大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷223

大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试

卷223

一、仔细阅读（本题共20题，每题1.0分，共20分。）

Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproduces

thebestresults.That'spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactually

workmoreefficiently,andexertmoreeffort,toachievethosegoals.What'sfarless

understoodbyscientists,however,arcthepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.

Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesup

anddownbothWallStreetandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearch

onhowthelong-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrent

economiccrisis,andunethical（不道德的）behavioringeneral."Goalsarcwidelyused

andpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesamemotivationthatcan

pushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivatepeopletobe

morelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,,rsaysMauriceSchweitzer,anassociate

professoratPenn'sWhartonSchool."Itturnsoutthere'snoeconomicbenefittojust

havingagoal—youjustgetapsychologicalbenefit"Schweitzersays."Butinmany

cases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmorepowerful."Aprimeexample

Schweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapseofenergy-tradinggiantEnron,

wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecificrevenue

goals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotprofitable.Other

studieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemto

lie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseintheearly1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquota

onitsautorepairstaff.Itpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocomplete

unnecessaryrepairsonacompanywidebasis.Schweitzerconcedeshisresearchruns

countertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethatcommendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-

setting.Advocatesofthepracticehavetakenissuewithhisteam'suseofsuchevidence

asnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidelyover-prescribed.In

arebuttalpaper,Dr.EdwinLockewrites:nGoal-settingisnotgoingaway.

Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymore

thananindividualcanthrivewithoutgoalstoprovideasenseofpurpose."But

Schweitzercontendsthe'mountingcausalevidence"linkinggoal-settingandharmful

behaviorshouldbestudiedtohelpspotlightissuesthatmeritcautionandfurther

investigation."Evenafewnegativeeffectscouldbesolargethattheyoutweighmany

positiveeffects,"hesays."Goal-settingdocshelpcoordinateandmotivatepeople.My

ideawouldbetocombinethatwithcarefuloversight,astrongorganizationalculture,and

makesurethegoalsthatyouusearegoingtobeconstructiveandnotsignificantlyharm

theorganization,"Schweitzersays.

1、Whatmessagedoestheauthortrytoconveyaboutgoal-setting?

A、Ilsnegativeefleetshavelongbeenneglected.

B、Thegoalincreasepeople'sworkefficiency.

C>Itsrolehasbeenlargelyunderestimated.

D、Thegoalsmostpeoplesetareunrealistic.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：试题问的是作者试图传达与目标设定相关的什么信息。文章开头第一

段说到了设定目标的好处，第二段进行转折，因为用到了however,这表示本文作

者写作的目的在转折词的后面，即：目标设定的潜在弊端并未被人们了解。

2、WhatdocsMauriceSchweitzerwanttoshowbycitingtheexampleofEnron?

A、Settingrealisticgoalscanturnafailingbusinessintosuccess.

Businessesarelesslikelytosucceedwithoutsettingrealisticgoals.

C、Financialincentivesensurecompaniesmeetspecificrevenuegoals.

D、Goalswithfinancialrewardshavestrongmotivationalpower.

标准答案：D-

知识点解析：根据题干中的IheexampleofEnron将本题定位到第六段第一句话。

题目问的是MauriceSchweitzer引用安然的例子是要说明什么？本文第六段的第一

句话提到了这个例子，它要说明的问题应当到上文中去寻找，即上一段的最后一句

话。

3、HowdidSears'goal-settingaffectitsemployees?

A、Theywereobligedtoworkmorehourstoincreasetheirsales.

B、Theycompetedwithoneanothertoattractmorecustomers.

C、Theyresortedtounethicalpracticetomeettheirsalesquota.

D、Theyimprovedtheircustomerserviceonacompanywidebasis.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干中的Sears将本题定位到第七段。本段的第二句话说，他们

把销售额强加给汽车修理人员，后面的一句话表明了这样做的后果：公司卜下普遍

存在收费过高、追加不必要的维修项目等。因此选项C“采取不道德的作法提高销

售额”是正确答案。

4、Whatdoadvocatesofgoal-settingthinkofSchweitzer'sresearch?

