北京市朝阳区2026届高三下学期一模试题 英语 含解析

北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测一英语试卷（考试时间90分钟满分100分）本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Notknowinghowtorideabikeasanadultbecameajokeaboutme.Itaffectedmyself-esteem.Hannah,mybestfriend,noticedandofferedtoteachme.Wewalkedabiketothepark.Iwon’tlie:the____1____self-talkwascominginhot.“I’llneverbeabletodothisandIamnotready.”Inthepark,thelessonbeganexactlyasIsuspected.Worsestill,thepedalhadcutmyankle.“Thisisnotworking,”Iwailed(哀号).“Iwasstupidfor____2____!Ishouldn’thavebothered!”“Waithere,”Hannahsaidbeforeridingoff.Ishouldn’thavebeen____3____atall.“Whowouldwanttobearoundsomeonewhocouldn’tevengatheruptheresilience(韧性)foranhour?”Butanotherthoughtpoppedin.“Whosaysyou’renotresilient?”I____4____it,exploringallthetimesIhadbeenresilient,whenIhad____5____hardthings,andhowproudIhadbeen.ThelongerIthought,thestrongermy____6____grew.WhenHannahheadedback,Iwasdeterminedtotakethelessonandtrymybest.Shepulledupwithtwothingsthatmadeeverythingeven____7____:myfavouritecoffeeandatooltoremovethepedalssothatIcouldpracticerollingandlearnbalance.Aroundmid-morning,Iwasrollingdownthehill.Thatafternoon,withgreatpride,Iwasriding,whichwasagreatbig“____8____”tomyself-doubt.Monthslater,Ifullyacceptedthis____9____ofthinkingwhenridingagain.Yes,Ihadshakymoments,butinsteadof____10____myabilities,Iremindedmyself,“You’vedonethisbefore,andyoucandoitagain.”Withkindnessfromalovingfriend,Ihavebecomesomeonewholovesmyself—andknowshowtorideabike.1.A.gentle B.negative C.calming D.greedy2.A.arguing B.crying C.moving D.trying3.A.happy B.patient C.surprised D.worried4.A.followed B.interrupted C.produced D.shared5.A.forgotten B.overcome C.considered D.abandoned6.A.duty B.control C.resolve D.tension7.A.easier B.richer C.safer D.fairer8.A.shutup B.moveon C.standby D.wakeup9.A.cost B.role C.root D.change10.A.using B.testing C.improving D.questioning【答案】1.B2.D3.C4.A5.B6.C7.A8.A9.D10.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要讲述作者成年后不会骑自行车，在好友汉娜帮助下，克服自我怀疑，最终学会骑车并改变思维方式的经历。【1题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我不会说谎：消极的自我对话如潮水般涌来。“我永远做不到这件事，而且我还没准备好。”A.gentle温柔的；B.negative消极的；C.calming平静的；D.greedy贪婪的。根据后文作者说“I’llneverbeabletodothisandIamnotready.”可知，这些都是消极的自我对话。故选B项。【2题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：“这样不行，”我哀号道，“我尝试这件事真是太蠢了！我本就不该自找麻烦的！”A.arguing争论；B.crying哭泣；C.moving移动；D.trying尝试。根据前文“ Notknowinghowtorideabikeasanadultbecameajokeaboutme.Itaffectedmyself-esteem.Hannah,mybestfriend,noticedandofferedtoteachme.Wewalkedabiketothepark.”以及“Worsestill,thepedalhadcutmyankle.”可知，作者在学习骑自行车，觉得自己尝试学骑车这个行为很愚蠢。故选D项。【3题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我根本不应该感到惊讶。“谁会想和一个连一小时的韧性都没有的人在一起呢？”A.happy开心的；B.patient耐心的；C.surprised惊讶的；D.worried担忧的。根据前文““Waithere,”Hannahsaidbeforeridingoff.”可知，朋友汉娜骑走离开，作者以为对方放弃了自己，感到很沮丧，自我否定，认为自己连一小时练习都坚持不了，朋友离开是理所当然的，自己不应该为此感到惊讶。故选C项。【4题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我顺着这个想法，回想着所有我曾有韧性的时候，那些我克服困难的时候，以及我曾多么自豪。A.followed跟随，顺着；B.interrupted打断；C.produced生产；D.shared分享。根据前文““Whosaysyou’renotresilient?””可知，作者顺着这个想法，开始回想自己有韧性的时刻。故选A项。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我顺着这个想法，回想着所有我曾有韧性的时候，那些我克服困难的时候，以及我曾多么自豪。A.forgotten忘记；B.overcome克服；C.considered考虑；D.abandoned抛弃。根据前文“exploringallthetimesIhadbeenresilient”以及后文“howproudIhadbeen.”可知，是克服困难的时候体现出韧性。故选B项。【6题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我想得越久，我决心就越坚定。A.duty责任；B.control控制；C.resolve决心；D.tension紧张。根据前文“exploringallthetimesIhadbeenresilient”以及下文“WhenHannahheadedback,Iwasdeterminedtotakethelessonandtrymybest.

