英语四级试题册2024

英语四级试题册2024

PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayonthetopicofTheImpactofArtificialIntelligenceonInterpersonalCommunication.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Youressayshouldbestructuredasfollows:1.BrieflydescribethewidespreaduseofAIincommunication.2.Analyzeboththepositiveandnegativeimpacts.3.Giveyourownconclusion.PartIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Theconceptofa"smartcity"isbecomingincreasinglyprevalentworldwide.It(1)______toanurbanareathatusesdifferenttypesofelectronicmethodsandsensorstocollectdata.Insightsgainedfromthatdataareusedto(2)______assets,resourcesandservicesefficiently;inreturn,thatdataisusedtoimprovetheoperationsacrossthecity.Thisincludesdatacollectedfromcitizens,devices,buildingsandassetsthatisthenprocessedandanalyzedtomonitorandmanagetrafficandtransportationsystems,powerplants,watersupplynetworks,waste(3)______,crimedetection,informationsystems,schools,libraries,hospitals,andothercommunityservices.Thesmartcityconcept(4)______theideaoftheInternetofThings(IoT)forcitymanagement.Thegoalofbuildingasmartcityistoimprovethe(5)______oflifeforitscitizensusingsmarttechnologyanddataanalysis.Whilethebenefitsarepromising,suchasreducedtrafficcongestionandbetterpublicsafety,significant(6)______remain.Theseincludehighcosts,dataprivacyconcerns,andtheriskof(7)______adigitaldividebetweenthosewhohaveaccesstothetechnologyandthosewhodonot.Furthermore,the(8)______oncomplexnetworksmakesthesecitiesvulnerabletocyber-attacks.Therefore,abalancedand(9)______approachiscrucial.Cityplannersmustensurethattechnologicaladvancements(10)______allcitizensequitablyanddonotexacerbateexistingsocialinequalities.A)accessB)broadensC)challengesD)createE)dependenceF)digitalG)disposeH)embracesI)enhanceJ)integratesK)managementL)qualityM)refersN)serveO)strategicSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.TheRiseofRemoteWork:ALastingTransformation[A]Theglobalpandemicactedasamassivecatalystforremotework,butthetrendwasalreadygainingmomentum.Advancesincommunicationtechnology,changingemployeeexpectations,andagrowingfocusonwork-lifebalancehadbeenpavingthewayforyears.Whatwasonceaperkofferedbyafewforward-thinkingcompanieshasnowbecomeastandardcomponentofmanyjobarrangements.[B]Foremployees,thebenefitsaresubstantial.Eliminatingthedailycommutesavestimeandmoney,reducesstress,andlowersone'scarbonfootprint.Italsooffersgreaterflexibilitytomanagepersonalandfamilyresponsibilities,leadingtoimprovedoverallwell-beingformany.Employeesoftenreporthigherjobsatisfactionwhengiventheautonomytostructuretheirworkday.[C]Employers,too,havefoundadvantages.Manycompaniesreportmaintainedorevenincreasedproductivityfromremoteteams.Theycantapintoaglobaltalentpoolwithoutgeographicalrestrictions,allowingthemtohirethebestcandidatesregardlessoflocation.Furthermore,significantsavingscanberealizedonoverheadcostssuchasofficespace,utilities,andsupplies.[D]However,theshiftisnotwithoutitsdrawbacks.Amajorchallengeisthepotentialfordecreasedcollaborationandspontaneousinnovationthatoftenarisesfromin-personinteractions.Theblurringofboundariesbetweenworkandhomelifecanleadtoburnoutandisolationforsomeemployees.Managersalsofacethedifficultyofmonitoringperformanceandmaintainingcompanycultureinadistributedenvironment.[E]Fromaneconomicperspective,remoteworkisreshapingurbanandregionallandscapes.Thereisanoticeablemigrationofknowledgeworkersfromexpensivemetropolitancenterstosuburbanorsmallercitieswithalowercostofliving.This"de-urbanization"trendimpactslocaleconomies,realestatemarkets,andpublictransportationsystemsinboththeoriginanddestinationcities.[F]Thefutureofworkislikelytobehybrid.Mostexpertsagreethatafullreturntothepre-pandemicofficemodelisimprobableformanysectors.Instead,ablendedmodel,whereemployeessplittheirtimebetweenhomeandacentraloffice,isemergingasapopularcompromise.Thismodelaimstocapturethebenefitsofbothremoteandin-personwork.