A、Itsfindingsarenotofmuchpracticalvalue.

B、Itexaggeratesthesideeffectsofgoal-setting.

C>Itsconclusionisnotbasedonsolidscientificevidence.

D、Itrunscountertotheexistingliteratureonthesubject.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干中的advocates将本题定位到第八段第二句话。这句话的意

思是，他们反对Schweitzer及其团队使用新闻报道作为证据来支持自己的结论。因

此选项C是正确答案。

5、WhatisSchweitzer'scontentionagainstEdwinLocke?

A、Thelinkbetweengoal-settingandharmfulbehaviordeservesfurtherstudy.

B、Goal-settinghasbecometoodeep-rootedincorporateculture.

C>Thepositiveeffectsofgoal-settingoutweighitsnegativeeffects.

D、Studyinggoal-settingcanthrowmorelightonsuccessfulbusinesspractices.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据题干中的EdwinLocke将本题定位到第九、十段。第九段提出了

EdwinLocke的观点，他认为目标设定不会消失。第十段以bul开头，表明

Schweitzer持有不同的观点，因此这里应当是本题答案出现的地方，即目标设定与

有害行为之间的关联证据需要做进一步的研究。因此选项A是正确答案。

Formostofthe20thcentury,Asiaaskeditselfwhatitcouldlearnfromthemodern,

innovatingWest.Nowthequestionmustbereversed.WhatcantheWest'soverly

indebtedandsluggish（经济滞长的）nationslearnfromaflourishingAsia?Justafew

decadesago,Asia'stwogiantswerestagnating（停滞不前）underfaultyeconomic

ideologies.However,onceChinabeganembracingfrcc-markctreformsinthe1980s,

followedbyIndiainthe1990s,bothcountriesachievedrapidgrowth.Crucially,asthey

openeduptheirmarkets,theybalancedmarketeconomywithsensiblegovernment

direction.AstheIndianeconomistAmartyaSenhaswiselysaid,"Theinvisiblehandof

themarkethasoftenreliedheavilyonthevisiblehandofgovernment".Contrastthis

middlepathwithAmericaandEurope,whichhaveeachgoneideologicallyover-boardin

theirownways.Sincethe1980s,Americahasbeenincreasinglyclingingtotheideology

ofuncontrolledfreemarketsanddismissingtheroleofgovernment—followingRonald

Regan'sideathat"governmentisnotthesolutiontoourproblem;governmentisthe

problem.nOfcourse,whenthemarketscamecrashingdownin2007,itwasdecisive

governmentinterventionthatsavedtheday.Despitethisfact,manyAmericansarestill

stronglyopposedto"biggovernment".IfAmericanscouldonlyfreethemselvesfrom

theirantigovernmentdoctrine,theywouldbegintoseethattheAmerica'sproblemsare

notinsoluble.Afewsensiblefederalmeasurescouldputthecountrybackontheright

path.Asimpleconsumptiontaxof,say,5%wouldsignificantlyreducethecountry'shuge

governmentdeficitwithoutdamagingproductivity.Asmallgasolinetaxwouldhelpfree

Americafromitsdependenceonoilimportsandcreateincentivesforgreenenergy

development.Inthesameway,asignificantreductionofwastefulagriculturalsubsidies

couldalsolowerthedeficit.Butinordertotakeadvantageofthesecommon-sense

solutions,Americanswillhavetoputasidetheirownattachmenttotheideaofsmaller

governmentandlessregulation.Americanpoliticiansv/illhavetodevelopthecourageto

followwhatistaughtinallAmericanpublic-policyschools;thattherearegoodtaxesand

badtaxes.Asiancountrieshaveembracedthiswisdom,andhavebuiltsoundlong-term

行seal（贝才政的）policiesasaresult.Meanwhile,Europehasfallenpreytoadifferent

ideologicaltrap:thebeliefthatEuropeangovernmentswouldalwayshaveinfinite

resourcesandcouldcontinueborrowingasiftherewerenotomorrow.Unlikethe

Americans,whofeltthat:hemarketsknewbest,theEuropeansfailedtoanticipatehow

themarketswouldreacttotheirendlessborrowing.Today,theEuropeanUnionis

creatinga$580billionfundtowardoffsovereigncollapse.ThiswillbuytheEUtime,

butitwillnotsolvethebloc'slargerproblem.