”可知，作者回想自己曾经有韧性克服困难的时刻，想要重新尝试的决心越来越强烈。故选C项。【7题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她带着两样东西回来，让一切变得更容易了：我最喜欢的咖啡，以及一个用来拆掉踏板的工具，这样我就可以练习滑行并学习平衡。A.easier更容易的；B.richer更富有的；C.safer更安全的；D.fairer更公平的。根据后文“atooltoremovethepedalssothatIcouldpracticerollingandlearnbalance.”以及“Thatafternoon,withgreatpride,Iwasriding”提到的拆掉踏板练习滑行学习平衡以及作者之后学会骑车可知，这两样东西让学骑车变得更容易。故选A项。【8题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：那天下午，我非常自豪，我学会骑车了，这对我的自我怀疑来说是一个响亮的“闭嘴”。A.shutup闭嘴；B.moveon继续前进；C.standby支持，袖手旁观；D.wakeup醒来。根据前文“Thatafternoon,withgreatpride,Iwasriding”可知，作者学会骑车，用实际行动回应了之前的自我怀疑，相当于让自我怀疑“闭嘴”。故选A项。【9题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：几个月后，再次骑车时，我完全接受了这种思维方式的转变。A.cost花费；B.role角色；C.root根源；D.change改变。根据前文“whichwasagreatbig“____”tomyself-doubt.”以及后文“Iremindedmyself,“You’vedonethisbefore,andyoucandoitagain.””可知，作者从之前怀疑自己到现在相信自己，作者的思维方式发生了改变。故选D项。【10题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：是的，我有过摇摆不定的时刻，但我不再质疑自己的能力，而是提醒自己：“你以前做到过，你还能再做到。”A.using使用；B.testing测试；C.improving提高；D.questioning质疑。根据前文作者思维方式转变，以及后文“Iremindedmyself,“You’vedonethisbefore,andyoucandoitagain.””鼓励自己的话可知，作者不再质疑自己的能力。故选D项。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Tourismisoneoftheworld’s____11____(big)industries,andahighlypollutingone.Nowthe“RewildingPortugal”project,____12____touristshelprestoredegradedfarmlandbyplantingnativetrees,turnstouristsintoactiveparticipantsinrepairingtheplanet.Inreturn,thetouristsstayinrenewable-poweredaccommodations.Criticsarguethattheprojectisjustamarketingtrick.Butsupportersbelieveitoffersaway____13____(make)travelmeaningful,byturningitintoanopportunitytolearn,connect,andcontribute.【答案】11.biggest12.where13.tomake【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“RewildingPortugal”项目，该项目让游客通过种植本土树木帮助恢复退化的农田，将游客转变为修复地球的积极参与者。【11题详解】考查形容词最高级。句意：旅游业是世界上最大的产业之一，也是一个污染严重的产业。根据句意和“oneoftheworld’s”可知，此处表示“最大的产业之一”，应用形容词最高级biggest作定语，修饰名词industries。故填biggest。【12题详解】考查定语从句。句意：现在，“RewildingPortugal”项目让游客通过种植本土树木帮助恢复退化的农田，将游客转变为修复地球的积极参与者。“_____touristshelprestoredegradedfarmlandbyplantingnativetrees”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词project，关系词将其代入定语从句中作抽象的地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。故填where。【13题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：但支持者认为，它提供了一种使旅行有意义的方式，通过将旅行变成一个学习、联系和贡献的机会。“(make)travelmeaningful”作后置定语，名词way后常用动词不定式作定语，意为“……的方式”。故填tomake。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Accordingtointernationalstandards,Chinaisnowconsideredamoderatelyagingsociety.Populationisoneofthekeyvariablesaffectingeconomicgrowth.