矿山安全工程技术-采空区长距瓦斯抽采通道中瓦斯运移规律研究外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

翻译部分英文原文MethanemovinglawwithlonggasextractionholesingoafYongZHANG,XibinZHANG*,ChunyuanLI,ChuananLIU,ZufaWANGFacultyofResourcesandSafetyEngineering,ChinaUniversityofMing&Technology,Beijing100083,ChinaAbstract：Inordertograspthemethanemovinglawingoafandprovideatheoreticaldataforgasextractionholes,theheightofcavingandfracturedzonesinthestopehasbeencalculatedaccordingtotheexperientialformulaandgasmovementlawhasbeenobservedbyfieldandlaboratoryexperiment.Italsogivesgasmovingcharacteristicswithdifferentpositionofextractionholes.Andithasthebestgasextractionresultwhenthefinalholesarearrangedaround30mabovethecoalseamand10-20mawayfromthetailentryinhorizontaldirection.Besides,theheightoffinalholesshouldbeadjustedtotheoverburdenstratastructure.Whenfinalholesarenearthetailentry,theirheightshouldbecontrolledintheupperofregularcavingzone;whentheyareclosetothecenterofface,theirheightshouldbecontrolledatthebottomoffracturezones.1.IntroductionTheroofstrataabovethegoafwillfractureandformthecaving,fractureandbendingzonesintheverticaldirectionafterminingthecoalseam.Andtherearelotsoffracturesandcracksincavingandfracturezones,thepermeabilityofthestratumarealsohigh.Accordingtothe“O”circletheoryoffracturedistributioninthestope[1],thegasofgoafwillmoveandgatherupalongthosefracturesandcracks.Thenitiseasiertocausethegasexceedingthelimit,whichneedtotakemeasurestoreducegascontent.Inordertosolvethisproblemandgetthebestextractioneffect,thelayoutofholesshouldbeadjustedtotherockstructurechangesaccordingtothearchstructurecharacteristicsofroofstrata’smovement[2].Gasingoafwilldistributeafterholesextraction.Therefore,therelationshipbetweengasmovinglawandpositionofgasextractionholesshouldbestudiedsothatgasinthecornerofworkingfaceandgoafcouldbeeffectivelycontrolled.2.HydrodynamicsequationsofgasmovementWiththepressuregradientofroadways’ventilation,gaspenetratesordiffusestothegoafandthentoroadwaysfromthecoalseam,anditsflowvelocityisverylowwhichusuallylessthan10-5m/s[3].Therefore,theflowofgasandairingoafbelongstolow-speedcategory,andithardlyhasaneffectontheroadways’ventilation.Despitethepressuregradientisveryhigh,thegasandairflowinthemined-outareaandroadwayscanstillberegardedastheincompressibleflow[4].Besides,thedistributionofrock,fracturesandcracksingoafareirregular.Consequently,thegasmovementinthefracturedrockofgoafistakenforcontinuummediummovementinporemedium[5].2.1.GasSeepagecharacteristicsGoafisregardedasporousmediumintheresearch;thesourceitemoffluidmomentumlossisdescribedasthefollowingequation[5].Inequation1,Siisthesourceofmomentumequationofthenumberi(x,yorz),μistheviscosityofmolecular,DandCarepredefinedmatrices,|v|isvectorsmoduleofvelocity,andvjisthevelocitycomponentofthesourceinx,yorzdirection.Generally,thepressuredropisproportionaltothevelocityinthelowlaminarflowofporousmedium.TheporousmediummodelcouldbesimplifiedbyusingDarcycharacteristicswhentheliquidinertiallossisignored.Inequation2,αisthepermeabilityforexpressingthespaceandthefunctionofpreventingtheviscosity,m2.2.2.GasdiffusioncharacteristicsTherearetwomaincontrollingfactorsforthegasmovementinthegoaf.Oneisthemoleculardiffusioncausedbytheconcentrationandthermalgradient.Anotherisviscousflowormassflowontheactionofpressuregradient.AccordingtotheFickcharacteristics,thefollowingformulaisthediffusionequation[4].Inequation3,Jiisthegasflowcausedbytheconcentrationandthermalgradient;Dimisthediffusioncoefficientofmixedgas;Xiisthemassfractionofigas;DiTisthethermaldiffusioncoefficient;andTisthetemperature.Whenthegasconcentrationismuchhigher,equation7couldbetakenplacebythediffusionformulaofmulticomponent.Inequation4,ifthegasisiorj,Miisitsmolecularweight,DijisthemulticomponentdiffusioncoefficientoftheNo.igascomponentinthegas,andMmixisthemolecularweightofmixedgas.2.3.ControlequationsofgasThegasemissionandmovementhascloserelationshipwiththeairflowconditioningob,anditbelongstothetypicalpermeation-diffusionprocess.Becausethegasflowingoafisregardedastheincompressibleflow,controlequationsofflowfieldcanbereplacedbytheNavier-Stocksequation[6,7].Informulas,ρismixturedensity,g/m;Tistimevariable;uiandujarevelocity,m/s;δijis“Kroneckerdelta”(wheni=j,δij=1;ifnot,δij=0);Pispressure,Pa;τijisshearstresstensorofmolecular;Siisthesourceitemofmomentumlosstoexpressporemedium;Eistheenergyinpervolume,J;Histotalenthalpyinpervolume,J/mol;kistheheattransfercoefficientoffluid;Tisstatictemperature,K;nsisthesumofcomponents;Ruisuniversalconstant,anditis8.3145J/(mol·K);ifthecomponentiss,Msisitsmolecularweight,Ysisitsmassconcentration;Dsisitsmassdiffusioncoefficient,andhsisitsabsoluteenthalpyvalueofunitmass.Incontrolequations,equation5isthecontinuumequationofeachcomponent,equation6isthemomentumequationofmixtures,equation7istheenergyequationofmixtures,andequation8isthestateequationofidealgasofmixtures.3.Fieldobservation3.1.WorkingfacesituationSyntheticmechanizedlongwallminingtechnologyandfullycavingmethodformanagingminedareasareusedinChengshanmine.ThemaincoalseamistheNo.3Bcoalseam,andit’saveragehicknessis3.0m,averagedipangleis8°.Andthecoalreservesare600,000t.No.3202workingfaceofChengshanmineis600malongtheminingdirectionand240malongslopingdirection.DuringdriftingtheheadeofNo.3202workingface,thehighestabsolutegasemissioniseven9.3m3/min,anditis41.6m3/minduringminingtheworkingface.Therefore,gasemissionismuchhigherinthiscoalmine.Itisdifficulttosolvetheproblemonlybyventilationmeasures.Gasextractiontechnologyisoneofthebestmeasuresforcontrollinggascontentinthegoaf.Accordingtothe“O”circletheoryoffracturedistributioninthestope,gaswillmoveandgatherupinthefracturesof“O”circleinthegoaf.Inordertostudytherangeofroofstrataandprovidethereasonableparametersforgasextraction,theheightofroof-fallingandfracturedzonesinthestopeiscalculatedaccordingtotheexperientialformula[8].Inequation9and10,H1andH2aretheheightofroof-fallingandfracturedzonesalongthenormaldirectionofthecoalseamseparately;Mistheheightoftheminingcoalseam;Kisthebrokencoefficientofrockinroof-fallingzoneswhichis1.2;andθisthedipangleofthecoalseam.ThenH1isequalto15.15m,andH2is30.11-40.31m.3.2.ObservationmethodSensorsareusedtomonitorandobservegasdistributioningoafandextractionholesrespectively.Whentheworkingfaceadvancesabout80mfromtheinterconnection,thefirstheadofsensorsareinstalledalongthetailentryandheadentry,whicharenumberedT1andT4separately,anditisthefirstfield.Then,theworkingfacegoesonadvancing200mand300mfromtheinterconnection,foursensorsareinstalledalongthetailentryandheadentryrespectively,whichtheyarerespectivelynumberedT2,T3,T5,T6.Sensorsofextractionholesareinstalledinthenumber1,3,6holesofthesecondandthirdholesfield,andtheyarenumberedT2-1,T2-3,T2-6andT3-1,T3-3,T3-6.Besides,T2-1andT3-1areinsertedinto120malongtheholes;T2-3andT3-3areinsertedinto80malongtheholes;andT2-6andT3-6areinsertedinto40malongtheholes.Figure1showsasketchofthearrangementofgasmonitorsensorinNo.3202workingface.Infigure1,onlythefirstheadofsensorsandthesecondfieldareindicated.3.3.ObservationresultsObservationresultsareshowninfigure2.Gasconcentrationincreasesinthegoafwiththerisingofdistancefromworkingface.Whenthedistancefromtheworkingfaceislessthan150m,thechangeofgasconcentrationwillrelativelystable.Forexample,whenthedistancefromtheworkingfacetotheobservationpointis10m,50m,100mand150m,theaveragegasconcentrationis2.6%,3.9%,4.1%and5.9%separately.Butifthedistanceismorethan150m,gasconcentrationincreasessharply.Gasconcentrationreaches10.55%ifthedistancefromtheworkingfaceis170m;itisevenmuchmorethan16.9%whenthedistanceisfarmorethan200m.Sensorsmonitoringresultindicatesthatthereexistsahugegasstoreroominthegoaf,andthefartherthedistancefromtheworkingfacetoobservationpoints,thehigherthegasconcentrationgatheringup.4.LaboratoryexperimentWiththeinfluenceofconstructiontechnology,themonitoringeffectofgasdistributionneartailentryismuchbetterbyusingsensorsmonitoringsysteminthegoaf.Butitisdifficulttomonitorthemiddleandbottomofthegoaf,particularly,itisdifficulttoknowgasdistributionwellindifferentholesposition.Therefore,theequivalentmaterialsimulationisdoneinthelaboratory.TheexperimenthasbeendonebyusingintegratedsimulationtableongasandrockmovementwhichwasdevelopedbyChinaUniversityofMining&Technology,Beijing.Theexperimentalmodelisshowninfigure3.4.1.ExperimentaldetailsThegeometrysimilarityratioofthemodelis1:100,andtheintegratedsimulationtablehasfourreticulartestsystemsinwhichthereare320samplingpoints.Meanwhile,everysamplingpointlinkstoasuctionpump.Longholesareusedtosimulategasextractioninthefield,whicharealsoarrangedabovethetailentry.Besides,theverticaldistanceabovethetailentryis20cm,30cmand40cmrespectively,andthehorizontalinteriordistancefromthetailentrytoholesis10cmwhentheverticaldistanceis20cm,anditis10cm,20cmand30cmrespectivelywhentheverticaldistanceis30cm.Theextractionflowofholesis0.4ml/min,thedrybulbtemperatureis15.2℃,thewetbulbtemperatureis14.2℃,therelativehumidityis90％,andthevelocitypressureofreturnairis2.192mmwatercolumn.Accordingtothepositionofextractionholes,therearesixtestingprograms,andexperimentalresultsareshowninfigure4.Infigure4,Hstandsforthehorizontalinteriordistancefromthetailentrytogasextractionholes,andVstandsfortheverticaldistanceabovethetailentrybetweengasextractionholesandthetailentry.I:Theexperimentdoesnotusegasextractioningoaf,anditsdistributionofgasconcentrationisshowninfigure4(a).II:Theexperimentusesgasextractionholesingoaf.Theverticaldistanceis40cm,andholesareparallelwiththetailentry.Thedistributionofgasconcentrationisshowninfigure4(b).III:Theverticaldistanceabovethetailentryis20cm,andthehorizontalinteriordistanceis10cm.Thedistributionofgasconcentrationisshowninfigure4(c).IV:Gasextractionholesareoverthetailentry,andtheverticaldistanceis30cm.Thedistributionofgasconcentrationisshowninfigure4(d).V:Theverticaldistanceis30cm,andthehorizontalinteriordistanceis10cm.Thedistributionofgasconcentrationisshowninfigure4(e).VI:Theverticaldistanceis30cm,andthehorizontalinteriordistanceis20cm.Thedistributionofgasconcentrationisshowninfigure4(f).4.2.ExperimentalresultsWhentheexperimentdoesnotusegasextractioninthegoaf,thegasconcentrationislessthan1%neartheintakesideorevenlower,butthereisgasofhighconcentrationflowingintotheworkingfacenearthetailentryside,andthedistributionofgasconcentrationisveinedshapeinthemiddleofthegoaf.WhentheexperimentistakenIIprogram,thegasconcentrationreducesintegrallyinthegoaf,butthegasconcentrationismorethan1%intheuppercornerofthetailentry.WhentheexperimentistakenIIIprogram,thechangeofgasconcentrationisnotobviousintegrallyinthegoaf,buttheconcentrationnearthetailentrydecreases.Whentheverticaldistanceabovethetailentryis30cm,thegasconcentrationallreducesingoaf.WhentheprogramisIV,thereductionisobviousneartheintakesideandgasconcentrationislessthan0.5%,butitstillmaybebeyond1%nearthetailentry.WhentheexperimentistakenVprogram,gasconcentrationobviouslydecreasesnearbothintakeandtailentryside,butgasconcentrationisaround1%inthemiddleofgoaf,whichismuchhigher.WhentheexperimentistakenVIprogram,thewholegasconcentrationinthegoafreducesobviously;itisaround0.5%inthemiddleofintakeandgoaf,butgasgathersupintheuppercornerofthewokingface.Comparingwithallexperiments,itiseasytoknowthefollwingviews.Thepositionofgasextractionholeshasagreateffectongasconcentrationinthegoaf.Intheverticaldirectionabovethetailentry,thelowerthepositionofholes,theworsegasextractionresults,andgasconcentrationislimitedinreturnairsideofworkingface.Butwhenthegasextractionholeslayoutinhighposition,gasconcentrationobviouslyreducesinreturnairside.Andtheextractionresultisthebestwhentheverticaldistaceabovethetailentryis30cm.Besides,ifgasisextractedinthetopoftailentry,gasconcentrationwillreduceonalargescale.Butitisstillhighintheupperboundaryofgoafanditispossibletogasupintheuppercornerofworkingface.Withthesameverticaldistanceandsamegasextractionvolume,holesaremovedlittledistanceintoworkingfacewhenthehorizontalinteriordistanceovertheworkingfaceis10cmand20cmrespectively,whilethecontrollingrangechangeslargely.Ifholesaretooclosetothetailentry,thoughthewholegasconcentrationreducesobviouslyinthebackofgoaf,gasconcentrationishighnearthetailentry,anditispossibletogasupintheuppercornerofworkingface.Andifthehorizontalinteriordistanceistoofar,itisalsoapttogasup.Inordertoreducethewholegasconcentrationinthegoafandnearthetailentry,anddealwithgasintheuppercornerofworkingface,gasextractionholesshouldbelocatedovertheworkingfaceandthereasonablehorizontalinteriordistancefromtailentrytoholesis10-20m.Therefore,gasextractionholesshouldbelocatedabovetherock-fallingzonesandatthebottomoffracturezonesasmuchaspossibleaccordingtothecollapsedstateofroofstrata.Anditisfanshapedforallholes.Theheightoffinalholesisdifferentindifferentposition.Theheightoffinalholesnearthetailentryisabout20mabovetheregularrock-fallingzone;theheightoffinalholesnearthemiddleofgoafisabout30matthebottomoffracturezone.Andthereasonablehorizontalinteriordistancefromtailentrytogasextractionholesis10-20m.5.ConclusionsGasmovementinthefracturedrockofgoafcanberegardedastheincompressibleflowintheporemedium,anditsmovingstateiscloselyrelatedtotheairflow.Themoleculardiffusionandviscousflow(ormassflow)aretwomainformsofthegasmovementinthegoaf.AndthecontrolequationsofflowfieldcanbereplacedbytheNavier-Stocksequation.Fieldobservationindicatesthatgasconcentrationincreasesinthegoafasthedistancefromtheworkingfacetoobservationpointrises.Whenthedistancefromthebackofgoaftotheworkingfaceisfarbeyond150m,itsgasconcentrationismuchhigherthanneartheworkingface.Andthereexistsahugegasstoreroominthegoaf,inwhichgashasextractionvalue.Inordertoreducethegasconcentrationinthegoafandtheuppercornerofworkingface,gasextractionholesshouldbeloactedaccordingtothecollapsedstateofroofstrata,whichisbasedontheexperimentalresults.Therefore,holesshouldbearrangedtofanshapedpatternasmuchaspossible.Theheightoffinalholesnearthetailentryisabout20mabovetheregularrock-fallingzone;theheightofholesnearthemiddleofgoafisabout30matthebottomofthefracturedzone.Andthereasonablehorizontalinteriordistancefromtailentrytoobservationpointis10-20m.References[1]M.G.Qian,J.LXu.Studyonthe“Oshape”circledistributioncharacteristicsofmininginducedfractureinoverlayingstrata.JournalofChinaCoalSociety,1998;23(5):466-469[inChinese].[2]S.G.Li,P.WShi,M.G.Qian.StudyontheEllipsoidalparabolicbanddynamicdistributionofmininginducedfractureinoverlaying.Strata.GroundPressureandStrataControl,1999;3(4):44-46[inChinese].[3]Z.X.Li.Studyonnumericalsimulationofgasemissionregularityandboundaryconditionofthegoafincoalcavingofthefullymechanized.JournalofChinaCoalSociety,2002;27(2):173-178[inChinese].[4]Q.T.Hu,Y.P.Liang.CFDsimulationofgoafgasflowpatterns.JournalofChinaCoalSociety,2007;32(7):719-723[inChinese].[5]W.Yao,L.Z.Jin,J.Zhang.Numericalsimulationofgasdrainagewithhighpositionboreholesingoaf.JournalofUniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing,2010;32(12):1521-1525[inChinese].[6]F.J.Wang.ComputationalFluidDynamicsAnalysis.Beijing:TsinghuaUniversityPress;2004[inChinese].[7]D.X.Fu,Y.W.Ma.ComputationalFluidDynamics.Beijing:HigherEducationPress;2004[inChinese].[8]Y.Q.Xu,Coalmining.Xuzhou:ChinaUniversityofMinningandTechnologyPress;1999[inChinese]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