6、WhathascontributedtotherapideconomicgrowthinChinaandIndia?

A、Copyingwestern-styleeconomicbehavior.

B、Heavyrelianceonthehandofgovernment.

C^Timelyreformofgovernmentatalllevels.

D、Freemarketplusgovernmentintervention.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据题干中的ChinaandIndia将本题定位到第二段第二句话。once

引导的状语从句说明了原因，即中国和印度分别在20世纪80年代和90年代推行

自由市场改革。第三句话引出另一个因素，即合理的政府导向，因此正确答案应当

是这两者的结合。

7、WhatdoesRonaldReaganmeanbysaying"governmentistheproblem"(Line5,

Para.3)?

A、Manysocialevilsarecausedbywronggovernmentpolicies.

B>Manysocialproblemsarisefromgovernment'sinefficiency.

C、Governmentactioniskeytosolvingeconomicproblems.

D、Governmentregulationhinderseconomicdevelopment.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第三段第二句话提到，美国崇尚无约束的自由市场，逐步解散政府的

职能。接着用破折号说明他们遵循的是里根的理念。因此推论山选项D是正确答

案。

8、WhatstoppedtheAmericaneconomyfromcollapsingin2007?

A、Sclf-rcgulatoryrepairmechanismsofthefreemarket.

B、Cooperationbetweenthegovernmentandbusinesses.

C^Abandonmentofbiggovernmentbythepublic.

D^Effectivemeasuresadoptedbythegovernment.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：根据题干中的关键词collapsingin2007将本题定位到第三段倒数第二

句话。Itwas...that强调句说明是果断的族府干预拯救了市场，D项中的effective

measures是对原文decisiveinventions的同义替换。

9、Whatistheauthor'ssuggestiontotheAmericanpublicinfaceofthepublic

governmentdeficit?

A、Theyurgethegovernmenttoreviseitsexistingpublicpolicies.

Theydevelopgreenenergytoavoiddependenceonoilimport.

C^Theygiveuptheideaofsmallergovernmentandlessregulation.

D^Theyputupwiththeinevitablesharpincreaseofdifferenttaxes.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：根据题干中的govemmentdeficit将本题定位到第四段第三句话。木

句提到，调整税收可以减少政府赤字，是对第二句话afewsensiblefederalmeasures

的具体说明。接着第六句话作者用bul转折，说明所有这些方案都需要美国人把更

小政府、更少调控的想法放到一边。因此选项C是正确答案。

10、What'stheproblemwiththeEuropeanUnion?

A^Conservativeideology.

B、Shrinkingmarket.

C、Lackofresources.

D、Excessiveborrowing.

标准答案：D」

知识点解析：根据题干中的EuropeanUnion将试题定位到最后一段。最后一段第

一句话提到，欧洲人落入了一个意识形态陷阱：政府总是不停地借贷。很明显选项

D是正确答案。

What'stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecent

collegegraduate?China?India?Brazil?Howabouttrade?WhentheCommerce

DepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itset

offanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthe

month,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetrade

deficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycould

contributetoslowergrowth.Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthe

pasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-dip

recession——areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnited

States—butaneconomicexpansion.Therisingvolumeoftrade—moregoodsand

servicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedState—isgoodnewsformanysectors.

Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,andlogistics（物流）have

allbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therisingnumberssignifygrowing

vitalityinforeignmarkets—whenweimportmorestuff,itputsmorecashinthehandsof

peoplearoundtheworld,andU.S.exportsarerisingbecausemoreforeignershavethe

abilitytobuythethingsweproduceandmarket.Therisingtideoftradeisalsogood

newsforpeoplewhoworkintrade-sensitivebusinesses,especiallythosethatproduce

commoditiesforwhichglobaldemandsetstheprice-agriculturalgoods,mining,metals,

oil.Andwhileexportsalwaysseemtolag,U.S.companiesarebecomingmoreinvolved

intheglobaleconomywitheachpassingmonth.GeneralMotorssellsasmanycarsin

ChinaasinAmericaeachmonth.Whilethatmaynotdomuchforimports,itdocshelp

GM'sbalancesheet—andhencemakesthejobsofU.S.-basedexecutivesmorestable.