____14____thedoubtsandconcernsoverthecountry’sabilitytomaintainitseconomicgrowthmomentum(势头),amajoroneis____15____China’seconomyhaspeakedornotduetoadecreaseinlaborsupply.Inresponse,Chinaistakingacomprehensiveapproachthat____16____(combine)technologicalprogresswithinvestmentinhumancapital,whichcanultimatelyboostlaborproductivity.【答案】14.Among15.whether16.combines【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍依据国际标准中国已步入中度老龄化社会，人口是影响经济增长的关键变量之一，并阐释了外界对中国经济增长的相关质疑及中国针对性的应对举措。【14题详解】考查介词。句意：在有关该国能否保持经济增长势头的种种疑虑与担忧之中，一个主要问题是劳动力供给减少是否已让中国经济见顶。结合句意，此处表示“在……之中”，需用介词among，位于句首首字母大写。故填Among。【15题详解】考查表语从句。句意同上。分析句子结构，空后为表语从句，结合后文“ornot”可知，此处表达“是否”，需用连接词whether引导从句。故填whether。【16题详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：对此，中国正采取综合性举措，将技术进步与人力资本投资相结合，最终能够提升劳动生产率。设空处为定语从句谓语，关系代词that指代先行词acomprehensiveapproach，为单数，主句为一般现在时，定语从句谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。故填combines。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。ToBenjaminandLoic,twoFrenchmen,Chinawasadistantyetfascinatingplace,anamemoreoften____17____(find)inheadlines.InSeptember2023,thetwofriendsdecidedtowalkallthewaytoChina,____18____(choose)tokeeptheirjourneylow-carbon.Theyquittheirjobs,packedonlyessentialsandacceptedthattheroadahead____19____(last)overayear.China,whichtheyenteredafterayearlongjourney,markedamilestone,notjustingeographicalterms,butemotionally.BythetimetheyarrivedinLanzhou,they____20____(be)ontheroadforabout450days.【答案】17.found18.choosing19.wouldlast20.hadbeen【解析】【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了两位法国人本杰明和洛伊克辞去了工作，踏上了低碳之旅前往中国。经过约450天的行程，他们抵达了兰州，中国成为了他们此次旅程的一个重要里程碑。【17题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：对于本杰明和洛伊克这两位法国人来说，中国是一个遥远而又充满魅力的地方，这个名字常常出现在新闻头条上。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰name，name与find是被动关系（名字“被出现在”头条中），用过去分词作后置定语。故填found。【18题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：2023年9月，这两位朋友决定一路步行前往中国，他们选择让自己的旅程尽可能低碳。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作状语，主语thetwofriends与choose为主动关系，所以为现在分词作伴随状语。故填choosing。【19题详解】考查动词时态。句意：他们辞去了工作，只携带了必需品，并接受了前方道路将持续超过一年的现实。分析句子可知，主句谓语accepted为一般过去时，宾语从句表达“当时看来前路将会持续一年多”，用过去将来时。故填wouldlast。【20题详解】考查动词时态。句意：当他们抵达兰州时，他们已经在路上走了大约450天。分析句子可知，bythetime+一般过去时，主句常用过去完成时，表示“截止到过去某个时间已经……”。故填hadbeen。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AAreyoucuriousabouthowhealthconnectswiththeworldaroundus?Wanttotacklerealglobalchallengesanddiscoverhowyoucanmakeadifference?“GlobalHealth”exploreshowmedicine,publichealth,internationalrelations,economicsandotherdisciplinesmustbeintegratedtosavelivesworldwide.Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnaboutcurrentapproachestopromotinghealth,preventingdiseaseanddeliveringhealthservicestocommunitiesinneedaroundtheworld.You’llexplorethescienceofpublichealth,thestrategiesusedtopredictandstopepidemics,andthepowerofcommunicationinkeepingcommunitiessafe.LearningHighlights·Describetheprocessesbywhichinfectiousdiseasesspread·Identifyandexplainthecorepublichealthmethodsandtoolsfordetecting,controllingandpreventinginfectiousdiseaseoutbreaks·Analyzehistoricalandcontemporarycasestudiesofinfectiousdiseaseoutbreaksandevaluatehowdifferentresponsestrategiessucceededorfailed·Usehealthresearchmethodstogatherandinterpretdatarelevanttoglobalhealthissues·DescribethemajorhealthbehaviortheoriesusedinpublichealthWeeklyAssignmentsWeek1GrouppresentationsonSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Reporthealthindicatorsforachosencountry.Week2HearfromguestspeakersfromtheDepartmentofPublicHealth.Becomediseasedetectivesforamock(模拟的)outbreakoncampus.Week3Servefoodatahomelessshelter.Designandcarryoutaminihealthstudy.21.InGlobalHealth,studentscan________.A.forecastthepublichealthchallenges B.providecommunitieswithhealthservicesC.addresstheproblemsoncommunitysafety D.explorehealthissuesinamultidisciplinaryway22.Thecoursehighlights________.A.designingpublichealthtools B.proposinghealthbehaviortheoriesC.assessingresponsestrategiesforepidemics D.monitoringthespreadofinfectiousdiseases23.Whatarestudentsassignedtodointhecourse?A.Reporttoguestspeakers. B.Conductminihealthresearch.C.GivetalksonSDGsindividually. D.Detectrealcampusoutbreaks.【答案】21.D22.C23.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍“全球健康”课程的内容、学习重点及每周作业安排。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中的““GlobalHealth”exploreshowmedicine,publichealth,internationalrelations,economicsandotherdisciplinesmustbeintegratedtosavelivesworldwide.(“全球健康”课程探索了医学、公共卫生、国际关系、经济学和其他学科如何必须整合起来，以拯救全球范围内的生命)”可知，在“全球健康”课程中，学生可以以多学科融合的方式探索健康问题。故选D项。【22题详解】细节理解题。根据LearningHighlights中的“Analyzehistoricalandcontemporarycasestudiesofinfectiousdiseaseoutbreaksandevaluatehowdifferentresponsestrategiessucceededorfailed(分析传染病爆发的历史和当代案例研究，并评估不同应对策略的成败)”可知，该课程重点包括评估传染病的应对策略。故选C项。【23题详解】细节理解题。根据WeeklyAssignments中的“Week3:Designandcarryoutaminihealthstudy.(第三周：设计并开展一项小型健康研究)”可知，学生在课程中被分配开展小型健康研究。故选B项。BIhadbeenconsideringgivingup.Forthepasteightyears,I’vemetwithprospectivefirst-yearstudentsasavolunteerinterviewerformyalmamater(母校).ThereportsIsubmitaftertheinterviewsbecomepartoftheiradmissionsfile.ButacceptancerateofmyuniversityislowandeachtimeIseetheword“Denied”nexttooneofmyinterviewees’namesattheendofanadmissionscycle,Ifeelalittlemoreheartbroken.Don’tgetmewrong.I’vegottentoknowloadsofinspiringkids,andahandfulofthemwereofferedaspot.Afteracycleinwhichnoneofmyintervieweeswasgreen-lighted,though,Istartedtowonder:Inexpressingmyenthusiasmformyuniversityininterviews,wasIdoingthemafavororsettingthemupfordisappointment?Wasitfairofmetoshareaninsidelookintomyuniversitywhenmostwon’thaveaccesstoit?Then,outoftheblue,Ireceivedatextfromoneof“my”admits,Layla.Shethankedmeforgettingherintomyuniversity.Iwastouched,butImentallydismissedthevalidity(合理性)ofwhatseemedtobeamisguidedassumptionofhowtheadmissionsprocessworks.Wemetforcoffeeafewmonthslater,andshedelightedmewithadetaileddiscussionofherclasses,herprofessors,herresearch,andherfriends.Hereyeswerebright,herexcitementvisible.Shetoldmeshehadsubmittedarequesttospend20minuteswithheradmissionsfile.Icouldn’tunderstandwhyshewantedtotakethetimetolook.Couldn’tshejustenjoyhertimeasanadmittedstudentwithoutbeingdistractedbydisturbingquestionsofwhethershebelonged?Asitturnsout,LaylalearnedthattheadmissionsofficerwhofirstreadherfilewasonthefenceaboutherbutthendecidedtoputherapplicationthroughforanotherreadbecauseofwhatI’dwritteninmyinterviewreport.Myvoicehadmadeadifference.Laylafoundthereliefshe’dbeenlookingfor:Whywasshehere?Didshereallymattertothisincrediblecommunity?Seeingherputherworriestoresthelpedmedothesamewithmyown.Maybesometimesweallneedtohearthatwematter.24.Whatmadetheauthorconsidergivingupthevolunteerwork?A.Gettingtiredofwritinginterviewreports.B.Failingtohelpsomeofthepromisingkids.C.Disappointmentwithinterviewees’abilities.D.Inabilitytostimulateinterviewees’enthusiasm.25.Initially,theauthorviewedLayla’sthank-youtextas________.A.arelief B.adistraction C.areward D.amisunderstanding26.WhydidLaylarequesttoreviewheradmissionsfile?A.Toeaseherworriesaboutfuture.B.Toclarifytheauthor’sconfusion.C.Toconfirmshedeservedtheadmission.D.Toprovetheauthor’sreportplayedarole.27.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Eachsoulneedsawitness. B.Everycloudhasasilverlining.C.Whatgoesaroundcomesaround. D.Whatmattersalwaysvoicesitself.【答案】24.B25.D26.C27.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述作者八年担任母校志愿面试官，因不少优秀申请者落选心生放弃念头，后来收到被录取学生莱拉的感谢，最终知晓自己的面试报告起到关键作用，明白每个人都需要被肯定、被看见的暖心故事。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“ButacceptancerateofmyuniversityislowandeachtimeIseetheword“Denied”nexttooneofmyinterviewees’namesattheendofanadmissionscycle,Ifeelalittlemoreheartbroken.(但我所在大学的录取率很低，每当在招生周期结束时，看到我的面试者名字旁边写着“被拒”时，我都会感到更加心碎。)”以及第二段“I’vegottentoknowloadsofinspiringkids,andahandfulofthemwereofferedaspot.Afteracycleinwhichnoneofmyintervieweeswasgreen-lighted,though,Istartedtowonder:Inexpressingmyenthusiasmformyuniversityininterviews,wasIdoingthemafavororsettingthemupfordisappointment?(我确实结识了不少鼓舞人心的孩子，其中有几位获得了录取资格。然而，在一个周期里，没有一个面试者被录取，我开始怀疑：在面试中表达我对大学的热情，我是在帮他们还是让他们失望？)”可知，作者多次看到有潜力的面试者被拒，感到沮丧和心碎，开始怀疑自己的工作是否有意义，因此考虑放弃志愿工作。故选B项。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“Shethankedmeforgettingherintomyuniversity.Iwastouched,butImentallydismissedthevalidity(合理性)ofwhatseemedtobeamisguidedassumptionofhowtheadmissionsprocessworks.(她感谢我让她进入了我的大学。我很感动，但我在心里否定了这种看似对录取过程有误解的假设的合理性。)”可知，作者最初认为Layla的感谢信息是对录取过程的一种误解，因为作者知道录取过程复杂，不是一个人能决定的。故选D项。【26题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“Shetoldmeshehadsubmittedarequesttospend20minuteswithheradmissionsfile.Icouldn’tunderstandwhyshewantedtotakethetimetolook.Couldn’tshejustenjoyhertimeasanadmittedstudentwithoutbeingdistractedbydisturbingquestionsofwhethershebelonged?(她告诉我，她已经提交了申请，要求花20分钟查看她的录取档案。我不明白她为什么要花时间去看。她就不能享受作为被录取学生的时光，而不被是否属于这里这种令人不安的问题所干扰吗？)”以及第五段“Asitturnsout,LaylalearnedthattheadmissionsofficerwhofirstreadherfilewasonthefenceaboutherbutthendecidedtoputherapplicationthroughforanotherreadbecauseofwhatI’dwritteninmyinterviewreport.Myvoicehadmadeadifference.(事实证明，Layla得知，最初阅读她档案的招生官对她持保留态度，但后来决定因为我在面试报告中写的内容，再给她一次机会。我的意见起到了作用。)”可知，Layla查看录取档案是为了确认自己是否真的值得被录取，以及了解录取过程中的具体细节，尤其是作者在面试报告中所起的作用。故选C项。【27题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Seeingherputherworriestoresthelpedmedothesamewithmyown.Maybesometimesweallneedtohearthatwematter.(看到她放下顾虑，也帮助我放下了自己的顾虑。也许有时候我们都需要听到自己被重视的声音。)”可知，文章通过作者和Layla的经历，传达了“每个人的存在都有意义，有时候我们都需要听到自己被重视的声音”这一主题。A项“Eachsoulneedsawitness.(每个灵魂都需要一个见证者。)”符合文章主旨，意思是每个人的存在和价值都需要被认可和见证。故选A项。CArifPujiantocouldn’tsleep.Whendawnbroke,theareawherehelivesonthelow-lyingPariIslandinIndonesiawasdamaged.Eventually,hedecidedtodosomethingaboutit.Hefiledalawsuit(诉讼)againstcementmanufacturerHolcim.Atfirstsight,thismightseemunreasonable.Afterall,thecompanyhasnooperationsinIndonesiaandisheadquartered12,000kilometresfromPari,inSwitzerland.YetPujianto’scaseisontopofawaveoflawsuitssupportedbyinnovativeclimateattributionmodels.Computersimulations(模拟)havebeenthebackboneofclimatesciencesincethe1960s.Scientistsrunthemtopredicthowtheplanetwillwarmastheamountofgreenhousegasesinouratmosphereincreases.Butclimatemodelscanbeputtoanotheruseiftheyareruninaslightlydifferentway.Theideaistosimulatecounterfactualscenarios(情景)andcomparethemwithhowthingsreallyturnedout.Howwouldtheworldlookifwehadleftfossilfuelswhichweconsumedintheground,forexample?Climatescientistshavespentdecadesusingthistechniquetofigureouttheconsequencesofcarbonemissions,inafieldthatisbroadlycalledattributionscience.Climatemodelscanbeextremelycomplexandoftenrequiresupercomputerstorun.Buttwoadvanceshavestartedtochangethat.Oneisthedevelopmentof“reducedcomplexity”climatemodels.InsteadofmodellingEarth’sprecisephysical,chemicalandbiologicalprocesses,thesesimplermodelssimulatethemonaverage,whichreducesprocessingpower.Thesecondadvanceboilsdowntoinnovationsinthewayweaccountforemissionsandjointhelinksinthecausalchainbetweenemissionsandharms.Thatincludes,forexample,smarterwaysofdifferentiatingbetweenhistoricalemissions.Agigatonneofcarbonemittedtoday,whenoceansaremoreacidic,hasdifferentconsequencestoagigatonneofcarbonemittedin1850.In2022,climatescientistsChristopherCallahanatIndianaUniversityandJustinMankinatDartmouthCollegeputthesetwoadvancestogethertocreateanend-to-endclimateattributionmodel,onethatstretchesfromtheindividualpacketsofemissions,perhapsfromasinglecompany,allthewaytotheeffectsofclimatechangeonacommunity.Mankinisawarethattheresearchmaybeusedincourtandpursuingclimateactionthroughclimatelawsuitsmaybenecessary.Apropertestofhowattributionscienceholdsupincourtinthese“polluter-pays”caseshasn’tyettakenplace,then.Butsuchatestmaynotbetoofaroff,saysNoahWalker-Crawford,alegaladvisor,especiallygivenhowmanyfreshcasesarestartingtocomebeforejudges.Ifaprecedentissetbyevenasinglesuccessfulpolluter-payscase,itcouldopenthefloodgatestoahugenumberofsimilarclaims.Ineachcase,theindividualdamagesdemandedmayberelativelysmall,butitcould,nonetheless,besignificant.28.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheclimateattributionmodel?A.Itcansimulateaworldwithoutcarbonemissions.B.Itpredictsthetimelineoffutureextremeweather.C.Itismoreaccurateinmodellingclimateprocesses.D.Ithasshifteditsaimtobackingclimatelegalcases.29.Regardingthefutureof“polluter-pays”cases,theauthoris_______A.worried B.optimistic C.doubtful D.disapproving30.Whatdoestheauthormainlydointhispassage?A.Anticipateanoveltrendincourt.B.Illustratehowclimatemodelswork.C.Introducethehistoryofclimatemodels.D.Showamodelexpectedtoforceclimateaction.【答案】28.A29.B30.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了气候归因模型的发展及其在法律诉讼中的应用潜力，通过具体案例和专家观点展示了该模型如何为气候行动提供科学依据，并预示了未来“污染者付费”案件可能带来的法律和社会影响。