[G]Tomakehybridworksuccessful,companiesneedtoadapt.Thisinvolvesredesigningphysicalofficesforcollaborationratherthansolitarywork,investinginrobustandequitabletechnologyforallemployees,andretrainingmanagerstoleaddistributedteamseffectively.Policiesmustbeclearandfairtoavoidcreatingatwo-tiersystemwhereremoteworkersaredisadvantagedincareeradvancement.[H]Onasocietallevel,widespreadremoteworkcouldcontributetoamorebalanceddistributionofeconomicopportunityacrossregions.Itmayrevitalizesmallercommunitiesandreducetheintensepressureonhousingandinfrastructureinmega-cities.Conversely,itcouldalsoleadtojobdisplacementinserviceindustriesthatrelyondowntownofficeworkers.[I]Legislationandlaborpoliciesarestrugglingtokeeppacewiththisrapidchange.Issuessuchastaxationforcross-borderworkers,datasecurityregulationsforhomeoffices,andtherightto"disconnect"outsideofworkinghoursarebecomingcriticaltopicsforpolicymakers.[J]Ultimately,remoteworkismorethanatemporaryadjustment;itrepresentsafundamentalandlastingtransformationofhowwedefinetheworkplace.Itslong-termimplicationsforproductivity,urbanplanning,socialinteraction,andindividualwell-beingwillcontinuetounfoldinthecomingdecades.11.Thepandemicacceleratedanexistingtrendtowardsworkingawayfromtheoffice.12.Savingonexpensesrelatedtomaintainingaphysicalworkspaceisabenefitforcompanies.13.Onenegativeeffectforemployeesisthedifficultyinseparatingprofessionalandpersonallife.14.Amixedmodelofworkingbothremotelyandon-siteispredictedtobecomecommon.15.Themovementofworkerstolessexpensiveareasaffectstheeconomiesofdifferentcities.16.Companiesneedtoensureremoteemployeeshaveequalcareerdevelopmentopportunities.17.Changesinworkpatternsmaybringnewlifetoeconomicallydecliningareas.18.Thelossofcasualofficeconversationsmighthindercreativethinking.19.Newlawsareneededtoaddresscomplicationsarisingfromemployeesworkingindifferentlegaljurisdictions.20.Thecoreideaofwhatconstitutesaworkplaceisundergoingapermanentchange.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOneQuestions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forcenturies,theconceptof"natureversusnurture"hasfueleddebatesabouthumandevelopment.Areourpersonalities,intelligence,andbehaviorsprimarilyshapedbyourgenes(nature)orbyourenvironmentandexperiences(nurture)?Modernsciencehaslargelymovedbeyondthissimplisticdichotomy,recognizingthattheinteractionbetweenthetwoiscomplexandinseparable.Contemporaryresearchingeneticsandneurosciencerevealsthatgenesdonotdictateourdestinyinarigidway.Instead,theycreatepredispositions.Forexample,apersonmighthaveageneticpredispositiontowardsanxiety,butwhetherthattendencydevelopsintoaclinicaldisorderdependsheavilyonlifeexperiences,suchaschildhoodtraumaorchronicstress.Genesprovidetheblueprint,butenvironmentalfactorsdeterminehowthatblueprintisreadandexpressed—aprocessknownasgeneexpression.Factorslikenutrition,toxins,socialinteractions,andevenlearningcanchemicallymodifyhowgenesfunctionwithoutchangingtheDNAsequenceitself.Thisinterplayisevidentinstudiesofidenticaltwinsraisedapart.Whiletheyshare100%oftheirDNA,theyareneverperfectlyidenticalinpersonalityorhealth.Theirdifferentlifeexperiencesactivateorsuppressdifferentgeneticpathways,leadingtovariations.Conversely,asupportiveandenrichingenvironmentcanhelpachildreachtheirfullgeneticpotential,whileadeprivedonecanhinderit,evenifthegeneticpotentialishigh.Theolddebateisnowseenasoutdated.Scientistsusetermslike"developmentalsystemstheory"todescribethecontinuous,bidirectionalinteractionbetweenanorganismanditsenvironment.Itisnotnatureornurture,butnaturevianurture.Understandingthisdynamiciscrucialforfieldslikeeducation,psychology,andmedicine.Itsuggeststhatinterventions(nurture)canbepowerfultoolstopositivelyinfluenceoutcomes,evenwhengenetic(nature)factorsarepresent.Thisperspectiveoffersamoreoptimisticandactionableviewofhumanpotential,emphasizingthatourenvironmentsandchoicesmatterprofoundlyinshapingwhowebecome.21.Whatisthemainpointofthepassage?A)Genesaretheultimatedeterminantofhumanbehavior.B)Thenatureversusnurturedebatehasbeenconclusivelyresolvedinfavorofnurture.C)Humandevelopmentresultsfromacomplexinteractionbetweengeneticandenvironmentalfactors.D)Environmentalfactorscancompletelyoverridegeneticpredispositions.22.