OnegreatchallengefbrtheU.S.economyisslackdomesticconsumerdemand.

Americansarepayingdowndebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.That'stobe

expected,givenwhatwe'vebeenthrough.Butthere'sabiggerchallenge.CanU.S.-

basedbusinesses,largeandsmall,figureouthowtogetapieceofgrowingglobal

demand?UnlessyouwanttopickupandmovetoIndia,orBrazil,orChina,thebestway

todothatisthroughtrade.Itmayseemobvious,butit*snolongerenoughsimplytodo

businesswithourfriendsandneighborshereathome.Companiesandindividualswho

don'thaveastrategytoexportmore,ortogetmoreinvolvedinforeignmarkets,orto

playaroleinglobaltrade,areshuttingthemselvesoutofthelion'sshareofeconomic

opportunityinourworld.

11、HowdopessimistsinterprettheU.S.tradedeficitinJune?

A、Itcouldleadtoslowergrowthofthenationaleconomy.

ItreflectsAmericans,preferencefbrimportedgoods.

C、ItsignifiesachangeinAmericaneconomicstructure.

D^ItistheresultofAmerica'sgrowingfocusondomesticmarket.

标准答案：A」」

知识点解析：本题是个细节题。根据题干中的pessimists,考生可将答案定位在文

章的第二段。第二段一开始作者提到“贸易逆差”，段末提及悲观人士对这一现象的

看法：万一这种不平衡夺续下去，会导致经济增长更加缓慢。所以A为正确答

案。

12、Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthetradedataofthepasttwoyears?

A、ItindicatesthateconomicactivitiesintheU.S.haveincreased.

Itreflectsthefluctuationsintheinternationalmarket.

C^ItshowsthatU.S.economyisslippingfurtherintorecession.

D、Itsignalsdecreasingdomesticdemandforgoodsandservices.

标准答案：A

知识点解析•：本题是个细节题。根据题干考生可将答案定位在文章的第三段。段中

讲：过去两年，进口、出口数字似乎并没有暗示连续两次下降的经济衰退，却暗示

了经济扩张。选项A中的increase和原文中的expansion表达同样的含义，意为“经

济增长，经济扩张”，所以为正确答案。

13、Whoparticularlybenefitfromtherisingvolumeoftrade?

A、Peoplewhohaveexpertiseininternationaltrade.

B、Producersofagriculturalgoodsandrawmaterials.

C、Consumerswhofavorimportedgoodsandservices.

D、Retailersdealinginforeigngoodsandservices.

标准答案：B」「

知识点解析：本题是个建立在细节上的判断题。文章第四段详细讲述了贸易量上升

带来的好处，段末强调了哪些人从中受益最大：贸易增长趋势也是个好消息，尤其

是对全球定价的商品生产商来讲更是如此,这些商品有农作物、采矿、金属、石

油。由此可判断受益最大的是农作物、原材料的生产商，因此B为正确答案。

14、WhatisoneofthechallengesfacingtheAmericaneconomy?

A、Decreasingproductivity.

B、People'sreluctancetospend.

C、Competitionfromoverseas.

D、Slacktradeactivities.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题是个建立在细节上的同义替换题。文章第六段提及美国面临的巨

大挑战，原文为：OnegreatchallengefortheU.S.economyisslackdomestic

consumerdemand...,随后作者详细解释了这句话的含义：Americansarepaying

downdebt,savingmore,andspendingmorecarefully.而选项B中的reluctanceto

spend意为“不愿意花钱”，和原文含义相同，强调美国国内市场萧条，美国人在花

钱方面很谨慎。所以B为正确答案。

15、Whatistheauthor'sadvicetoU.S.companiesandindividuals?

A^Toimportmorecheapgoodsfromdevelopingcountries.