28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段“Theideaistosimulatecounterfactualscenarios(情景)andcomparethemwithhowthingsreallyturnedout.Howwouldtheworldlookifwehadleftfossilfuelswhichweconsumedintheground,forexample?Climatescientistshavespentdecadesusingthistechniquetofigureouttheconsequencesofcarbonemissions,inafieldthatisbroadlycalledattributionscience.(这个想法是模拟反事实情景，并将它们与实际情况进行比较。例如，如果我们把消耗的化石燃料留在地下，世界会是什么样子？气候科学家几十年来一直使用这种技术来弄清楚碳排放的后果，这个领域被广泛称为归因科学。)”可知，气候归因模型通过模拟没有碳排放的世界，并将其与实际情况进行对比，来弄清楚碳排放的后果。因此，可以推断出该模型能够模拟一个没有碳排放的世界。故选A项。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Butsuchatestmaynotbetoofaroff,saysNoahWalker-Crawford,alegaladvisor,especiallygivenhowmanyfreshcasesarestartingtocomebeforejudges.Ifaprecedentissetbyevenasinglesuccessfulpolluter-payscase,itcouldopenthefloodgatestoahugenumberofsimilarclaims.Ineachcase,theindividualdamagesdemandedmayberelativelysmall,butitcould,nonetheless,besignificant.(但法律顾问诺亚·沃克-克劳福德表示，这样的测试可能不会太远，尤其是考虑到有多少新案件开始摆在法官面前。即使只有一个成功的“污染者付费”案例成为先例，也可能为大量类似索赔打开闸门。在每一种情况下，要求的个人损害赔偿可能相对较小，但尽管如此，它仍然可能是重大的。)”可知，作者认为随着新案件的不断涌现，即使只有一个成功的“污染者付费”案例成为先例，也可能引发大量类似的索赔，这表明作者对“污染者付费”案件的未来持乐观态度。故选B项。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据第一段“YetPujianto’scaseisontopofawaveoflawsuitssupportedbyinnovativeclimateattributionmodels.(然而，普吉安托的案件是一波由创新气候归因模型支持的法律诉讼之一。)”以及后文对气候归因模型的介绍和其在法律诉讼中的应用潜力可知，文章主要介绍了一个有望推动气候行动的模型，即气候归因模型，以及该模型如何为气候法律诉讼提供科学依据。故选D项。DWhetherartistsorscientists,investigatorsstrikeoutfromwhatisknowntobravetheunknowninactsofcreativediscovery.Thinkofartistsandscientistsasusersofthreemodesofdiscovery:knowing,seeing,andtelling.Weareallseekingknowledge—epistemologistswhoquestionwhatwethinkweknow,howwecometoknowit,andwhetherwecanprovewhatwethinkweknow.Meanwhile,weareallseers—aestheticistswhoconfrontwhatweperceiveinnaturalandcreatedappearances.Finally,wearealltellersandlisteners—narrativistswhotellaboutwhatwehavefoundandlistentothefindingsofothers.Theepistemologist’sattentiontoknowingresonated(引起共鸣)inphysicistAndreaCalifano’sprecision-medicinediscoveriesincancerbiology.Hisphilosopher-physicistmindisthecreativegroundtodiscovernewtreatmentsforcancer.“Alotofideasendupbeingvery,verysimple-mindedinhindsight.Butit’sverydifficulttoforeseewhethersimple-mindedideaswillworkintheend.There’snothingmagicalaboutwhatwedo.It’sjustthatnobodyhadkindofthoughtofcancerinthisway,”saidCalifano.Theaestheticistswanttofacethematerialworldwithallthecapacitiesofthehumantoseeandimagine.TissueengineerGordanaVunjak-Novakovicexposedthecreativepowersofaestheticsinthepracticeofascientist.ItwasthenovelAlexandriaQuartetthatgavehertheideaofherworkas“slidingplanes”:“Eachoftheslidingplanesisabodyofknowledge.Thentheytravelpasteachother,andsomehowconnectwitheachother.Therewerethreeslidingplanesthatarethreedifferentcharacters’perspectives.Andthenthefourthplanewasthetime.Thatishowthebookwasconstructed,Ibelieve,andthisishowwedoscience.”Knowingandseeingrequireconnectionsbetweentheinternalworldoftheseerorknower,theexternalworldoftheseeableandknowable,andtheworldofwitnesseswhoreceivewhatbecomesseenorknown.Theseconnections,