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheroleofgenes?A)Theyrigidlydetermineaperson'spersonalityandintelligence.B)Theyprovideablueprintthatisfixedandunchangeable.C)Theycreatepredispositionsthatareinfluencedbytheenvironment.D)Theyarelessimportantthanenvironmentalfactorsinchilddevelopment.23.Theexampleofidenticaltwinsraisedapartisusedtoillustratethat______.A)genesareresponsibleforallsimilaritiesbetweentwinsB)environmenthasnosignificantimpactongeneticexpressionC)differentexperiencescanleadtodifferentoutcomesdespiteidenticalgenesD)twinsalwaysdevelopthesamepersonalitiesregardlessofupbringing24.Whatdoestheterm"naturevianurture"imply?A)Natureandnurtureworkindependentlyofeachother.B)Geneticpotentialisrealizedthroughenvironmentalinfluences.C)Nurtureiscompletelydependentonnature.D)Theinfluenceofnurturehasbeenoverestimated.25.Whichfieldwouldbenefitfromunderstandingtheinteractiondescribedinthepassage?A)Astronomy.B)Culinaryarts.C)Education.D)Geology.PassageTwoQuestions26to30arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Inaneraofinformationoverload,theabilitytofocusisbecomingarareandvaluablecommodity.Attentionisnolongerjustamentalfaculty;itisaresourcethatisconstantlybeingsoughtandharvestedbydigitalplatforms.Theeconomicmodelofmuchoftheinternetisbuiltoncapturingandretaininguserattentiontoselladvertising.Thishasledtothedesignofpersuasivetechnologies—endlessscrolling,autoplayvideos,pushnotifications—thatexploitpsychologicalvulnerabilitiestokeepusersengaged.Thisconstantbattleforourfocushassignificantcognitiveconsequences.Neuroscientistspointtotheconceptof"attentionalresidue,"wherepartofourmentalcapacityremainsstuckonaprevioustaskwhenweswitchtoanewone,reducingoverallperformance.Multitasking,especiallywithdigitaldevices,islargelyamyth;whatweareactuallydoingisrapidtask-switching,whichismentallyexhaustinganderror-prone.Deep,sustainedconcentration,necessaryforcomplexproblem-solvingandcreativity,isincreasinglydifficulttoachieve.Theimpactextendsbeyondproductivity.Ourrelationshipwithinformationitselfischanging.Weskimarticlesratherthanreadthemdeeply,formopinionsbasedonheadlines,andengageinonlinediscussionsthatfavorquick,emotionalreactionsoverreasoneddeliberation.Theconstantstreamofalertsandupdatescanelevatestresslevelsandcontributetoanxiety,whilethefearofmissingout(FOMO)keepsustetheredtoourdevices.Reclaimingcontroloverourattentionrequiresintentionaleffort.Strategiesincludepracticing"monotasking"bydedicatingblocksoftimetoasingleactivity,turningoffnon-essentialnotifications,usingwebsiteblockersduringworkhours,andcultivatingperiodsofdigitaldetox.Thegoalisnottorejecttechnologyentirelybuttouseitmoremindfully.Byconsciouslydirectingourattention,wecanimproveourcognitiveperformance,enhanceourwell-being,andengagemoremeaningfullywiththeworldaroundus.Intheattentioneconomy,focusedattentionisnotjustaskill;itisaformofpersonalandcognitivesovereignty.26.Whatistheprimarypurposeofthedesignfeaturesmentionedinparagraph1(endlessscrolling,etc.)?A)Toimprovetheuser'slearningefficiency.B)Tohelpusersfindinformationfaster.C)Tomaximizethetimeusersspendonaplatform.D)Toprotectusers'personalprivacy.27.Accordingtothepassage,whatis"attentionalresidue"?A)Theusefulinformationleftinmemoryafterreading.B)Thementalfocusthatremainsonaprevioustaskduringswitching.C)Theabilitytoconcentrateforlongperiodswithoutdistraction.D)Thefeelingofsatisfactionaftercompletingadifficulttask.28.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutmultitaskingwithdigitaldevices?A)Itisanefficientwaytohandlemultipleinformationstreams.B)Itisanecessaryskillinthemodernworkplace.C)Itactuallyinvolvesrapidswitchingbetweentasks,whichisinefficient.D)Ithelpsindevelopingtheabilitytodeepfocus.29.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasaconsequenceofthebattleforattention?A)Increasedcapacityfordeepreadingandcomplexthought.B)Atendencytoformopinionsbasedonsuperficialinformation.C)Higherlevelsofstressandanxiety.D)Engagementinlessdeliberativeonlinediscussions.30.Whatistheauthor'