Tobealerttofluctuationsinforeignmarkets.

C、Toincreasetheirmarketshareoverseas.

D、Tomovetheircompaniestowherelaborischeaper.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题是个建立在细节上的推理题。文章第六段段末强调只和国内的邻

居朋友做生意是不够的；文章最后一段作者提出了自己的看法：没有办法出口更

多，没有办法更积极参与到国外市场之中，没有办法在全球贸易中占有一席之地，

那这些公司和个人就把刍己挡在了全球经济机会的大门之外。由此可以推断作者的

建议是积极主动地参与到全球市场中，扩大国外市场占有量，因此C为正确答

案。

ArecurringcriticismoftheU.K.'suniversitysectorisitsperceivedweaknessin

translatingnewknowledgeintonewproductsandservices.Recently,theU.K.National

StemCellNetworkwarnedtheU.K.couldloseitsplaceamongtheworldleadersinstem

cellresearchunlessadequatefundingandlegislationcouldbeassured.Weshouldtake

thisconcernseriouslyasuniversitiesarekeyinthenationalinnovationsystem.However,

wedohavetochallengetheunthinkingcomplaintthat:hesectordoesnotdoenoughin

takingideastomarket.Themostrecentcomparativedataontheperformanceof

universitiesandresearchinstitutionsinAustralia,Canada,U.S.A.andU.K.showsthat,

fromarelativelyweakstartingposition,theU.K.nowleadsonmanyindicatorsof

commercialisationactivity.Whenviewedatthenationallevel,thepolicyinterventionsof

thepastdecadehavehelpedtransformtheperformanceofU.K.universities.Evidence

suggeststheU.K.'spositionismuchstrongerthanintherecentpastandisstillshowing

improvement.Butnationaldatamaskstheverylargevariationintheperformanceof

individualuniversities.Theevidenceshowsthatalargenumberofuniversitieshave

fallenoffthebackofthepack,afewperformstronglyandtherestchasetheleaders.This

typeofunevendistributionisnotpeculiartotheU.K.andismirroredacrossother

economies.IntheU.K.,researchisconcentrated:lessthan25%ofuniversitiesreceive

75%oftheresearchfunding.Thesesameuniversitiesarealsotheinstitutionsproducing

thegreatestshareofPhDgraduates,sciencecitations,patentsandlicenseincome.The

effectofpoliciesgeneratinglong-termresourceconcentrationhasalsocreateda

distinctivesetofuniversitieswhichareresearch-ledandcommerciallyactive.Itseems

clearthattheconcentrationofresearchandcommercialisationworkcreatesdifferences

betweenuniversities.Thecoreobjectiveforuniversitieswhicharcrcscarch-lcdmustbe

tomaximisetheimpactoftheirresearchefforts.Theseuniversitiesshouldbegenerating

thewidestrangeofsocial,economicandenvironmentalbenefits.Inreturnfbrthescaleof

investment,theyshouldsharetheirexpertiseinordertobuildgreaterconfidenceinthe

sector.PartoftheeconomicrecoveryoftheU.K.willbedrivenbythenextgenerationof

researchcommercialisationspillingoutofouruniversities.Therearethreedozen

universitiesintheU.K.v/hichareactivelyengagedinadvancedresearchtrainingand

commercialisationwork.Iftherewasagreatercoordinationoftechnologytransferoffices

withinregionsandasimultaneousinvestmentinthescaleandfunctionsofourgraduate

schools,universitiescould,andshould,playakeyroleinpositioningtheU.K.forthe

nextgrowthcycle.

16、WhatdoestheauthorthinkofU.K.universitiesintermsofcommercialisation?

A、Theyhavelosttheirleadingpositioninmanyways.

B、Theyfailtoconvertknowledgeintomoney.

C、Theydonotregarditastheirresponsibility.

D、Theystillhaveaplaceamongtheworldleaders.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题是个细节题。根据题干可将答案定位在文章的第三段。段中讲：

英国从一个相对来说较弱的起点出发，现在在巾场化行为的很多指标上居领先地

位。由此判断A为正确答案。

17、What