whatIcall“telling”,areachievedthroughnarrativeactslikespeech.Itcreatesanetwork,bridgingfrompersontoperson.NabilaEl-Bassel,aninternationalleaderinstudyingthemosthard-to-deal-withglobalhealthproblems,confirmedthenecessityoflisteningtoall“telling”voices.El-Basselandherteamsarelistenersoftheirsubjects’livedexperiences,makingsurethatsufferingindividualsareheardandvalued.Recognisingthefundamentalrolesofepistemology,aesthetics,andnarrativestudiesinmedicalresearchavoidscostlyoppositionsbetweenartsandsciences.Withallthreediscoverymodesengaged,scientistsgraduallyrecognisewhysufferingmatters,howdelicatethebalancebetweensicknessandhealthis,andhowurgentmedicine’smissionis.Healthcare’sresponsetodiseasecouldthenembracethepursuittocomprehendphenomenadeepwithinthecellandtofaceuptosocialissuesvastacrosstheEarth.31.Whatdoestheword“hindsight”underlinedinParagraph2mostprobablymean?A.Innovativemindset. B.Blind-mindedthinking.C.Long-termperspective. D.Reflectiveunderstanding.32.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.Theauthorhasapreferencefornarrativestudies.B.El-Basselfocusesonseeableexternalphenomena.C.Gordanavaluestacklingproblemsfromdiverseangles.D.Califano’sbreakthroughsetsgroundforcancerbiology.33.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph?A.Integrationofartandscienceishardtoachieve.B.Threediscoverymodescanbalancesicknessandhealth.C.Meetingsocialneedsisasvitalasdoingbiologicalstudies.D.Medicalresearchhelpsrealisetheroleofthreediscoverymodes.34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheArtofScience:Knowing,Seeing,andTellingB.ThreeModesofDiscovery:CanArtistsBeScientists?C.ACostlyConflict:TheBattleBetweenArtandScienceD.TheMedicine’sMission:AreScientistsBravetoComplete?【答案】31.D32.C33.C34.A【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了艺术家和科学家在探索未知时所共用的三种发现模式：认知、观察和叙述。通过具体实例，展示了这些模式在医学研究等领域的应用，并强调了艺术与科学融合的重要性。【31题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Alotofideasendupbeingvery,verysimple-mindedinhindsight.Butit’sverydifficulttoforeseewhethersimple-mindedideaswillworkintheend.(，很多想法最终都非常非常简单。但很难预见到这些简单的想法最终是否会奏效。)”可知，很多想法在事后看来很简单，但在当时很难预见其是否有效。由此可知，hindsight表示“事后看来，反思性的理解”，与D项“Reflectiveunderstanding（反思性的理解）”意思一致。故选D项。【32题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“Theaestheticistswanttofacethematerialworldwithallthecapacitiesofthehumantoseeandimagine.TissueengineerGordanaVunjak-Novakovicexposedthecreativepowersofaestheticsinthepracticeofascientist.ItwasthenovelAlexandriaQuartetthatgavehertheideaofherworkas“slidingplanes”:“Eachoftheslidingplanesisabodyofknowledge.Thentheytravelpasteachother,andsomehowconnectwitheachother.Therewerethreeslidingplanesthatarethreedifferentcharacters’perspectives.Andthenthefourthplanewasthetime.Thatishowthebookwasconstructed,Ibelieve,andthisishowwedoscience.”(审美主义者希望以人类所有的观察和想象能力来面对物质世界。组织工程师GordanaVunjak-Novakovic在科学实践中展示了美学的创造力。正是小说《亚历山大四重奏》让她有了“滑动平面”的工作理念：“每个滑动平面都是一个知识体系。然后它们相互经过，并以某种方式相互连接。有三个滑动平面，是三个不同角色的视角。然后第四个平面是时间。我相信，这本书就是这样构建的，我们做科学也是这样构建的。)”可知，Gordana从小说中获得了灵感，将不同视角和知识体系结合起来进行科学研究，这表明她重视从不同角度解决问题。故选C项。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Recognisingthefundament