiesmayconcludeacontractthroughanagentinaccordancewiththelaw.Inthiscase"委托"isrenderinto“through”,whichsuccessfullyincreasescomprehensibilityandreadabilitywhilefollowingthesourcetextascloselyaspossible.Example5Original:按照此处的描述，规格和性能标准（规格），成为崭新并具备可商销品质，处于良好的状态及工作秩序，在设计，制造和其他工艺上无任何缺陷。Translation:Conformtothedescription,specificationsandperformancestandardssetoutherein(the"Specification")andwillbenewandofmerchantablequality,ingoodworkingorderandconditionwithoutdefectindesign,manufactureorotherworkmanship.Itiscommontotranslatetheword"具备"intoprepositionofEnglishwords,suchas"of"and"with".Itisalsocommontotranslatetheword"处于"into"in"duringtranslation.Afterthisconversion,thetranslationismoreauthenticandthereaderscangetclosetotheoriginalmeaningbythegreatestextent.Example6Original:出租人同意将一套年生产一百五十吨醋酸的成套设备出租给承租人，并提供完整的操作与维修手册，期限五年。Translation:Thelessoragreetoleaseoutawholeplantforaceticacidproductionwithanannualproductioncapacityof150tonstotheLesseetogetherwithafullsetofoperationandmaintenancemanualsforaperiodoffiveyears.Wecanseetherearetwoverbsintheoriginalsentence.However,onlyoneverbwecanuseinoneEnglishsentence.Therefore,convertingthesecondChineseverbintoEnglishprepositionismuchbetter.Besides,thetranslationnotonlyconformstoEnglishlanguagehabitsandthecoherencerule,butalsomakeiteasierforforeignreaderstounderstand.3.2.3ConvertingverbintoadjectiveItiscommonforverbsinlegalChinesetobetranslatedintoEnglishadjectives.EspeciallytranslatethestructureoftheverbintheChineseintothe"be+adjective"inEnglishlanguage.Besides,therearesomeChinesewordsusedtoexpresstheconsciousness,emotionandthoughtwhicharealwaysconvertedintotheEnglishadjectives.Example7Original:租约第五十二条（1）项的规定不适用于此退回场地。Translation:TheprovisionsofSection52(I)oftheLeaseshallnotbeapplicabletotheSurrenderSpace.Accordingtotheconversionprinciple,thematch"be+liable"isafixedarrangement,andthiscategoryofadjectivesnexttothecopula"be"isoftenconvertedintoChineseverb"适用".Inthisway,themeaningcanbeexpressedcorrectlyandclearly,andatthesametimethemandatesofthelawhavebeengivenanaccurateinterpretation.3.3ConversionofnounHypotaxisandparataxisarethegreatdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese.Sometimes,itwillbebettertoconvertthepartofspeechaboutChinesenoun,whichcouldmakethetranslationclosetotheoriginal.Theauthorwillanalyzetheconversionofnounindetailsatthissection.3.3.1ConvertingnounintoverbCompareEnglishwithChinese,verbsareusedlessfrequentlyinEnglishthaninChinese,butthephenomenonofEnglishpolysemouswordsismorecommonthanChinese,andEnglishverbnotonlycanbechangedint